An yi magana da yawa game da dinosaurs a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan kuma mun san cewa suna zaune a yankuna daban-daban na yankin da ke ƙasarmu a halin yanzu, kodayake wannan ya kasance a cikin wani abu mai nisa wanda lokacin da suka ɓace, Sierra Madre Occidental bai wanzu ba tukuna. Ya ɗauki miliyoyin shekaru kafin wannan babban taro, kuma tare da shi Sierra Tarahumara, ya tashi.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata, a lokacin Tertiary, yankin arewa maso yammacin yankin da ke yanzu Mexico ya sha wahala daga tsananin aman wuta, lamarin da ya ci gaba sama da shekaru miliyan 15. Dubunnan duwatsu masu aman wuta sun barke ko'ina, suna rufe wani yanki mai yawa da zubar da ruwa da toka. Waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya sun kafa manyan filayen tsaunin, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai tsawan da ya fi 3,000 m sama da matakin teku.
Volcanism, koyaushe yana haɗuwa da aiki da ƙungiyoyin tectonic, ya haifar da manyan lamuran ƙasa waɗanda suka haifar da ɓarkewa a cikin ɓawon burodi da haifar da fasa mai zurfi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun kusan isa 2000 m cikin zurfin. Tare da shudewar lokaci da aikin ruwa, ruwan sama da raƙuman ruwan karkashin kasa sun samar da rafuka da koguna waɗanda suka haɗu a cikin zurfin kwazazzabai da kwazazzabai, suna zurfafa su ta hanyar ragargazawa da lalata tashar su. Sakamakon dukkanin wadannan miliyoyin shekaru na juyin halitta da kuma wadanda zamu iya morewa yanzu shine babban tsarin Barrancas del Cobre.
Manyan ramuka da kogunansu
Ana samun manyan kogunan tsaunin cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan ramuka. Dukkanin Saliyo Tarahumara, ban da Conchos, sun malala zuwa Tekun Kalifoniya; raƙuman ruwanta suna barin manyan kwarin jihohin Sonora da Sinaloa. Kogin Conchos yana yin doguwar tafiya a cikin duwatsu, inda aka haife shi, sannan ya ratsa filayen da hamadar Chihuahuan ya shiga Rio Grande ya fita zuwa Tekun Mexico.
An tattauna sosai game da zurfin rafin duniya, amma a cewar Ba'amurke Richard Fisher, rafin Urique (tare da mita 1,879), Sinforosa (tare da mita 1,830) da Batopilas (tare da mita 1,800) sun mamaye wuraren a duk duniya. na takwas, na tara da na goma, sama da Grand Canyon, a cikin Amurka (mita 1,425).
Ruwa mai girma
Daga cikin shahararrun bangarorin Kogin Copper sune rafukan ruwa, wanda aka rarraba tsakanin manyan a duniya. Na Piedra Volada da Basaseachi sun yi fice. Na farkonsu yana da ruwa mai nisan mita 45, shine na huɗu ko na biyar mafi girma a duniya, kuma tabbas shine mafi girma a Mexico. Gano wannan magudanar ruwan kwanan nan ne kuma saboda binciken da Kungiyar Ciudad Cuauhtémoc Speleology Group ta yi.
Kogin Basaseachi, wanda aka sani da shi shekaru 100, yana da tsayi na 246 m., Wanda ya sanya shi a matsayin lamba 22 a duniya, na 11 a Amurka kuma na biyar mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka. A Meziko shine na biyu. Baya ga waɗannan biyun, akwai ƙarin rijiyar ruwa da yawa masu girma da kyau waɗanda aka rarraba ko'ina cikin tsaunin dutse.
Yanayi
Kasancewa da lalacewa da bazata, rafukan suna da yanayi daban-daban, masu banbanta kuma wani lokacin ma tsaurara ne, a cikin yanki ɗaya. Gabaɗaya, akwai muhalli biyu da suke cikin Saliyo Tarahumara: na tuddai da tsaunuka a ɓangarorin sama na jerin tsaunuka da na ƙasan ramuka.
A tsawan da ya fi mita 1,800 sama da matakin teku, yanayin yana daga yanayi zuwa sanyi a mafi yawan shekara, tare da ruwan sama mai sauƙi a lokacin hunturu da wasu lokutan ruwan sama mai dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke ba da kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka ga shimfidar wurare. Sannan ana daukar yanayin zafi kasa da digiri 0 a ma'aunin Celsius, wanda a wasu lokuta yakan sauka kasa da digo 23 a ma'aunin Celsius.
A lokacin rani, tsaunuka suna nuna ƙawarsu, yawan ruwan sama suna yawaita, yanayin wuri ya zama kore kuma kwari sun cika da furanni masu launuka iri iri. Matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kai digiri 20 a ma'aunin Celsius, ya sha bamban da sauran jihar Chihuahua, wacce take da ƙarfi sosai a wannan lokacin na shekara. Saliyo Tarahumara tana ba da ɗayan mafi kyawun bazara a duk ƙasar.
Sabanin haka, iklima a ƙasan Canyon Copper tana da yanayi mai kyau kuma lokacin sanyi shi ne mafi daɗi, saboda tana riƙe matsakaita yanayin zafi na 17 digiri Celsius. A gefe guda kuma, a lokacin bazara, yanayin Barranco yana da nauyi, matsakaita ya tashi zuwa digiri 35 a ma'aunin Celsius, kuma an rubuta yanayin zafi har zuwa digiri 45 a yankin. Yawan ruwan sama na lokacin rani yana sa kwararar magudanan ruwa, rafuka da koguna suna tashi zuwa matsakaicin gudan su.
Bambancin halittu
Hannun yanayin kwatsam da tudu, tare da gangaren da girman da zasu iya wuce mita 2,000 a cikin 'yan kilomitoci kaɗan, kuma bambancin canjin yanayi yana haifar da wadataccen arziki da bambancin halittu a tsaunuka. Endemic flora da fauna suna da yawa, ma'ana, ba a samun su a ko'ina cikin duniya.
An rufe plateaus da gandun daji masu kyau da kyau inda pine suka fi yawa, kodayake itacen oak, poplar, junipers (wanda ake kira táscates a cikin gida), alder da bishiyoyin strawberry suma sun ninka. Akwai nau'ikan pines 15 da 25 na itacen oak. Manyan gandun daji na Guadalupe y Calvo, Madera da yankin Basaseachi suna ba mu ra'ayi na ban mamaki game da farkon kaka, lokacin da shuke-shuke da alder, kafin su rasa ganyayensu, suka sami launuka masu launin rawaya, lemu da ja waɗanda suka bambanta da greenery na itacen pines, itacen oaks da kanana. A lokacin bazara dukkan tsaunukan tsaunuka suna fure kuma suna cike da launuka, wannan shine lokacin da bambancin filayen ta ya kasance mai daɗi. Yawancin furannin, wadatattu a wannan lokacin, Tarahumara suna amfani da su a cikin maganin gargajiya da abinci.
Akwai jerin al'ummomin shuke-shuke daga tsakiyar tsaunukan tsaunukan zuwa cikin zurfin rafin inda ciyawar ta yawaita. Bishiyoyi iri-iri da cacti: mauto (Lysiloma dívaricata), chilicote (Erythrína flaveliformis), ocotillo (Fourqueria splendens), pitaya (Lemaíreocereus thurberi), cardón (Pachycereus pectenife), tabachín (Caesalpinia pulcherunves) lechugilla), sotol (Dasylirio wheeleri), da sauran nau'ikan da yawa. A cikin yankuna masu zafi akwai nau'ikan kamar ceiba (Ceiba sp), itacen ɓaure (Ficus spp), guamuchil (Pithcollobium dulce), reeds (Otate bamboo), burseras (Bursera spp) da lianas ko lianas, da sauransu.
Fauna na Canyon Copper suna rayuwa a cikin ɗumbin dumi ko zafi. Kusan kashi 30% na nau'ikan dabbobi masu rai na duniya wadanda aka yiwa rajista a Meziko sun kasance a wannan tsaunin, suna rarrabe kansu: baƙar fata (Ursus americanus), puma (Felis concolor), otter (Lutra canadensis), barewa mai fari ( Odocoileus virginianus), da kerkikin Mexico (Canis lupus baileyi) da aka yi la'akari da haɗarin halaka, dajin daji (Tayassutajacu), kifin daji (Lynx rufus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), badger ko cholugo (Taxidea taxus) da kuma dunƙulen tagu (Mephitis macroura), ban da yawancin jemage, squirrels da hares.
An yi rajistar nau'ikan tsuntsaye 290: 24 daga cikinsu suna da cutar kuma 10 na cikin hadari na karewa, kamar su kore macaw (Ara militaris), aku mai tsauni (Rbynchopsitta pachyrbyncha) da coa (Euptilotis noxenus). A cikin sassan da aka fi warewa, ana iya ganin tashi daga gaggafa zinariya (Aquila chsaetos) da falgalin peregrine (Falco peregrinus). Daga cikin tsuntsayen akwai masu saran itace, turkey daji, kwarto, ungulu, da tuddai. Dubunnan tsuntsayen masu ƙaura suna zuwa a lokacin hunturu, musamman geese da agwagwa suna tserewa daga tsananin sanyin arewacin Amurka da Kanada. Hakanan yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe 87 da 20 na amphibians, na farkon 22 sune masu haɗari kuma na biyun 12 suna da wannan halin.
Akwai nau'ikan kifayen ruwa guda 50, wasu ana iya ci kamar su bakan gizo (Salmo gardneri), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), mojarra (Lepomis macrochirus), sardine (Algansea lacustris), kifin kifi (Ictalurus punctatus) , irin kifi (Cyprinus carpio) da murjani (Chirostoma bartoni).
Chihuahua al Pacifico Railroad
Ofayan ayyukan aikin injiniya mafi ban sha'awa da aka gudanar a Mexico shine a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi na Canyon Copper: hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Chihuahua al Pacífico, wacce aka buɗe a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1961 don inganta ci gaban Sierra Tarahumara, ta samar da Chihuahua hanyar fita zuwa teku ta cikin Sinaloa.
Wannan hanyar ta fara ne daga Ojinaga, ta ratsa cikin garin Chihuahua, ta tsallaka Saliyo Tarahumara kuma ta sauka zuwa gabar Sinaloa, ta hanyar Los Mochis ta ƙare a Topolobampo. Jimlar wannan layin dogo yakai kilomita 941 kuma tana da gadoji 410 masu tsayi iri-iri, mafi tsayi shine na Río Fuerte mai rabin kilomita kuma mafi girma na Río Chínipas mai 90 m. Tana da ramuka guda 99 wadanda suka hada da kilomita 21.2, mafi tsayi sune El Descanso, akan iyakar tsakanin Chihuahua da Sonora, mai tsawon kilomita 1.81 da Nahiyar da ke Creel, tare da kilomita 1.26 A lokacin hanyarsa ya tashi zuwa mita 2,450 sama da matakin teku.
Jirgin kasan ya ratsa daya daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan tsaunuka, ya bi ta hanyar Barranca del Septentrión, mai zurfin mita 1,600, da kuma wasu maki a cikin Urique canyon, mafi zurfin a duk Mexico. Yanayin tsakanin Creel, Chihuahua, da Los Mochis, Sinaloa, shine mafi ban mamaki. Jihar Chihuahua ce ta fara aikin gina wannan layin dogo a shekarar 1898, zuwa Creel a 1907. An kammala aikin har zuwa 1961.
