Lokacin da muka nemi yankin Abra-Tanchipa a kan taswira, za mu sami aya tsakanin biranen Valles da Tamuín, gabashin jihar San Luis Potosí.
Don haka, muna shirin ziyartar ɗayan ƙaramin ajiya a ƙasar. A da can wurin zama ne na mazaunan Huastec kuma a yau ya kasance ba shi da wuraren zama na ɗan adam, kodayake a yankin tasirinsa akwai ejidos goma sha biyar waɗanda mazaunansu ke keɓewa don kiwon shanu da noman damina, tare da amfanin gona na masara, wake, safflower, sorghum, waken soya da rake.
Oneaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin wuraren ajiyar sararin samaniya, tare da yanki na kadada 21,464 na ƙazamar ruwa, ƙasa da ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na ƙasar ita ce babban yanki, wanda aka tsara don ayyukan binciken kimiyya. Tana zaune a yankin da aka sani da Sierra Tanchipa, tare da keɓaɓɓun yanayin ƙasa da abubuwan ƙirar rayuwa da abiotic waɗanda ke samar da ɗayan shakku kan flora da fauna, tare da halayen Neotropical, zuwa arewacin ƙasar.
Baya ga kasancewa cikin Saliyo Madre na Gabas, ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga yanayin yanayin yanki, saboda yana aiki ne a matsayin shingen yanayi a tsakanin gabar bakin Tekun da altiplano. Anan, iskar ruwa mai tasowa mai sanyi tana yin sanyi lokacin da suka taba kasa, kuma danshi yakan tattara ya samar da ruwan sama mai yawa.
Yanayin yana da zafi sosai a shekara. Yawan zafin jiki ya ɗan bambanta, kuma matsakaita 24.5 ° C kowace wata. Ana yawan ruwan sama a lokacin bazara, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara 1070 mm yana wakiltar mahimmin tushe na sake cajin teburin ruwa don yankin tasiri da maɓuɓɓugan yankin. Akwai ruwa na dindindin shida, kamar La Lajilla, Los Venados, Del Mante dams, da kuma Los Pato lagoon; yawancin ruwa na wucin gadi, koguna biyu da rafi, wanda ke kula da zagayen ruwa na yankin, ya daidaita ciyayi kuma ya fifita tsarin ruwa guda biyu: kogin Pánuco, Valles da Tamuín (Choy), da kogin Guayalejo, mazabar Tantoán kogi.
GASKIYAR JIKI DA YADDA AKA YI TA GASKIYA
Kayan farko na kayan alatun floristic sun rubuta nau'ikan 300 tsakanin shuke-shuke da jijiyar algae; tare da dabbobin da ke cikin hatsari, kamar su Brahea dulcis dabino, da Chamaedorea radicalis dabino, da Encyclia cochleata orchid, da Dioon eduley chamal da Beaucarnea inermis soyate wanda yake da yawa. Bishiyoyin sun kai tsayin m 20 kuma sun zama matsakaiciyar gandun daji, ba su da yawa sosai, kuma suna gabatarwa ne kawai a matsayin faci a doron ƙasa, inda yake haɗuwa da ƙananan gandun daji masu ƙarancin ruwa, wanda ya fi damuwa da sarari da wuraren kiwo, saboda ya mamaye filayen da ke da ruwa a gabashin gabas. ajiyar wuri
Wani nau'in ciyayi shi ne ƙaramin gandun daji wanda wani ɓangare ke rasa ganyayenta a wani lokaci na shekara; yana da ƙasƙantattun ƙasashe masu kulawa kuma ana haɗuwa da matsakaiciyar gandun daji, wanda shine mafi kyawun wakilci tsakanin 300 zuwa 700 m asl. A cikin manyan filayen arewa maso yamma, an maye gurbin fure na asali da tsire-tsire na sakandare da bishiyoyin dabinin Sabal mexicana, wanda aka samo daga gandun dajin da ke haifar da gobara mai yawa.
A cikin filayen yamma, ƙayayyar shrubby ta ɓarna kuma ba ta da bambancin ganyayyaki da yawa. Holdaƙƙarfan tsire-tsire na musamman shine babban oak na Quercus oleoides na wurare masu zafi, wanda yayi daidai da keɓaɓɓiyar fure a ƙananan ƙananan tsaunuka. An rarraba shi a cikin gabar bakin Tekun Mexico, daga gandun dajin Huasteca Potosina zuwa Chiapas. Waɗannan su ne gandun daji na burbushin halittu waɗanda suka kasance ragowar tsire-tsire, sau ɗaya mafi rinjaye hade da yanayin yanayi mai sanyi da sanyi daga zamanin ƙanƙarar da ta gabata (tsakanin 80,000 zuwa 18,000 BC).
Raguwar yanayin zafin jiki a lokacin glaciation ya haifar da kasancewar waɗannan bishiyoyi masu banƙyama a cikin filaye masu yawa na gabar Tekun Fasha, waɗanda samfurin samfurin halittu ne masu rauni, yanzu suna cikin damuwa da waɗanda suka tsira a lokutan sanyi.
Game da fauna na gida, bayanan sun hada da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da 50, daga cikinsu akwai wadanda ake musu barazanar bacewa, kamar su jaguar Panthera onca, marlin Felis wiedii, ocelot Felis pardalis, da puma Felis concolor. Akwai fauna na sha'awar farauta, kamar su Tayassu tajacu boar daji, barewa mai fari-fari Odocoileus virginianus da zomo Sylvilagus floridanus, da sauransu. Avifauna ya kara fiye da mutum ɗari mazaunin da kuma masu ƙaura, waɗanda tsuntsayen da ke da kariya a cikinsu suka fito kamar su "jan-gaba" aku Amazona autumnalis, da calandrias Icterus gulariseI. cucullatus, da chincho Mimus polyglottos. Daga cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians, an gano kusan nau'ikan 30: macijin mai tsananin damuwa na Boa, wanda ake ganin yana cikin hatsarin karewa, shine mafi girman dabbobi masu rarrafe. Game da invertebrates, akwai iyalai sama da 100 tare da ɗaruruwan kusan nau'ikan da ba a san su ba.
Wurin ajiyar yana da mahimmanci a cikin al'adun al'adu da na ilimin ɗan adam, saboda kasancewar yanki mai yawa na ƙauyukan mutane na al'adun Huasteca. An gano wuraren tarihi 17, kamar Cerro Alto, Vista Hermosa, Tampacuala, El Peñón Tanchipa kuma, mafi shaharar, La Hondurada, muhimmiyar cibiyar bikin. Wurin ajiyar yana da rabin dozin kananun da aka bincika, daga cikinsu Corinto ya yi fice, saboda girmansa, da Tanchipa, sauran kuma sune El Ciruelo da Los Monos, kazalika da ramuka marasa adadi tare da petroglyphs ko sassaƙaƙƙun duwatsu.
KOGON TANCHIPA, SHAFI MAI BAN SHA'AWA TARE DA ASIRI A boye
Shirin ziyarci wurin ajiyar ya hada da hanyoyi da yawa, amma mafi ban sha'awa, ba tare da wata shakka ba, shine zuwa kogon Tanchipa. An kafa ƙungiyar tare da Pedro Medellín, Gilberto Torres, Germán Zamora, jagorar da ni kaina. Mun tanadar da kanmu da kampas, abinci, adda, da kuma akalla lita biyu na ruwa kowannenmu, domin a wannan yankin akwai karancinsa.
Mun bar Ciudad Valles da wuri, don ci gaba akan babbar hanyar zuwa Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas. A hannun dama, a bayan filaye masu fadi na ƙaramin tsaunin da ke cike wurin kuma, a tsayin garken Laguna del Mante, a kilomita 37, alamar tana nuna: “Puente del Tigre”. Mun rage gudu saboda nisan m 300 a kan, zuwa dama, karkatar da hanya mai tazarar kilomita shida da ta fara wacce ta kai ga kadarorin "Las Yeguas" inda muka bar motar mai-hawa huɗu. Daga wannan lokaci zuwa gaba, zamu sami ratar da aka rufe da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, saboda rashin amfani kuma, a ɓangarorin biyu, dazuzzuka da ƙaya acacias Gavia sp, wanda yayin fure ya ƙawata hanya, wanda ake kira "Paso de las Gavias". Na nesa mun kasance tare da ciyayi na biyu, waɗanda aka samo daga tsoffin wuraren kiwo kuma suka cika da itacen sabal na masarautar Mexico, har zuwa inda gangaren yake buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don hawa. Can sai muka ji cewa yanayin ya canza; ciyayi sun zama masu yawa kuma dogayen bishiyoyin chaca Bursera simarubay ja itacen al'ul Cedrela adorata, sun kai tsayin m 20 a tsayi.
Mun hau kan hanyar da ke kewaye da tsirrai da muka gani a matsayin kayan ado a wurare da yawa na ƙasar, kamar mocoque Pseudobombax ellipticum, cacalosúchilPlumeria rubra, palmilla Chamaedorea radicalis, pitaYucca treculeana, chamalDioon edule, da soyateBeaucarnea inermis. Jinsi ne da suke da yawa anan cikin asalin yanayin su, inda suke samun tushe tsakanin fasa da manyan duwatsu masu ƙarancin ƙarfi don cin gajiyar ƙasa mai ƙarancin yanayi. A kowane mataki zamu guji lianas, ƙaya da manyan dogayen royates waɗanda, tare da tushe mai faɗi, suna kama da ƙafafun giwaye kuma suna mamaye kusan dukkanin tsaunin. A tsakiyar tsirrai, tsayin mita takwas, wasu jinsunan suna kiran hankalinmu, kamar bishiyar "rajador" mai wuya, "palo de leche" (da ake amfani da shi don kifi enciela), chaca, tepeguaje da itacen ɓaure, tare da akwatinan da aka rufe da orchids, bromeliads da ferns. Arkashin ganyayyaki, ƙananan tsire-tsire kamar guapilla, nopal, jacube, chamal da dabino sun cika wuraren. Daga cikin fure da aka lura akwai nau'in 50 da aka yi amfani da su a maganin gargajiya, gini, ado da abinci.
Tafiya ta gajiyar da mu domin tsawon awanni uku mun yi tafiyar kusan kilomita 10 don isa saman dutsen, daga inda muke jin daɗin wani yanki mai yawa na ajiyar. Ba za mu ci gaba da tafiya ba, amma 'yan kilomitoci, ta hanyar rata ɗaya, mun isa ga ciyawar da ke tsirar da itacen oak mai zafi da wuraren da ba a san su sosai ba.
Muna shiga cikin kogon Tanchipa, wanda tsananin duhu da yanayin sanyin duniya ya bambanta da yanayin waje. A ƙofar, haske ƙanƙan haske ne kawai yake wanka kuma ya bayyana tsarinsa, wanda aka kafa ta bangon lu'ulu'u mai ƙyalli kuma an rufe shi da koren laushi. Ramin yana da faɗi kusan mita 50 kuma sama da mita 30 a cikin labulen da aka lankwasa, inda ɗaruruwan jemagu suna rataye a cikin rata tsakanin tsaka-tsakin kuma, a cikin ƙasa mai ƙura, rami ya fi zurfin mita ɗari a cikin duhu fasa.
Kogon ba duhu ne kawai ba. An samo mafi ban sha'awa a ƙasan ƙasa, inda ragowar babban mutum ya huta, kamar yadda ake gani daga ƙasusuwan da aka tara a wani kusurwa. A kusa, wani rami mai kusurwa huɗu ya fito fili, samfurin kabarin da aka wawushe wanda ke kiyaye tsaunukan rafin da aka kawo daga ƙasashe masu nisa don rufe ragowar halayen baƙon. Wasu mazauna yankin sun gaya mana cewa, daga wannan kogon, an fitar da kwarangwal da manyan kawuna bakwai, tsakanin 30 zuwa 40 cm, ta hanyar ratsawa a tsakiyar sashen nasu na sama.
Kogon, wanda yake a saman dutsen, wani yanki ne na bakin ciki mai tsayin sama da mita 50, tare da gindin an rufe shi da wadataccen ciyayi na platanillo, avocado, itacen ɓaure; kayan lambu da na lianas daban da na yanayin waje. A kudancin wannan rukunin yanar gizon Kogon Koranti ya fi girma kuma ya fi ban sha'awa kuma yana riƙe da ɓoyayyun ɓoye a cikin babban ciki. A lokacin cin abincin rana muna amfani da ɗayan ɗayan kogunan a matakin ƙasa, inda kuma zai yiwu mu kwana ko mu sami mafaka daga ruwan sama.
Dawowar ta fi sauri, kuma duk da cewa tafiya ce mai gajiyarwa, yanzu mun san cewa wannan tsaunin, wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin Biosphere Reserve a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1994, yana da mahimmancin iotic, abubuwa da yawa da ba a san su ba, abubuwan da suka rage na archaeological, al'ummomin tsirrai masu kyau, kuma sun zama tsari na tsari na dabba na yanki.
