A cikin jihar Chihuahua, a gefen yamma na Kogin Casas Grandes, kudu da garin mai wannan sunan, shine wannan matsuguni na pre-Hispanic da Spanishan Tarihin Spain suka bayyana a matsayin “babban birni [mai] da gine-ginen da alama kamar tsohuwar Romawa ... "Gano!
Har zuwa kwanan nan, yankin arewa maso yamma na Mexico ya kasance ƙasar da ba a san ta ba ga masana ilimin ɗan adam da kuma masu binciken kayan tarihi, har ya zama wataƙila babu wani wuri da ba a sani ba a Arewacin Amurka. Paquimé ya raba wannan babban jejin, kwari, da tsaunuka tare da wasu muhimman cibiyoyin jama'a a kudancin Amurka, kamar Chaco da Aztec a New Mexico, Mesa Verde a kudancin Colorado, da Snaketown a kudu maso gabashin Arizona. cewa Paul Kirchhoff yayi baftisma azaman Oasisamerica.
A wajajen 1958, binciken da Dakta Charles Di Peso ya gudanar, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar Amerind, ya ba da damar kafa tarihin tarihin wurin, wanda ya kasance na zamani guda uku: Tsohon zamanin (10,000 BC-1060 AD); lokacin Tsakiya (1060-1475), da Late (1475-1821).
A cikin yankin, Tsohon lokacin hanya ce mai nisa na canjin al'adu. Lokaci ne na farauta da tarawa, wanda ya sanya maza neman abinci ta waɗannan manyan fadada na kimanin shekaru 10,000, har sai da suka fara aiwatar da amfanin gona na farko, kusan shekara ta 1000 kafin zamaninmu. Daga baya, bisa ga al'adar gine-ginen kasa wanda ya bunkasa a arewa maso yammacin Mexico da kudu maso yammacin Amurka, Paquimé ya taso, tare da kananan ƙauyuka na gidaje biyar ko fiye da na ƙasa da babban gida, sararin tsafi, kewaye na patios da murabba'ai. Waɗannan sune lokutan da musayar kwasfa da turquoise da meran kasuwa suka kawo daga gabar tekun Pacific da kuma ma'adinan kudancin New Mexico, bi da bi, suka fara faruwa. Lokaci lokacin da aka haifi bautar Tezcatlipoca a cikin Mesoamerica.
Daga baya, farkon farkon lokacin tsakiyar, ƙungiyar shugabanni waɗanda suka karɓi ikon sarrafa ruwa, kuma waɗanda suka kasance da dangantaka ta hanyar yarjejeniya da ƙawancen aure tare da manyan firistoci, sun yanke shawarar kafa sarari na al'ada wanda a lokaci guda kayan zaki zai zama cibiyar ikon tsarin yanki. Ci gaban fasahohin aikin gona ya kori haɓakar birni, kuma a cikin tsari wanda ya ɗauki kusan shekaru ɗari uku, ɗayan tsare-tsaren da suka dace da tsarin zamantakewar jama'a a arewa maso yammacin Mexico an gina shi, ya bunkasa kuma ya ruguje.
Paquimé ya haɗu da abubuwan al'adun arewa (misali, Hohokam, Anazasi da Mogollón) a cikin rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun, kamar su gine-ginen ƙasa, ƙofofi masu fasali da bautar tsuntsaye, da sauransu, tare da abubuwan al'adun kudu, musamman Toltecs na Quetzalcóatl, kamar wasan ƙwallo.
Masarautar yankin Paquimé ta dogara ne da albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda muhallinsu suka samar. Don haka, ta sami gishirin daga yankunan hamadar duniyan Samalayuca, wanda ya sanya iyakar tasirinsa zuwa gabas; daga yamma, daga gabar Tekun Fasifik, harsashi ya zo don ciniki; zuwa arewa akwai ma'adinan tagulla na yankin Kogin Gila, kuma daga kudu akwai Kogin Papigochi. Don haka, kalmar Paquimé, wacce a yaren Nahuatl ke nufin "Manyan Gidaje", tana nufin birni da kuma takamaiman yankin al'adun ta, don haka ya haɗa da zane-zanen kogo masu ban al'ajabi na yankin Samalayuca, wanda ke wakiltar hotunan farko na tunanin Amurkawa. , kwarin da yankin archaeological ya mamaye da koguna tare da gidaje a cikin tsaunuka, waɗanda alamomi ne masu muhimmanci na kasancewar mutum a cikin waɗannan mahalli har yanzu suna da ƙiyayya har yanzu.
Daga cikin ci gaban fasaha wanda yayi alama akan tsarin juyin halitta na Paquimé zamu sami kulawa da tsarin hydraulic. Rukunin ramuka wadanda suka samar da ruwan famfo zuwa garin pre-Hispanic na Paquimé ya fara ne a lokacin bazara da aka sani yau Ojo Vareleño, wanda ke da nisan kilomita biyar arewa da garin. An kawo ruwan ta hanyoyin ruwa, ramuka, gadoji, da dikes. har ma a cikin garin kansa akwai wata rijiya ta karkashin kasa, wanda mazauna ke samun ruwa a lokacin lokutan kawanyar.
Lokacin da Francisco de Ibarra ya binciko kwarin Casas Grandes a shekara ta 1560, marubucin tarihinsa ya rubuta: "mun sami hanyoyi masu shimfiɗa", kuma tun daga lokacin da yawa daga cikin masu ba da labarin, matafiya da masu bincike suka tabbatar da kasancewar hanyoyin sarauta waɗanda ke ratsa tsaunukan Sierra Madre de Chihuahua da daga Sonora, yana haɗawa ba kawai yawan jama'ar yankin ba harma da yamma tare da tsaunukan arewa. Haka kuma, akwai shaidar tsarin sadarwa mai dogon zango a tsallaken tsaunuka mafiya tsayi; Waɗannan gine-ginen madauwari ne ko tare da tsari mara tsari, haɗaɗɗiyar wuri, wanda ya sauƙaƙa sadarwa ta madubai ko masu shan sigari. A gefe ɗaya na birnin Paquimé shine mafi girman waɗannan gine-ginen, wanda aka sani da Cerro Moctezuma.
A cikin tunanin magina waɗanda suka tsara da kuma tsara garin, ra'ayin cewa aiki da yanayin ƙaddara yanayin ya kasance koyaushe. Birnin ya biya buƙatun mazauna da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da masauki, shirya abinci, adanawa, liyafa, hutu, wuraren bita na masana'antu, gonakin macaw da kuma gidajen firistoci, masu warkarwa, mezcaleros, 'yan kasuwa,' yan wasa. kwallon, jarumai da shugabanni da sarakuna.
An rubuta Paquimé a cikin jerin al'adun duniya na UNESCO saboda gine-ginen ƙasa alama ce ta tarihi a cikin ci gaban fasahohin gini na wannan nau'in gine-ginen na musamman; Duk wuraren zama da wuraren da aka ambata a sama an yi su ne da dabarar gini wacce ta yi amfani da yumɓu da aka daka, aka zuba a cikin ƙiraren katako kuma aka jera su jere a jere, ɗaya a kan ɗayan, har sai an kai tsayin da ake tsammanin.
Dokta Di Peso ya tabbatar da cewa an tsara garin don ɗaukar kimanin mutum 2,242 a cikin ɗakuna 1,780, waɗanda aka tara cikin rukunin dangi, kamar ɗakuna. Haɗin kan layi ya haɗa shi, wanda ya haifar da kyakkyawan tsarin tsarin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin birni, waɗannan rukunin suna da 'yanci daga juna, duk da cewa ɗakunan suna ƙarƙashin rufin guda. Da shigewar lokaci yawan jama'a ya karu kuma wuraren da a da ake da jama'a an canza su zuwa wuraren zama; har ma da farfajiyoyi da dama an rufe su don mayar da su cikin dakunan kwana.
An gina wasu raka'a a farkon farkon Zamanin Tsakiya kuma daga baya aka inganta su sosai. Irin wannan shine batun rukuni na shida, ƙungiyar dangi da ke arewacin ɓangaren tsakiyar, wanda ya fara a matsayin ƙaramin rukuni na ɗakuna masu zaman kansu kuma daga baya ya ƙare zuwa Casa del Pozo.
La Casa del Pozo an yi masa suna don rijiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, shi kaɗai a cikin garin. Zai yiwu wannan hadadden ya saukar da mutane 792 a cikin jimlar ɗakuna 330. Wannan ginin ɗakuna, ɗakunan ajiya, farfajiyoyin da kuma rufe murabba'ai suna da adadi mafi yawa na kayan tarihi waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen bayyana kayayyakin tarihi. Larsungiyoyin ɗakinta sun ƙunshi miliyoyin teku na aƙalla nau'ikan sittin daban-daban, waɗanda suka samo asali daga gabar Tekun Kalifoniya, ban da tsarkakakken rhyolite a ɓarke, turquoise, gishiri, selenite da tagulla, da kuma saitin tasoshin hamsin daga Yankin Gila na Gila, New Mexico.
Wannan rukunin dangin sun gabatar da cikakkiyar shaidar bautar, tunda a daya daga cikin dakinta da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin rumbunan adana kayayyaki, an gano wata kofa a tsaye wacce ke hade da wani daki da ya rushe, wanda tsayinsa bai kai mita daya ba, wanda ke dauke da harsashi mara adadi. da ragowar mutum a ciki, a cikin wurin zama, wanda wataƙila yake yin aikin a lokacin rugujewar.
A kudancin Casa de la Noria akwai Casa de los Cranios, wanda ake kira saboda a ɗayan ɗakunansa an sami wayar da aka yi da ƙuƙulen mutum. Wani karamin rukuni na iyali daya shine Gidan Matattu, wanda mazauna goma sha uku ke zaune. Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa waɗannan mutanen kwararru ne a ayyukan ibada, kamar yadda ɗakunan su ke ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na mutane da bizne da yawa. Dauke da sadaka tare da ganga mai yalwa da sauran kayan tarihin a matsayin tayi, waɗannan jana'izar suna da alaƙa da al'adu waɗanda aka yi amfani da macawa mai daraja.
Casa de los Hornos, a ƙarshen arewacin garin, ya ƙunshi rukunin ɗakuna goma sha ɗaya. Saboda shaidar archaeological da aka samo a wurin, an san cewa mazaunan sun sadaukar da kai ne don samar da giya mai yawa, wanda ake kira "sotol", wanda aka cinye a lokacin bukukuwan aikin gona. Ginin an kewaye shi da murhunan da aka saka a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙona kawunan Agaves.
Casa de las Guacamayas wataƙila mazaunin abin da Uba Sahagún ya kira shi "fatake masu fata", waɗanda a Paquimé suka himmatu wajen kiwon macaws. Kasancewa a cikin tsakiyar wuri a cikin birni, manyan hanyoyin shiga suna da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa tsakiyar filin. A cikin wannan ƙaramin gidan, mai hawa daya mai hawa hawa mai girma zaka iya ganin maɓuɓɓuka ko zane waɗanda dabbobinsu suka yi kiwon su.
Mound of the Bird ya nuna yadda za a gina gine-gine tare da shuke-shuke na gine-gine waɗanda suke kama da tsuntsaye ko macizai, kamar yadda yake a Tudun Maciji, tsari ne na musamman a Amurka. Tsuntsun Tsuntsu yana da siffa kamar tsuntsu mara kai, kuma matakansa suna yin daidai da ƙafafunta.
Garin ya hada da sauran gine-gine, kamar hadadden hanyar kudu, filin kwalliya da dakin Allah, dukkanin gine-ginen da suka ban tsoro wadanda aka gina da ma'anar addini, wadanda sune tsarin karbar matafiya wadanda suka zo daga kudu.
