A gefen tekun yamma na Mexico, daga kudancin Sonora zuwa iyakar Chiapas da Guatemala, yana yiwuwa a jin daɗin yanayin wuri mai kama da cewa, gwargwadon lokacin shekarar da aka lura da shi, zai bayyana ko dai ya kasance mai matukar farin ciki ko kuma ya kasance babu kowa.
Labari ne game da gandun daji mara yanke, daya daga cikin nau'o'in halittu masu banbanci da banbanci da ke akwai a kasarmu. Anyi mata suna ne ta wannan hanyar saboda matsakaiciyar tsayin ta "ƙasa" (kusan m 15). Idan aka kwatanta da sauran gandun daji, kuma saboda a cikin kimanin watanni bakwai da rani ya dawwama, yawancin bishiyoyinta da bishiyoyinta, kamar karbuwa ga yanayin yanayi mai tsananin yanayi (yanayin zafi mai yawa da kusan rashin cikakkar lakar yanayi), sun rasa ganyayensu gaba daya (deciduous = ganye da suka ƙare), suna barin "sandunan bushe" kawai a matsayin wuri mai faɗi. A gefe guda kuma, a lokacin watannin damina daji na fuskantar canji kwata-kwata, tun da tsire-tsire suna amsawa kai tsaye ga digo na farko, suna lulluɓe da sabbin ganye waɗanda ke kawo koren koren wuri mai faɗi yayin da akwai danshi.
Yanayin ƙasa a cikin canji na yau da kullun
A cikin 1988 UNAM da Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Cuixmala, A.C., suka fara karatu a gabar tekun kudu na jihar Jalisco wanda ya basu damar samun nasarar ba da shawarar kafa wani wurin ajiya domin kare kananan dazuzzuka. Don haka, a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1993, an zartar da ƙirƙirar Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, don kare yanki mai girman hekta 13,142 wanda, galibi, irin wannan gandun daji ya mamaye shi. Wurin da yake mafi kusan wayasa tsakanin Manzanillo, Colima, da Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, wannan wurin ajiyar yanki ne mai faɗi wanda ke cike da ciyayi daga bakin teku zuwa saman tsaunuka da yawa a wannan yankin; rafin Chamela da kogin Cuitzmala suna nuna iyakar arewa da kudu, bi da bi.
Yanayinta yawanci wurare ne masu zafi, tare da matsakaita zafin jiki na 25 ° C da kuma ruwan sama tsakanin 750 zuwa 1,000 mm na ruwan sama. Zagayowar shekara-shekara a cikin wannan yankin da kuma sauran yankuna na ƙasar inda ake rarraba ƙaramin daji, yana wucewa tsakanin yalwar lokacin damina da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokacin fari; Bugu da kari, ya ba da damar sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin tsirrai da dabbobi wadanda, don su rayu anan, sun canza fasalinsu, halayensu har ma da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.
A farkon watan Nuwamba, lokacin rani yana farawa. A wannan lokacin har yanzu ana rufe shuke-shuke da ganye; Ruwa yana ratsa kusan dukkanin rafuka, kuma korama da tafkunan da suka samu yayin ruwan sama suma sun cika.
Bayan 'yan watanni, kawai a cikin kogin Cuitzmala - kogin da ke dindindin a cikin ajiyar - zai yiwu a sami ruwa na kilomita da yawa a kusa; koda hakane, gudan yana raguwa sosai a wannan lokacin, wani lokacin yakan zama jerin ƙananan wuraren waha. Kadan kadan, ganyen mafi yawan shuke-shuke sun fara bushewa suna faduwa, suna rufe kasa da darduma wanda, a rikice, zai ba da damar asalinsu su rike danshi na wani lokaci.
A wannan lokacin yanayin dajin yana da bakin ciki da daci, wanda ke nuna kusan rashin rayuwa a yankin; Koyaya, abin mamaki kamar da alama, rayuwa tana malalowa a wannan wuri, saboda cikin sanyin safiya da yamma lokacin dabbobin suna haɓaka ayyukansu. Hakanan, tsire-tsire, waɗanda da farko kallo ya bayyana sun mutu, suna haɓaka haɓakar su ta hanyar da ba ta bayyana ba, ta hanyar dabarun da suka yi amfani da su sama da dubunnan shekarun daidaitawa da mawuyacin yanayin wannan wurin.
Tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba, a lokacin damina, bayyanar dajin tana canzawa zuwa tsananin farin ciki, tunda kasancewar ruwa a kodayaushe yana bawa dukkanin tsire-tsire da sabbin ganye. A wannan lokacin yawancin dabbobin da yawa suna haɓaka ayyukansu yayin rana.
Amma a wannan wurin ajiyar, ba wai kawai akwai kananan dazuzzuka da ke akwai ba, har ma da wasu nau'ikan ciyayi guda bakwai da aka gano: matsakaiciyar gandun daji, mangrove, goron xerophilous, dabinon, gado na kandu, manzanillera da ciyawar shuke-shuke; Waɗannan mahallai suna da mahimmancin gaske don rayuwar dabbobi da yawa a lokuta daban-daban na shekara.
Tsari don shuke-shuke da dabbobi
Godiya ga wannan yanayin yanayin muhalli, kuma abin mamaki kamar yadda ake iya gani ga yankin da yake da irin wannan mawuyacin yanayi, yawan fure da dabbobin da za a iya samu a cikin Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve abin ban mamaki ne. Anan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 72 an yi musu rajista, 27 daga cikinsu na Mexico ne kawai (endemic); Nau'ikan tsuntsaye 270 (36 masu cutar jiki); Dabbobi masu rarrafe 66 (32 masu kamuwa da cuta) da amphibians 19 (10 endemic), ban da adadi mai yawa na masu juyawa, galibi kwari. An kuma kiyasta wanzuwar kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan shuke-shuke 1,200, wanda yawansu ya yi kamari.
Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tsirrai da dabbobin suna kama da yankin, kamar yadda lamarin bishiyoyi da ake kira da "primroses" (Tabebuia donell-smithi), wanda a lokacin fari - lokacin da suka yi fure - suka canza launin bushewar ƙasa tare da burbushin launin rawaya, halaye na furanninta. Sauran bishiyoyi sune iguanero (Caesalpinia eriostachys), da cuastecomate (Crescentia alata) da papelillo (Jatropha sp.). Na farko ana iya gane shi da sauki saboda gangar jikinsa ta girma, ta zama manyan fasa a cikin bawonta, wadanda iguanas da sauran dabbobi ke amfani da su a matsayin mafaka. Cuastecomate yana samar da manyan fruitsa fruitsan rounda greenan itace zagaye a kan akwatin jikin sa wanda ke da harsashi mai tsananin wuya.
Game da fauna, Chamela-Cuixmala yanki ne mai matukar muhimmanci, tunda ya zama "mafaka" ga nau'ikan da yawa da suka ɓace daga wasu yankuna ko waɗanda ke da wuya. Misali, kada kogin (Crocodilus acutus), wanda shine mafi girman dabbobi masu rarrafe a Mexico (yana iya aunawa har zuwa 5 m a tsayi) kuma wanda, saboda tsananin tsanantawar da aka yi masa (yin amfani da fatarsa ba bisa doka ba fur) da lalata mazaunin sa, ya ɓace daga mafi yawan rafuka da layukan tekun yamma na ƙasar, inda a da yake ya kasance mai yawan gaske.
Sauran fitattun dabbobi masu rarrafe na ajiyar sune "kunama" ko kadangaru (Heloderma horridum), ɗayan nau'ikan ƙadangaren guba biyu a duniya; liana (Oxybelis aeneus), maciji mai siriri wanda ke saurin rikicewa da busassun rassa; kore iguanas (Iguana iguana) da kuma baƙar fata (Ctenosaura pectinata), da boa (Boa constrictor), tapayaxin mai zafi ko hawainon ƙarya (Phrynosoma asio) da sauran nau'ikan ƙadangare, macizai da kunkuru; Na karshen, akwai nau'ikan halittu guda uku da kunkuru guda biyar da aka haifa a bakin rairayin bakin teku.
Tare da dabbobi masu rarrafe, nau'ikan kwadi da toads da yawa sune ke dauke da ciyawar Chamela-Cuixmala, kodayake a lokacin rani yawancin jinsin sun kasance suna ɓoye a tsakanin ciyayi ko binnewa, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga yanayin zafin rana da rashin danshi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan 'yan amphibians suna da halin daji a lokacin da ake ruwan sama, lokacin da suka fito daga matsugunansu don cin gajiyar kasancewar ruwa su hayayyafa kuma su sa ƙwayayensu a cikin tafki da rafi, inda ake jin kidan soyayyarsu "mai yawa" da daddare. Wannan shi ne batun 'kwaron-da aka ɗora a ciki' (rana ta uku), nau'ikan halittu masu ɗumbin yawa waɗanda ke samun mafaka a cikin ganyayyakin ganyayyaki na bromeliads (shuke-shuke "epiphytic" waɗanda suke girma a jikin bishiyoyi da rassan sauran bishiyoyi); Wannan kwadin yana da madaidaicin kai da dogon lebe, wanda ke ba shi - kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna - bayyanar "agwagwa". Hakanan zamu iya samun toad na ruwa (Bufo marinus), mafi girma a Mexico; madaidaicin kwado (Pternohyla fodiens), nau'ikan nau'ikan kwadin bishiyoyi da koren kwado (Pachymedusa dacnicolor), jinsin kasarmu mai kama da juna kuma wacce ake fataucin ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, saboda kwalliyarta "dabbobi".
Tsuntsaye sune mafi yawan rukunin kashin baya a cikin ajiyar, tunda yawancin jinsuna suna rayuwa a cikin ta na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin. Daga cikin wadanda suka fi daukar hankali su ne farin ibis (Eudocimus albus), fure mai kanwa (Ajaia ajaja), stork ta Amurka (Mycteria americana), chachalacas (Ortalis poliocephala), mai jan buzu (Driocopus lineatus), coa o trogon rawaya (Trogon citreolus) da kuma guaco cowboy (Herpetotheres cachinnans), don kaɗan kaɗan. Hakanan yanki ne mai matukar mahimmanci ga tsuntsayen masu ƙaura, waɗanda ke zuwa kowane hunturu daga yankuna masu nisa na Mexico da yammacin Amurka da Kanada. A wannan lokacin, yana yiwuwa a ga tsuntsaye da yawa a cikin gandun daji da nau'ikan halittun ruwa a cikin lagoons da kuma a cikin Kogin Cuitzmala, daga cikinsu akwai wasu agwagi da yawa da farin fiska (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos).
Hakazalika da batun kadoji, wasu nau'ikan aku da parakeets sun sami mafaka a wurin ajiyar, wanda a wasu sassan ƙasar an kama su ta haramtacciyar hanya don samar da buƙatun ƙasa da na duniya na “dabbobin gida”. Daga cikin wadanda za a iya samu a Chamela-Cuixmala akwai aku mai guayabero (Amazona finschi), mai yawan zuwa Mexico, da aku mai ruwan dorawa (Amazona oratrix), cikin hatsarin halaka a kasarmu. Tarororo parakeet (Aratinga canicularis) zuwa koren parakeet (Aratinga holochlora) kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a Meziko: parakeet ɗin "catarinita" (Forpus cyanopygius), kuma yana da haɗari kuma yana cikin haɗarin halaka.
A karshe, akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su koci ko badgers (Nasua nasua), wadanda za a iya ganin su a manyan kungiyoyi a kowane lokaci, haka kuma wani abin da ake kira (Tayassu tajacu), wani nau'in alade ne da ke yawo a daji a cikin garken dabbobi, musamman mafi ƙarancin lokacin zafi. Farin farin-wutsi (Odocoileus virginianus), wanda ake tsananta wa a wasu yankuna na ƙasar, yana da yawa a Chamela-Cuixmala kuma ana iya ganin sa a kowane lokaci na rana.
Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, saboda dabi'unsu ko kuma rashi, sun fi wahalar kiyayewa; kamar yadda lamarin yake na dare "tlacuachín" (Marmosa canescens), mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin marsupials na Mexico kuma ya zama sananne ga ƙasarmu; dabbar sgwal (Spilogale pygmaea), wacce ke da ma'ana ga Mexico, fatalwar fatalwa (Diclidurus albus), wacce ba ta da yawa a cikin ƙasarmu da jaguar (Panthera onca), mafi girma a cikin Amurka, da ke cikin haɗarin halaka saboda halakar da Tsarin halittu da yake zaune dashi kuma me yasa aka cinye shi.
Yawan wannan ajiyar na ɗaya daga cikin vian tsirarun masu iya aiki a gabar tekun Pacific (a halin yanzu mutane da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ne kaɗai suka rage a duk inda take) kuma watakila shi kaɗai ne ke da cikakkiyar kariya.
Tarihin so da juriya
Jin daɗin yawancin mutanen da ke kusa da gandun dajin ya kasance matalauta kuma saboda wannan dalilin ana ɗaukarsu kawai a matsayin "dutse" wanda yake da saukin kawarwa, don haifar da amfanin gona ko wuraren kiwo na dabbobi a waɗannan ƙasashe, wanda ke gabatar da takaitaccen rawar gani, saboda sabanin shuke-shuke na asali, sun haɗu ne da tsirrai waɗanda ba su dace da matsanancin yanayin da ke nan ba. Saboda wannan da wasu dalilai, ana lalata halaye masu rai cikin sauri.
Sanin wannan yanayin da kuma cewa kiyaye halittu na Mexico shine muhimmiyar buƙata don tabbatar da rayuwarmu, Asusun Fundación Ecológica de Cuixmala, AC, tun lokacin da aka kirkira shi aka ƙaddamar da inganta kiyayewar yankin Chamela-Cuixmala.
Tabbas, aikin bai kasance mai sauki ba, domin, kamar yadda yake a wasu yankuna da yawa na Meziko inda aka yi kokarin kafa wuraren ajiyar halitta, sun shiga cikin rashin fahimtar wasu daga cikin mazauna yankin da kuma karfin tattalin arziki masu karfi a wannan yankin " a cikin gani ”na dogon lokaci, musamman don“ ci gabanta ”ta hanyar manyan ayyukan yawon buɗe ido.
Wurin ajiyar Chamela-Cuixmala ya zama abin koyi na tsari da juriya na bin sa. Tare da sa hannun masu mallakar kadarorin a inda yake da kuma gudummawar da Gidauniyar Lafiya ta Cuixmala ta tattara, ya yiwu a ci gaba da sanya ido sosai a yankin. Theofar hanyoyin da suka shiga ajiyar suna da rumfunan tsaro waɗanda suke aiki na sa'o'i 24 a rana; Bugu da kari, masu gadin suna yin tafiye-tafiye da yawa a kan dawakai ko a cikin manyan motocin a cikin ajiyar yau da kullun, saboda haka suna hana shigowar mafarautan da a baya suke farauta ko kame dabbobi a wannan yankin.
Binciken da aka gudanar a yankin Chamela-Cuixmala ya tabbatar da mahimmancin halittu na yankin da kuma bukatar fadada kiyayewar ta, don haka akwai wasu shirye-shirye na gaba don fadada iyakokin ta da kokarin hada ta, ta hanyar hanyoyin nazarin halittu, zuwa wani wurin ajiyar kusa: Manantlán. Abun takaici, a cikin wannan kasa mai tarin dukiya, akwai rashin fahimtar mahimmancin kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da tsarin halittu, wanda ke haifar da saurin bacewar da yawa daga wannan arzikin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa batutuwa kamar su Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve ba za a iya yaba musu ba tare da tallafa musu, suna fatan za su zama misali don motsa gwagwarmayar mutane da cibiyoyin da ke son cimma nasarar kiyaye yankunan wakilcin manyan al'adunmu na asalin Mexico.
Source: Mexico da ba a sani ba A'a 241
