Ofaya daga cikin siffofin mallakar ƙasa a lokacin ɓarkewar rikici a Meziko shine hacienda, wanda asalinsa ya faro zuwa rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 16 kuma yana da alaƙa da bayar da tallafi da ƙididdiga daga rawanin Mutanen Espanya har zuwa farkon mahaifa wanda sun yunkuro don mamaye sabon yankin da aka ci da yaki.
A tsawon shekaru, wadannan kyaututtukan da fa'idodi, waɗanda asalinsu ya ƙunshi aguesan liga ne kawai na ƙasa, lokaci-lokaci Indiya da animalsan dabbobi kaɗan don aiki, sannu a hankali sun zama rukunin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi mai mahimmancin ci gaba. na sabuwar Spain din.
Zamu iya cewa tsarin haciendas ya kasance, gabaɗaya, ta cibiyar gida da ake kira "casco", wanda a ciki akwai "babban gida" inda maigidan yake zaune tare da iyalinsa. Hakanan akwai wasu gidajen da ke akwai, wadanda suka fi kyau, wadanda aka ba wa amintattun ma'aikata: mai kula da littafin, mai shayarwa da wasu da wasu ke gaba.
Wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na kowane gona shi ne ɗakin sujada, wanda aka ba da sabis na addini ga mazaunan gonar kuma, ba shakka, duk suna da rumbuna, da tururuwa, da masussuka (wurin da aka niƙa hatsi) da kuma wasu bukkoki masu tawali'u. cewa sun yi amfani da “ma’aikatan kurciya”, saboda haka ana kiransu saboda biyan albashinsu sun sami “gidan” da zasu zauna.
Haciendas sun yadu a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma ya dogara da yankin ƙasa, akwai abubuwan da ake kira pulqueras, henequeneras, sukari, kamfanonin haɗi da sauransu, gwargwadon aikin su.
Game da yankin Guanajuato Bajío, kafuwar wadannan gonakin yana da nasaba sosai da hakar ma'adanai, kasuwanci da kuma Coci, shi yasa, a halin da ake ciki yanzu Guanajuato, muna samun gonaki iri biyu. , wadanda ke da amfani da kuma agro-dabbobi.
DARAJAR RIBA
Tare da gano jijiyoyin azurfa na abin da daga baya za a sani da suna Real de Minas de Santa Fe a Guanajuato, farautar su da yawa suka fara kuma yawan mutanen ya fara girma ba daidai ba saboda isowar masu hakar ma'adinai masu kishin azurfa. Wannan ya haifar da samar da wuraren kiwo wanda aka keɓe don hakar ma'adinai, waɗanda aka ba su sunan gonakin da ke cin gajiyar su. A cikin su, hakar da tsarkake azurfa an aiwatar da su ta hanyar "fa'idar" azurfa (Mercury).
Tare da shudewar lokaci da cigaban fasaha na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, hanyar cin gajiyar mai saurin shiga cikin faduwa kuma sannu-sannu an rarraba manyan ma'adanai; Saboda karuwar buƙatun gidaje, sai suka watsar da babban ayyukansu suka zama ƙananan cibiyoyin zama. Zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, an riga an kafa garin Guanajuato a kan yankunan da aka raba su, waɗanda ke ba da suna ga tsofaffin unguwannin jama'a; ƙauyukan San Roque, Pardo da Durán sun haɗu da ƙauyuka masu farin ciki.
Saboda ci gaban biranen yanzu, yawancin waɗannan gine-ginen sun ɓace, kodayake har yanzu muna iya samun wasu gidaje masu dacewa da bukatun da rayuwar zamani ta ɗora mana kuma, a cikin zamaninmu, sun riga suna aiki kamar otal-otal, wuraren adana kayan tarihi ko wuraren shakatawa Oraya ko ɗayan ana amfani dashi azaman ɗaki-gida don dangin Guanajuato. Amma, rashin alheri, wasu daga cikinmu kawai suna da ƙwaƙwalwar suna.
A wasu wuraren hakar ma'adinai na jihar, yin watsi da manyan kadarorin hakar ma'adinai ya kasance ne, zuwa wani babban abu, saboda raguwar jijiyoyin ko kuma "aguamiento" (ambaliyar matakan kasa). Wannan shi ne batun garin hakar ma'adinai na San Pedro de los Pozos, kusa da garin San Luis de la Paz, inda a halin yanzu za mu iya ziyartar rusassun wuraren da a da gonakin riba ne masu ci gaba.
GONON GONA
Wani nau'in gonar da ke yankin Guanajuato Bajío an sadaukar da shi ne ga harkar noma da kiwo, tare da cin gajiyar kasa mai kyau wacce ta sanya yankin ya shahara da girka shi. Yawancin waɗannan suna kula da samar da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata ga waɗanda aka keɓe don hakar ma'adinai kuma, a game da waɗanda addini ke gudanarwa, ga rukunin gidajen majami'un da suka yawaita a yankin.
Don haka, duk hatsi, dabbobi da sauran kayayyakin da suka sa kasancewar wadatar masana'antar haƙo ma'adinan ta yiwu, sun fito ne daga gonakin da aka kafa, galibi, a yankunan karkara na ƙananan hukumomin Silao, León, Romita, Irapuato, Celaya, Salamanca, Apaseo el Grande da San Miguel de Allende.
Ba kamar gonakin da ake amfani da su ba, wanda ya ga ƙarshen ya zo ƙarshe saboda canjin da aka samu a dabarun amfani da kayan ko kuma gajiyar jijiyoyin, raguwar manyan masana'antun noma da kiwo ya samo asali ne saboda sabon dokar noma da aka ayyana zuwa Sakamakon gwagwarmaya da makamai na 1910, wanda ya kawo karshen karnoni da dama na mallakar gidaje da cin zarafi a kasarmu. Don haka, tare da sake fasalin aikin gona, mafi yawan filaye akan haciendas a Guanajuato (da kuma ko'ina cikin ƙasar) an canza su zuwa kayan haɗi ko na tarayya, suna barin, a mafi kyawun shari'ar, kawai "babban gida" wanda mai ƙasa ya riƙe.
Duk wannan ya haifar da cewa an watsar da hular kwano na tsohuwar haciendas, wanda ya haifar da mummunan lalacewar gine-gine. Da yawa daga cikinsu, saboda tsananin sakaci da lalacewar da suka sami kansu a ciki a yau, ba su da wata makoma da ta wuce ta ɓacewa baki ɗaya. Amma abin farin ciki ga dukkan Guanajuatenses, kamar na 1995 secungiyar Karamar Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Ido ta aiwatar da wani shiri, tare da daidaito tare da masu mallakar wasu manyan al'adun yanzu, don ƙoƙarin neman hanyoyin da za su ba da damar guje wa asarar irin waɗannan kyawawan gine-ginen tarihi. .
Godiya ga ƙoƙari irin waɗannan, har yanzu muna iya burgewa a duk tsawon da faɗin Guanajuato gonaki masu yawa a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin kiyayewa wanda, kodayake an raba shi, ya bamu damar koma wa tunanin yadda muke a waɗancan lokutan da zuwan mutane da komowar su. ya kasance sanannen sanannen al'amari wanda ya cika rayuwa baki ɗaya a tarihin Guanajuato.
