Tsoffin mutanen Meziko sun ɗora ƙudan zumar Aboriginal na jinsi na Meliponas don zuma da kakin zuma. Kirkirar kyandir, kyandirori da kyandirori sun bazu cikin sauri, a cikin majami'u da kuma yawan jama'a.
Duk cikin Mataimakin, akwai dokoki da yawa don ƙungiyar fitilun fitilu, inda aka ayyana tsarkakakken kakin zuma da hanyoyin aiki. Na farko ya fito ne daga Viceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza a shekara ta 1574. Wasu kuma suka yi magana kan kyandirori da fitilun da Viceroy Luis de Velasco Jr. ya zartar kuma daga baya, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marqués de Guadalcázar, da Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas , Countidaya Na farko na Revillagigedo.
Zuwa yau, ana kera kyandiyoyin ƙudan zuma kamar haka: wicks, waɗanda suke da igiyar auduga mai kauri na girman da aka riga aka ƙaddara, an dakatar da su a kan keken liana wanda ke rataye daga rufin. Kakin zuma, wanda asalinsa launin rawaya ne, ana narkar da shi a cikin kwanon rufi; idan ana buƙatar farin kyandirori, sai a ga kakin-kuli ga rana; idan ana bukatar wani launi, ana hada hodar aniline. An sanya casserole a ƙasa kuma tare da gourd ko ƙaramin tulu, an zuba kakin zuma na ruwa akan lagwani. Da zarar yawan abin da ya wuce ya ƙare, sai motsin ya motsa don yin wanka na gaba da sauransu. Ana maimaita aikin sau da yawa kamar yadda ya cancanta har sai an sami kaurin da ake buƙata. Wata hanyar kuma ta kunshi karkatar da dabaran don yin wanka da lagwani kai tsaye a cikin narkakken kakin.
An maye gurbin tocilan da aka yi amfani da shi don haskakawa a Meziko ta pre-Hispanic da kyandir. Elisa Vargas Lugo ta ba da labarin "Bukukuwan buge-buge na Rosa de Lima", wanda ya gudana a Meziko a 1668, wanda aka gina manyan matakai don yin majami'un sujada, lambuna da ɗakuna. An haskaka tsarin da: gilashin mai ɗari uku, dogaye ɗari ɗari, kyandirori ɗari da gatura woki goma sha huɗu. Waɗanda suke a gaban farfajiyar sune faranti masu azurfa guda biyar tare da kyandir ɗari da ashirin (kyandirorin farin kyandirori ne na zuma).
Koyaya, muhimmiyar rawar taper da kyandirori ana samunsu a cikin tsarin addini: ba za a iya ɗaukar jerin gwano ba tare da kowane ɗan takara ɗauke da kyandir ɗaya ko sama da haka ba, haka nan posadas na Kirsimeti - al'adar da Antonio García Cubas ya tsara a Ia rabin farko na karni - ba tare da kyandir na gargajiya ba.
Yayin bukukuwan matattu (1 da 2 na Nuwamba), dubban kyandir suna haskaka pantheons a duk faɗin ƙasar, ba dare ba rana, don karɓar mutuncin mamacin da suka zo ziyarta cikin girmamawa, kuma a haskaka su domin sami hanyarka sauƙi. Suna sanannu da daddare da aka haskaka a Janitzio, Michoacán da Mízquic, Gundumar Tarayya, amma ana amfani da su a wasu garuruwa da yawa.
A cikin tsaunuka na Chiapas, ana yin kyandirori na bakin ciki, da conical da polychrome, waɗanda mutanen Chiapas suke yin ƙulla da su (waɗanda aka haɗa su da launi) cewa, don siyarwa, sun rataye daga rufin shagunan. A saman majami'un, ana iya ganinsu da haske da shirya su a jere, suna haskaka fuskar 'yan asalin ƙasar waɗanda suka ba su waliyyin ibadarsu.
Yana yin addu’a da babbar murya kuma yana tsawatarwa game da wannan mutum mai tsarki don bai ba shi ni’imar da ya nema ba, duk da cewa ya ba shi kyandir da yawa a lokuta da dama.
A bikin shekara-shekara na wasu garuruwa a kan karamin gabar Guerrero da Oaxaca, maziyarta suna zuwa cocin da kyandir da kuma furannin furanni, wadanda suke ajiyewa a kan bagadi bayan sun yi addu’a. Kwararrun da suka sadaukar da kansu don tsabtace duk mutanen da suka buƙata kuma suna amfani da kyandir da furanni.
Kyandirori suna da mahimmanci a kusan dukkanin warkarwa da ayyukan halatta inda ake amfani da abubuwa daban-daban, wasu amfani na cikin gida, kamar adadi na yumbu (a Metepec, Jihar Mexico, da Tlayacapan, Morelos, da sauransu) ko yanke takarda mai kyau (a cikin San Pablito, Puebla).
Generalarin abubuwan haɗin yau da kullun sune alamar, sigari, wasu ganyayyaki kuma, wani lokacin, abinci, kodayake fitilun fitilu waɗanda ke ba da mahimmanci ga mahalli basu taɓa ɓacewa ba.
Tare da sabbin ƙudan zuma da kera kyandir, dabarar kakin zuma mai walƙiya ya zo Mexico, wanda ake yin mashahuri da abubuwa da zamani. Gabaɗaya, sune kyandirori ko taper waɗanda aka kawata su da adadi daban-daban - galibi furanni - waɗanda masu bautarwa ke amfani da su a matsayin hadaya a majami'u.
Dabarar ta kunshi kafa (a cikin yumbu ko kuma sifofin katako) yadudduka na bakin ciki sosai na kakin zuma, wani lokacin a launuka masu haske. Don yin samfuran da aka rufe (kamar 'ya'yan itace, tsuntsaye da mala'iku), ana amfani da kyallaye guda biyu da aka haɗe, kuma a gefen ramin da aka yi da gangan, ana cika su da kakin zuma, kuma nan da nan ana hurawa ta cikin ramin don a rarraba kakin ɗin daidai, forming guda Layer wanda aka manna shi a jikin bangon mould. Bayan haka, ana nitsar da shi a cikin ruwan sanyi kuma, da zarar kakin ɗin ya tashi, sai a raba sassan biyu. Don adadi "mai sauƙin", ana amfani da tsari ɗaya na girman da ya dace.
An yi furanni a cikin kyawon tsayuwa tare da abin ɗorawa (conical ko hemispherical), waɗanda ke da tsaka-tsalle don iyakance da ƙwarƙwara. Ana tsoma su sau da yawa a cikin kakin zuma na ruwa, ana shigar dasu cikin ruwan sanyi sannan kuma sifar ta ɓace, silhouette da aka nuna ta wurin shinge an yanke ta da almakashi kuma ana yin ta da hannu don ba da ƙarshen abin da ake so. Wasu lokuta ana manna ɓangarorin kai tsaye zuwa kyandir ko kyandir, wasu kuma ana gyara su ta hanyar wayoyi. Kayan kwalliyar ƙarshe sune luster paper, china da ganyen zinariya.
A cikin jihar San Luis Potosí, ana yin ainihin kayan kakin zuma, ta yin amfani da kayan kwalliyar katako masu kama da waɗanda ake amfani da su. Misalan sun bambanta gwargwadon yawan mutane: a cikin Río Verde ƙananan gine-ginen gine-gine (majami'u, bagadai, da dai sauransu) ana amfani da su; a Santa Maria deI Río kawai ana amfani da farin kakin zuma, kuma an haɗa faranti na filigree tare da adon furanni a haɗe zuwa firam ɗin da aka nannade cikin takardar crepe, tare da ɗaya ko fiye da kyandir a tsakiya; a cikin Mezquitic siffofin suna kama, amma ana amfani da kakin zina mai launuka iri-iri. A kowane hali, manyan ayyuka ne waɗanda aka ɗora a kan trays da dusar ƙanƙara yayin jerin gwano zuwa cocin. Al'adar bayar da bagadai da zage-zage a jihar San Luis Potosí tsoho ne, wanda ya faɗi aƙalla wayewar gari na karni na 19: a cikin 1833, Vicar na Santiago deI Río, Fray Clemente Luna, ya shirya tafiyar kayan kwalliyar. , wanda ya kunshi zagayen tituna wanda ya ƙare tare da musun haikalin.
A cikin Tlacolula, Teotitlán, da sauran garuruwa a cikin kwarin Oaxaca, kyandir da aka kawata da furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, tsuntsaye, kuma mala'ika ya ƙawata cikin cocin. Har zuwa kwanan nan, don neman hannun yarinya, ango da danginsa sukan kawo wa dangin amarya burodi, furanni, da kyandir na ado.
Michoacán wani yanki ne inda al'adar kakin zuma ke bunƙasa, a cikin majami'u, yayin bukukuwa, zaku iya sha'awar kyandir tare da manyan furanni na furannin kakin zuma. A Ocumicho, arches na sikelin da kakin zuma fasali hotunan tsarkaka waɗanda ake ɗauka a cikin jerin gwano a kusa da maigidan cocin, tare da wadatattun kayan kwalliya. A cikin bikin na Patamban, an kawata babban titi da doguwar tabarma mai ɗaci: daga sashi zuwa sasannin baka da aka yi da ƙananan kwalabe - Patamban gari ne na tukwane -, furanni, masara, ko kuma, a yawancin lokuta, ana sanya siffofin kakin zuma. . Mutane suna aiki tun wayewar gari don kawata titin su, ta inda daga baya jerin gwanon zai wuce wanda ya lalata duk ƙazamar ƙawar.
A cikin yawan jama'ar Totonac da Nahua na Saliyo de Puebla, jiragen ruwa suna da mahimmanci na musamman. Adonsa ya ƙunshi galibi fayafayen faya-fayai da ƙafafun da aka ɗora a kan kyandir, waɗanda aka kawata su tare da farashi, furanni da sauran adadi. Ga kowane bangare akwai mai shayarwa wanda ke kula da bayar da su ga cocin, kuma a gidansa ne mazan wurin suka hadu: mawaƙa da yawa suna kaɗa kayan kaɗe-kaɗe kuma ana ba kowane mai halarta abin sha, bayan haka kuma kowane ɗayan ya ɗauki kyandir. (waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin layuka) zuwa, tare da duk ƙungiyoyin masu rawa waɗanda ke yin rawa a cikin shagalin, suna tafiya cikin jerin gwano zuwa cocin, ɗauke da Waliyin Wurin a kafaɗunsu. Jerin gwanon yana tsayawa duk lokacin da masu hayar gida ke ba wa Waliyi abinci da furanni. Bayan isa cocin, kowa yayi addu'a kuma ana ajiye kyandirorin akan bagadi.
Akwai wasu wurare da yawa a cikin Meziko inda ake amfani da kakin zuma, misali San Cristóbal de Ias Casas, Chiapas; San Martín Texmelucan, Puebla; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala; Ixtlán deI Río, Nayarit, da ƙari masu yawa. Manya manyan taper, ana yawaita ado da adon da aka yanke daga takarda mai sheki ko kuma da zane mai zane, yawanci ana yin su ne a shagunan kyandir na musamman waɗanda ke rarraba su a duk ƙasar.
Kyandir din da kakin zuma, abubuwa masu rai wadanda wuta ta cinye su, suna ba da yanayi na haske da kyalkyali ga bukukuwan addini da na iyali, a lokaci guda cewa su abubuwa ne na bikin wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci a rayuwar mutanen Mexico, na asali da na asali. a matsayin mestizo.
