Michoacán, "wurin da kifi ya yi yawa," yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli mafi girma a cikin mulkin Mesoamerican kafin zamanin Hispania; labarin kasa da fadada yankinta ya ba mazauna yankuna daban-daban, wadanda kwararrun masu binciken kayan tarihi suka gano sawun su a yammacin Mexico.
Binciken da ake gudanarwa na yau da kullun yana ba baƙo damar ba da cikakkiyar hangen nesa game da tsarin tarihin da ya dace da ƙauyukan ɗan adam na farko da na baya waɗanda suka kafa almara Masarautar Purépecha.
Abun takaici shine, kwasar ganima da kuma rashin bincike na fannoni da yawa da suka zama dole a wannan muhimmin yanki, ba su ba da izini ba don ba da cikakkiyar hangen nesa wanda ke bayyana ainihin lokacin tarihin da ya dace da ƙauyukan mutum na farko da na waɗanda daga baya, waɗanda ke ƙirƙirawa. masarautar Purépecha. Ranakun da aka sansu tare da wasu daidaito daidai suke da ƙarshen lokaci, in an gwada kafin aiwatar da Nasarar, duk da haka, godiya ga takaddun da masu bisharar farko suka rubuta kuma mun sani da sunan "Dangantakar bukukuwa da al'adu da yawan jama'a. da gwamnatin Indiyawan Lardin Michoacán ”, ya kasance ya yiwu a sake gina wata babbar matsala, tarihin da zai ba mu damar gani a sarari, daga tsakiyar karni na 15, al'adun da tsarin siyasa da zamantakewar su ya zama da irin wannan girman , wanda ya iya dakatar da masarautar Mexico gabaɗaya.
Wasu daga cikin matsalolin don samun cikakkiyar fahimtar al'adun Michoacan suna zaune a cikin harshen Tarascan, tunda bai dace da iyalen harsunan Mesoamerica ba; Asalinta, a cewar mashahuran masu bincike, yana da alaƙa da Quechua, ɗayan manyan harsuna biyu a yankin Andean na Kudancin Amurka. Dangantaka za ta kasance tana da farawa tun kimanin shekaru dubu huɗu da suka gabata, wanda ke ba mu damar watsi da yiwuwar cewa Tarascans sun iso, suna zuwa daga maƙerin Andean a farkon ƙarni na sha huɗu na zamaninmu.
A wajajen 1300 AD, Tarascans sun zauna a kudancin Zacapu basin da kuma cikin Pátzcuaro basin, sun sami jerin sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin gidajensu wanda ke nuna kasancewar igiyoyin ƙaura waɗanda aka shigar dasu cikin wuraren da aka riga aka daɗe. a baya. Nahuas sun kira su Cuaochpanme da kuma Michhuaque, wanda ke nufin bi da bi “waɗanda ke da madaidaiciyar hanya a cikin kai” (waɗanda aka aske), da kuma “masu kifin”. Mikuacan shine sunan da suka ba kawai garin Tzintzuntzan.
Tsoffin mazaunan Tarascan manoma ne da masunta, kuma babban abin bautarsu ita ce allahiyar Xarátanga, yayin da baƙin da suka bayyana a cikin ƙarni na 13 sun kasance masu tarawa da mafarauta waɗanda ke bautar Curicaueri. Waɗannan manoman banda ne a cikin Mesoamerica, saboda amfani da ƙarfe - tagulla - a cikin kayan aikin gonar su. Kungiyar Chichimeca-Uacúsechas mafarautan maharba sun yi amfani da daidaituwar al'adar da ta kasance tsakanin gumakan da aka ambata a baya don hadewa zuwa wani zamani da ke canza tsarin rayuwar su da matsayin tasirin siyasa, har zuwa cimma nasarar Tzacapu-Hamúcutin-Pátzcuaro , wuri mai tsarki inda Curicaueri ya kasance cibiyar duniya.
A ƙarni na 15, waɗanda baƙon mamaya suka mamaye sun zama manyan firistoci kuma suka haɓaka al'adun zama; an rarraba wutar a wurare uku: Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio da Pátzcuaro. Wani ƙarni daga baya, iko ya ta'allaka ne a hannun Tzitzipandácure, tare da halin mai mulki da ɗaukaka wanda ya sa Tzintzuntzan babban birni na masarauta, wanda aka lasafta fadinsa zuwa 70,000 km²; ya rufe wasu yankuna na jihohin yanzu na Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, México da Querétaro.
Arzikin yankin ya ginu ne bisa tushen samun gishiri, kifi, batsa, auduga; karafa kamar tagulla, zinariya, da cinnabar; tudu, fuka-fukai masu kyau, duwatsu masu duwatsu, koko, itace, kakin zuma da zuma, waɗanda Mexica da ƙawancen ƙawancensu na ƙawancen ƙawanni uku suka yi sha'awar samarwa, wanda ya samo asali daga Tlatoani Axayácatl (1476-1477) da magadansa Ahuizotl (1480) ) da Moctezuma II (1517-1518), suka ɗauki kamfen na yaƙi mai ƙarfi a ranakun da aka ambata, suna neman su mamaye masarautar Michoacán.
Rashin nasarar da mutanen Mexico suka sha a cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun nuna cewa Cazonci yana da ƙarfi fiye da duk sarakunan Mexico-Tenochtitlan masu ƙarfi, duk da haka lokacin da babban birnin masarautar Aztec ya faɗa hannun Mutanen Spain, kuma tun lokacin da waɗannan Sabbin mutane sun kayar da makiya wadanda ake kyama amma ake girmama su, kuma sakamakon makomar kasar Mexico, masarautar Purépecha ta kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Hernán Cortés don hana kisansa; Duk da wannan, na karshe daga cikin masarautun sa, abin takaici Tzimtzincha-Tangaxuan II, wanda lokacin da yayi baftisma ya sami sunan Francisco, shugaban masu sauraro na farko na Mexico ya azabtar da shi da kisan gilla, mashahurin kuma mai bakin ciki Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán .
Tare da isowar masu sauraro na biyu da aka sanya wa New Spain, fitaccen Oidor, lauya Vasco de Quiroga, an ba shi izini a cikin 1533 don magance lalacewar ɗabi'a da kayan da aka haifar a Michoacán har zuwa lokacin. Don Vasco, wanda yake da alaƙa sosai da yankin da mazaunanta, ya yarda ya canza toga ta majalisan don umarnin firist kuma a cikin 1536 an saka hannun jari a matsayin bishop, yana dasawa karo na farko a duniya ta hanyar gaske da inganci, irin tunanin da Santo Tomás Moro yayi. , wanda aka sani da sunan Utopia. Tata Vasco - ƙirar da mutanen ƙasar suka bayar- tare da goyon bayan Fray Juan de San Miguel da Fray Jacobo Daciano, sun tsara al'ummomin da ke akwai, suka kafa asibitoci, makarantu da garuruwa, suna neman mafi kyawun wurinsu a gare su da ƙarfafa kasuwanni baki ɗaya. sana'a.
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Michoacán ya isa wani abin misali wanda ke bunkasa a cikin babban yankin da ta mamaye a lokacin a cikin New Spain, don haka ci gabanta na fasaha, tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga yawancin jihohin tarayyar na yanzu. Abubuwan mulkin mallaka da suka bunƙasa a Meziko sun bambanta kuma suna da wadatar cewa an sadaukar da adadi mara iyaka wanda zai bincika duka-ɗaya kuma musamman; wanda ya bunƙasa a Michoacán an bayyana shi a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙididdiga. Dangane da yanayin bayyanawa da wannan bayanin na "Ba a san Meziko ba" yake da shi, wannan "kallon idanun tsuntsaye ne" wanda zai ba mu damar sanin kyawawan al'adun gargajiyar da wasu kalilan daga cikin fasalolin fasaha da suka bayyana suka bayyana a lokacin mulkin viceregal.
A cikin 1643 Fray Alonso de la Rea ya rubuta: "Hakanan ('yan taratsan) sune waɗanda suka ba Jikin Kristi Ubangijinmu, mafi kyawun wakilcin da mutane suka gani." Friar da ta cancanci ta bayyana ta wannan hanyar zane-zanen da aka yi bisa sandar gwangwani, wanda aka tsara tare da samfurin ƙwanƙolin kwararan fitilar orchid, wanda da fasalinsu suke tsara fasalin Kiristocin da aka gicciye, kyakkyawa mai kyau da zahiri, wanda yanayinsa da haske yana basu kamannin kyakkyawan ainti. Wasu Christs sun rayu har zuwa yau kuma sun cancanci sani. Isaya yana cikin ɗakin sujada na cocin Tancítaro; wani ana girmama shi tun ƙarni na 16 a Santa Fe de la Laguna; guda daya yana cikin Ikklesiyar Tsibirin Janitzio, ko kuma wanda yake a cikin Ikklesiyar Quiroga, abin ban mamaki ne saboda girmansa.
Tsarin Plateresque a Michoacán an ɗauke shi azaman makarantar yanki ta gaskiya kuma yana riƙe da raƙuman ruwa guda biyu: ilimi da wayewa, wanda ke ƙunshe a manyan majami'u da garuruwa kamar Morelia, Zacapu, Charo, Cuitzeo, Copándaro da Tzintzuntzan kuma wani, mafi yawa, yana nan rashin iyaka ga ƙananan majami'u, wuraren bautar duwatsu da ƙananan garuruwa. Daga cikin sanannun misalai a cikin rukunin farko za mu iya ambata Ikilisiyar San Agustín da Convent of San Francisco (a yau Casa de las Artesanías de Morelia); facade na gidan zuhudu na Augustine na Santa Maria Magdalena wanda aka gina a 1550 a garin Cuitzeo; babban mai kula da gidan zuhudu na Augustine a shekara ta 1560-1567 a Copándaro; gidan zuhudu na Franciscan na Santa Ana daga 1540 a Zacapu; wanda yake Augustine wanda yake a Charo, daga 1578 da kuma ginin Franciscan daga 1597 a Tzintzuntzan, inda buɗe ɗakin sujada, marufi da rufin rufin da aka rufa suka yi fice. Idan salon Plateresque ya bar tambarin da ba za a iya kuskure shi ba, Baroque bai bar shi ba, duk da cewa watakila saboda dokar bambance-bambancen, yanayin nutsuwa da ke cikin gine-ginen ya kasance adawa da ambaliyar magana a bagadansa da walƙiyar bagade.
Daga cikin fitattun misalai na Baroque mun sami murfin 1534 na "La Huatapera" a cikin Uruapan; ƙofar haikalin Angahuan; da Colegio de San Nicolás da aka gina a 1540 (a yau Gidan Tarihi na Yanki); coci da kuma gidan ibada na Kamfanin waɗanda sune Kwalejin Jesuit na biyu na New Spain, a Pátzcuaro, da kyakkyawar Ikklesiyar San Pedro da San Pablo, daga 1765 a Tlalpujahua.
Fitattun misalai na garin Morelia sune: gidan zuhudu na San Agusíin (1566); cocin La Merced (1604); gidan ibada na Guadalupe (1708); cocin Capuchinas (1737); na Santa Catarina (1738); La de las Rosas (1777) wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Santa Rosa de Lima da kuma Katolika mai kyau, wanda aikinsa ya fara a 1660. Dukiyar mulkin mallaka ta Michoacán ta haɗa da alfarjes, waɗannan rufin ana ɗaukar su mafi kyau a duk ƙasar Hispanic America tunda sun zama hujja bayyananniyar ingancin aikin fasaha wanda aka haɓaka a cikin mulkin mallaka; A cikin su akwai ayyuka uku masu mahimmanci: ƙawa, mai amfani da aiki; na farko don tattara babban kayan ado na gidajen ibada akan rufin; na biyu, saboda haskensu, wanda idan girgizar ƙasa ta faru da ƙananan sakamako kuma na uku, saboda sun kasance darussan bishara na gaske.
Mafi ban mamaki duka waɗannan rufin rufin rufin yana kiyayewa a garin Santiago Tupátaro, wanda aka zana a cikin yanayi a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 18 don a bauta wa Mai Alfarma Ubangijin itacen. La Asunción Naranja ko Naranján, San Pedro Zacán da San Miguel Tonaquillo, wasu shafuka ne da ke adana misalai na wannan fasaha ta musamman. Daga cikin maganganun fasaha na mulkin mallaka inda asalin 'yan asalin ya fi wakilta, muna da abubuwan da ake kira gicciye waɗanda suka bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 16, wasu an yi musu ado da shigar ɓoye, waɗanda aka maimaita a gaban waɗanda ba su daɗe da tuba ba, halin kirki na abu. Adadinsu da adonsu ya banbanta sosai har masana a fannin zane-zanen mulkin mallaka suna ɗaukar su a matsayin mutum-mutumi ne na mutum, gaskiyar da za a iya gani a cikin waɗanda aka sa hannu baƙon. Wataƙila an adana kyawawan kyawawan misalan waɗannan gicciyen a cikin Huandacareo, Tarecuato, Uruapan da San José Taximaroa, a yau Ciudad Hidalgo.
Zuwa ga wannan kyakkyawar ma'anar ma'anar haɗin gwiwar dole ne mu ƙara nau'ikan baftisma, abubuwan tarihi na alfarma waɗanda ke da kyakkyawar magana a cikin ta Santa Fe de la Laguna, Tatzicuaro, San Nicolás Obispo da Ciudad Hidalgo. Tare da haɗuwa da duniyoyi biyu, karni na 16 ya bar alamar da ba za a manta da ita ba a kan al'adun da aka mallaka, amma wannan tsarin haihuwar mai raɗaɗi shi ne farkon haihuwar mafi girman darajar da ke da kyan gani na Amurka, wanda al'adun gargajiya ba kawai ya cika ayyukan fasaha ba. babban yanki, amma shine tushe don ci gaban abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarni na sha tara da muke ciki. Tare da korar 'yan Jesuit, wanda Carlos III na Spain ya zartar a cikin 1767, yanayin siyasa na mamayar ƙasashen waje ya fara yin canje-canje wanda ke nuna rashin jin daɗinsu game da ayyukan da Metropolis ya aiwatar, duk da haka shine mamaye Napoleonic na Yankin Iberian , wanda ya samo asali ga alamun farko na 'yanci wanda ya samo asali daga garin Valladolid -now Morelia-, kuma bayan shekaru 43, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 18, 1810, ita ce hedkwatar don shelar kawar da bauta.
A cikin wannan labarin mai ban mamaki a tarihinmu, sunayen José Maria Morelos y Pavón, Ignacio López Rayón, Mariano Matamoros da Agustín de Iturbide, 'ya'yan shahararrun' ya'yan bishopric na Michoacán, sun bar cancantar su da godiya ga sadaukarwar su. an samu 'yanci da ake so. Da zarar an kammala wannan, sabuwar ƙasar za ta fuskanci mummunan lamurran da za su biyo bayan shekaru 26 daga baya. Lokacin sake fasalin da kuma karfafa Jamhuriya an sake rubuta shi a cikin jaruman kasar sunayen mashahuran Michoacanos: Melchor Ocampo, Santos Degollado da Epitacio Huerta, ana tuna su har yau don ayyukansu na musamman.
Farawa a rabi na biyu na karnin da ya gabata da kuma shekarun farko na yanzu, jihar Michoacán ita ce shimfiɗar jariri na mutane masu mahimmanci, masu ƙayyade abubuwan da ke tattare da haɓakar Meziko na zamani: masana kimiyya, 'yan Adam,' yan diplomasiya, 'yan siyasa, sojoji, mawaƙa har ma da shugaban majalisa wanda tsarin canonization yake aiki a cikin Mai Tsarki See. Jerin kyawawan halaye na waɗanda, waɗanda aka haifa a Michoacán, sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙasarsu ta asali.
