Garin Guanajuato (Cuanaxhuato, "wurin kwaɗi" a cikin Purépecha, sunan da ya rigaya ya sanar da dadadden tarihinsa) yana cikin rukunin biranen Meziko guda ɗaya -watanda ya kamata a lissafa Taxco da Zacatecas- wanda raison d'être ya nuna ƙalubale ga ka'idojin mulkin mallaka: ba zai yiwu a zabi wani shafin da zai shimfida su ba saboda sun girma ne a wajen adana wasu karafa masu daraja, wadanda galibi ana samunsu a wuraren da ke kan tudu, kuma babu wanda zai iya sanin tsawon lokacin da bonanza zai dade.
Da yawa su ne biranen Mexico waɗanda dole ne a auna shekarunsu a cikin ƙarnuka; wasu sun riga sun wanzu kafin zuwan Sifen, kuma duk sun sami babban canje-canje a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Mafi yawa daga nan suka fara aikin motsa jiki da 'yan bambance-bambance kaɗan, waɗanda aka haifa ta tsarin mulki waɗanda ke buƙatar faɗi, titunan tituna, tare da manyan filaye iri ɗaya - waɗanda suka samar da gidaje da kamanni iri ɗaya - sannan kuma an bar ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugan tsakiya fanko: can dandalin zai kasance, a cikin yankinsa koyaushe coci ne, gine-ginen gwamnati, kantuna da manyan wuraren zama.
Ya zama dole ne a kafa waɗannan biranen tilasta juzu'i a kan shimfidar ƙasa, kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa wani lokacin, idan muka kalli tsohon hoto, ba mu san yawan mutanen da ya dace da su ba.
Sabanin haka, garin Guanajuato (Cuanaxhuato, "wurin kwaɗi" a cikin Purépecha, sunan da ya rigaya ya ba da sanarwar dadadden tarihinta) yana cikin rukunin biranen Meziko na musamman - daga cikin abin da ya kamata a kirga Taxco da Zacatecas- wanda dalilin kasancewarsa Hakan ya nuna kalubale ga dokokin mulkin mallaka: ba zai yiwu a zabi wani fili mai sauki ba domin kafa su saboda sun girma ne a wajen adana wasu karafa masu daraja, wadanda galibi ana samunsu a wuraren da ke kan tudu, kuma babu wanda zai iya sanin tsawon lokacin da bonanza zai dade.
Wasu biranen sun zama biranen fatalwa a cikin kankanin lokaci, lokacin da wata jijiya ta gaji, don haka suka girma a karkashin kariyar sa'a, a wani yanayi mara kyau, ta hanyar rashin tsari (ga yanke kauna ga aikin mulkin mallaka), tare da karkatattun, titunan tituna, a gangaren ƙasa, wani lokaci ƙarami kuma bai daidaita ba; Bangarorin ba koyaushe suke son su zama manya ko tare da yanki mai murabba'i ba, kuma maimakon wuraren da titunan daban suke haduwa, ɗan madaidaici, wanda zai dace da kafa kasuwar buɗe ido da kuma wurin da ke zuwa filin wasan ko kuma taru mutanen da suka je coci.
Misali mai kyau na waɗannan murabba'ai shi ne na La Paz, a cikin Guanajuato: mara tsari, mai ban sha'awa da asali, tun ƙarni na 19 an gano shi a cikin zane-zane da lithograph a matsayin mafi kyawun sifar garin.
Guanajuato ya fara zama a matsayin wurin hakar ma'adanai a cikin 1550s, amma a cikin karni na sha bakwai da goma sha takwas ne kawai ya sami wadatar haɓaka gine-ginen darajar gine-gine: gidajen ibada kamar San Diego (1694) da La Parroquia (1696), ko wurare masu tsarki na Cata (tun daga 1725) da Guadalupe (1733); Jesuit sun kafa Kamfanin (1765) kuma a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka an gina haikalin La Valenciana da Alhóndiga de Granaditas, wurin da aka gani a watan Satumba 1810 na ɗayan mahimman lokuta na farkon Yaƙin neman 'Yanci, wanda a yau ana tunawa da shi a bangon ginin iri ɗaya, wanda José Chávez Morado ya zana.
Gidajen sun san yadda za su dace da yanayin wahalar yanayin tun zamanin mulkin mallaka - ana iya ganin misali a cikin Diego Rivera Museum, gidan da aka haife sanannen mai zanen - kuma an yi wasu ayyukan injiniya, kamar su madatsun La Olla da La Olla. Los Santos, a cikin Ivory. Da zarar an sami 'Yanci, sabbin gine-ginen jama'a sun bayyana kuma bayyanar Guanajuato an sabunta ta tare da gidajen zamani na karatun ilimi, kamar a yankin La Olla, ko kuma ta hanyar gyara tsoffin gidaje a tsakiyar gari.
A ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa 20, an gina muhimman gine-gine, kamar Fadar Gwamnati da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Juárez, wani kyakkyawan aiki na gargajiya wanda yake gaban ƙanƙanin ƙaramin almara, mai kusurwa uku kuma mai daɗin gaske, da kuma Kasuwar Hidalgo, mai tsarin zamani. na baƙin ƙarfe da monumental facade.
Gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kasuwar sun kammala ta Antonio Rivas Mercado, marubucin Tunawa da Independancin Yankin Mexico City. A tsakiyar karni na 20, an gina babban ginin Jami'ar, a cikin salon mulkin mallaka, tare da sanya matattakalar waje. Yankin murabba'ai na Braratillo, Mexiamora da Ropero suna da kyau sosai.
Guanajuato a zahiri ya faɗaɗa kan kogin wannan sunan, saboda tuni a zamanin mulkin mallaka an gina gidaje da gadoji sama da tasharta wanda ya rufe babban ɓangaren hanyarta.
A cikin shekarun 1950s da 1960s an buge kogin, ya juya hanyarsa zuwa wani titin ƙasa mai ban mamaki wanda ya ƙara kira na gani ga Guanajuato, kuma a cikin aikin warware wani ɓangare na matsalar zirga-zirgar da ta sha.
Bayan haka, an buɗe sababbin ramuka a cikin ƙasan garin, wanda ke ba motocin hawa damar haye shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban ba tare da wuce gona da iri ya shafi motsin tsoffin tituna ba.
Godiya ga tsarinta na karko, Guanajuato birni ne mai saurin canza ra'ayoyi, walau ana tafiya da ƙafa ko a mota, kuma wannan jan hankalin wani bangare ne na ƙawancensa na musamman, wanda yake rabawa tare da veryan tsirarun mazaunan mulkin mallaka na Mexico: kwatsam ana iya ganin gari daga titin karkashin kasa, rataye a kan kawunanmu, ko ƙarƙashin ƙafafunmu, daga babbar hanyar mota, musamman daga abin tunawa zuwa El Pípila, hangen nesa na Guanajuato daidai.
