Lokacin da damina ta kasance a tsaunukan kudu maso yamma na Chihuahua, sai Tarahumara suka watse a cikin keɓaɓɓun wuraren kiwo. Komawa gida ya ƙunshi manyan ayyuka na sake zagayowar aikin gona, amma sun san cewa sakamakon waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun cancanci cancanta.
Lokacin da amfanin gona ya girma kuma an kusa girbe girbi, mutane zasu sake haduwa a bakin ruwan garinsu don gudanar da bukukuwa da bukukuwa gama gari: lokaci yayi da za'a yi bikin jin daɗin tattalin arzikin da ke wakilta samun 'ya'yan itacen duniya kuma bikin zagayowar farawa wanda ya fara daga ƙarshen faɗuwa zuwa Fabrairu ko Maris, lokacin da aikin gona na sabon kaka ya fara.
Babban bukukuwan wannan sake zagayowar an sadaukar dasu ne ga cKashe tsarkakan waliyyai, don tunawa da mafi dacewa kwanakin na Kirsimeti da kuma girmama Budurwa Maryamu, ɗayan ɗayan allolin Katolika da ake girmamawa a yankin (ƙarƙashin kiran Guadalupe ko Budurwar Loreto). A wannan lokacin, al'adun gargajiyar suna fitowa don halartar sahun cikin bukukuwa: an kusan matachines, 'yan rawa wadanda suka sadaukar da ayyukansu ga Budurwa.
Kodayake kwanakin budewa da rufewa na ayyukan Matachines ya bambanta da yawa, gwargwadon al'ummar da ake magana a kansu, al'adar al'ada wacce a lokacin da waɗannan suka fi tsananin kaiwa ga ƙarshenta a lokacin da ke gudana tsakanin 12 ga Disamba (Idi na Budurwar Guadalupe) da 6 ga Janairu (Idi na Sarakuna Tsarkaka).
KUNGIYA
Masu shirya kungiyoyin Matachines kira syeda_abubakar ko chapeyones. Su ne wadanda suna kiran mahalarta suna musu jagora. Suna da iko suyi wa mambobin kungiyar nasiha wadanda basa bin umarnin su kuma a matsayin alama ta wannan karfin suna dauke da bulala.
Cajin na Chapeyoko yana kewaye da wani aura na iko da daraja; Wadanda suka hada wannan kungiyar kwararru ne na al'ada, kuma suna da babban nauyi na jagorantar aiwatar da ayyukan 'yan rawa yadda ya kamata. Da syeda_abubakar ba sa sa tufafin Matachin, amma suna ɗauka ɗaya abin rufe fuska wanda galibi na katako ne, tare da gemu da gashin baki wanda aka yi da gashin doki ko gashin akuya. Lokacin da aka yi rawar, da syeda_abubakar fitar da wasu Kururuwa tare da abin da suke nuna wa masu rawa wasu canje-canje a cikin matakan aikin waka.
Sauran shugabannin rawa an san su da sunan sarakuna; suna rawa tare da Matachines suna aiwatar da canje-canje, suna aiki ne a matsayin malamai na sababbin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma suna jin daɗin wani babban daraja a cikin al'umma.
Adadin membobin wani rukuni na Matachines ya bambanta da yawa; Ya fi dacewa ya dogara da ikon tattarawar masu shiryawa, gwargwadon al'adun gargajiyar da jama'ar da ake magana a kai suke kiyayewa, da damar tattalin arziƙin mutane. Latterarshen saboda gaskiyar cewa kowane Matachin dole ne ya sayi tufafinsu da sauran abubuwa game da kayan aikin al'ada.
Abu ne gama gari ga wadanda suka dauki alkawarin yin hakan Matachin yi shi domin a tsawon shekaru uku a jere, amma wannan lokacin zama kuma mai canzawa ne. A wasu al'ummomin inda tasirin mestizo yafi rinjaye, kamar su Cerocahui Y Morelos, mata na iya kasancewa cikin kungiyoyin na Matachines; duk da haka, abin da yafi kowa shine cewa waɗannan kawai sun haɗa da maza.
RIGE
Tufafin ya kunshi tufafin asalin mestizo: riga, wando, takalma da safa (Na karshen ya wuce takalmi kuma ya dace da wando). A kwatangwalo, yana rufe ƙashin ƙugu da gindi, an ɗaura shi bandana mai launi, wanda tip dinsa ya rataya tsakanin kafafu, mai kama da duwawun. Don gama kayan, an kuma sanya su kamar ja ko yadudduka furanni na auduga, tun daga kafaɗu zuwa gwiwoyi.
Zai yiwu mafi halayyar suturar Matachines shi ne kambin cewa suna dauke a kawunansu da gwatso da dabino cewa suna ɗauka a hannunsu. An yi kambi da madubai, ko kuma da furannin furanni wanda za'a iya yin shi da zane, takarda china ko filastik; rataye a dimbin yawa na launuka iri-iri. Hakanan, tare da bandanas, an rufe bayan kai da ɓangaren fuska, yana fid da idanuwa da hanci kawai.
Da Matachines suna dauke da hannun dama a ƙaras-ƙaras suna daga hannu koyaushe, yayin da suke hagu suna ɗauke da dabino (wani nau'in fan wanda kuma zai iya ɗaukar sifar mai taya), wanda aka rataye shi launuka masu ƙyalli da yadi ko furanni na filastik. Ana kiran wannan abun sikawa, cewa a cikin yaren tarahumara yana nufin "fure", kalmar da ke nuna ikon nagarta. Labari ya bayyana haka Matachines an halicce su ne don sojojin Budurwa, da fadada tasiri mai kyau ta wurin raye-rayensu da kuma karfin iko, wadanda suka ba da karshen ta hanyar alamar fure.
WAKA
Kayan aikin da ake yi don kidan da ke rakiyar wannan rawa sune da goge, zuwa wane tarahumara suna kira ravel, Y guitar ko guitar tare da kirtani bakwai oda a kan sikelin na bass uku da hudu treble ƙasa. Wataƙila wannan umarnin yana da alaƙa da ma'anar al'ada da aka sanya wa waɗannan lambobin, tunda ga 'yan asalin ƙasar uku shine adadin na miji kuma guda hudu na mace.
Adadin mawaƙa ma ba a daidaita su ba, amma ya zama dole a sami akalla ɗaya guitar da violin duo Latterarshen shine mafi ƙarancin kayan aiki a cikin kayan kida kamar yadda yake da alhakin kawo sassan waƙoƙin, yayin guitar ta buge da bugawa. Har ila yau, sauti na raggo wanda masu rawa suka ɗauka ya zama wani tushe mai banƙyama wanda ke taimaka musu don yiwa matakan kyau alama.
GASKIYA
Ana yin raye-raye tare da mataki na uku ko na binary. Matsayin jiki a tsaye yake, yayin da aka yi alama matakin tare da tafin ƙafa. An kira mafi yawan adadi na choreographic "Giciye" (musayar matsayi tsakanin layuka biyu da aka raba rukunin masu rawa): "Masu kwarara" (masarauta suna gicciye tsakanin layuka guda biyu, suna kewaye da kowane mai rawa) kuma "Kalaman ruwa" (Wurarar membobin jere guda ɗaya, waɗanda ke kewaye da ɗayan yayin da suke cikin wurin kuma akasin haka). Bugu da kari, wani motsi ya kunshi jujjuyawar da kowanne daga masu rawa yake yi da kansu.
Wasan yana farawa lokacin da mambobin kungiyar an kafa su ne a atrium na cocin, yana fuskantar babban giciye. Zuwa waƙar kiɗa sarakuna suna daga rawaninsu Y Matachines suna fara halittunsu. Layyuka suna motsawa kusa da gicciyen don gaishe shi, kuma a gabansa suna alama alamun mahimman lambobi huɗu suna juyawa kowane ɗayan. Daga nan sai su shiga cocin don yin gaisuwa ga hotuna masu tsarki a matsayin girmamawa da kishin addini.
Rawa ci gaba da dukan dare, kowane guda tara an yi hutu. Da safe ana rarraba babban abincin (naman sa baƙi), kuma bayan karin kumallo mai ƙarfafawa Matachines canjinsu ya sake farawa.
A cikin waɗannan bukukuwa kusan koyaushe suna faruwa jerin gwano a cikin abin da hukuma na al'umma, da tenanches (girlsan mata uku ko girlsan mata waɗanda ke ɗaukar hotuna masu tsarki) da kuma jama'a baki daya.
Ana buɗe kowane jerin gwano ta matachines guda uku, waɗanda ke shugabanta tare da mawaƙansu. Idan akwai firist a cikin yankin, ana yin taro; amma idan bazaka iya rasa shi ba shine lafazin nawésariWatau, wa'azin da hukuma ke yi don kwadaitar da kowa da ya nuna halaye na kwarai, aiki a duk tsawon shekara da kuma tuna mahimmancin bikin da ake gabatarwa.
Don kawo karshen ayyukansu, da Matachines ana yanke hukunci ta hanyar aiwatar da yanki wanda a cikin rawa, suka kafa a ciki layuka biyu suna fuskantar juna, suna musayar tabi na dabbobin su daban da ƙafa kafa tsakaita tare da mai rawa a gabansu. Ana yin wannan aikin a cikin atrium kuma ana maimaita shi a cikin haikalin.
SAURAN MATACHIN arewa maso gabas
Da yaquis da kuma mayos Sonora kuma yana da ƙungiyoyi na Matachines, Har ila yau, sadaukar da kai ga bautar Budurwa. ZUWA tsakiyar watan Yuli ɗayan mahimman bukukuwa masu kyau na yaquis tare daruruwan Matachines da kuma hukumomin addini na Kauyuka Takwas. Dalilin kiran shi ne bayar da ayyukanta ga Budurwar Way, wanda mafakar sa take a garin da aka sani da Loma de Bácum.
A nasu bangaren arewa tepehuanos, makwabta na tarahumara, kodayake suna cikin wani reshe daban na dangin yare yutoacteca, raba tare da su dance na matachines, tsakanin sauran halaye na al'ada. Yana da ban sha'awa, duk da haka, tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin yankin al'adun arewa maso yammacin Mexico, al'adar Matachines an rasa shi ko kuma watakila bai taba kasancewa ba.
A kudu maso yammacin Amurka, yanki mai kamanceceniya da al'adun gargajiya na asali da arewa maso yammacin Mexico, kabilun sun hada kansu karkashin kalmar Keresan, Taos, Tewas da Tiwas, suna kiyaye ba kawai amfani da rawa ba, har ma da wasu tatsuniyoyi game da asalinsa. Sun ce Moctezuma, wani allahn Indiya wanda ke sanye da kayan Turawa ne ya gabatar da shi daga kudu kuma ya yi hasashen zuwan fararen, yana mai gargadin Indiyawa su ba su hadin kai, amma kada su manta da nasu bukukuwan da al'adunsu.
ASALIN MATACHINES
Da asalin Turai na rawa Matachines da sauran raye-raye masu alaƙa da waɗannan - da aka sani da "Rawar Cin Nasara" ko daga "Moors da Krista"- a bayyane yake. A kotunan Tsohuwar Duniya ana gudanar da shari'ar mattachins a cikin Faransa, da yanka a Italiya da kuma moriskentänzer a Jamus. Kodayake kalmar larabci mudawajjihen, me yake nufi "Waɗanda suka zo fuska da fuska" ko "Waɗanda suka sanya fuska" - wataƙila dangane da amfani da abin rufe fuska - na iya bayar da shawarar asalin rawa na Larabci.
Kwatancen wancan lokacin suna gabatar da matachines kamar yadda jesters wanda ya yi aiki a cikin kotu hors d'oeuvres. Gabaɗaya maza ne waɗanda ke rawa a cikin da'irar tsalle da yin riya faɗa da takubba na izgili; suna sanye da hular kwano da ƙararrawa kuma suna biye da ƙarar da aka busa da sarewa.
Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda suka haɗu da "Rawar Cin Nasara", an gabatar da su a Mexico ta hanyar Katolika mishaneri, wanda ya yi amfani da su a matsayin hanya don ƙarfafa ayyukansu na bishara, lura da babban haɗin da 'yan asalin ke da shi rawa, waƙa da kiɗa. Yana yiwuwa a asali mishanarai sun yi niyyar nuna nasarar Kiristocin akan wannan Aztec sarki Montezuma godiya ga ofisoshin Malinche, wanda aka yi la'akari da farkon wanda ya musulunta a tsohuwar Meziko.
Tabbas, jama'ar ƙasar sun fara ƙara abubuwa na asali ga rawa da rakiyar kiɗan. Yarda da wadannan ya kasance ne da ya sa mahukuntan viceregal suka hana aiwatar da su a cikin gidajen ibada ko kuma a cikin atrium na majami'u, saboda tsoron tawaye da kuma saboda sun dauki wasu daga wadannan bayyanar arna; Koyaya, irin wannan matakan danniya kawai sunyi nasarar sanya raye-raye a nesa mafi nisa daga ikon Mutanen Espanya, misali, a cikin gidajen manyan Indiyawa. Wannan gaskiyar ta ƙara fifita aiki tare tare da ƙarin sabbin abubuwa na al'adun mutanen ƙasar. Game da Matachines, asalin ma'anar da Franciscan da Jesuit mishaneri ya kare da bacewa a tsakanin yan asalin arewa maso yamma. Abubuwan kayan aiki da tufafi suma sun sami canji don dacewa da dandano da abubuwan da yawancin 'yan asalin suka fi so. A lokaci guda, an yi watsi da amfani da majalisu kuma an sake mayar da ayyukan wasu haruffa (kamar sarakuna, La Malinche da masu raha). Da Matachin rawa Ta haka ne ya zama bayyanar al'adun gargajiya na Kauyuka na asali daga arewa maso yamma Mexico.
Rawa a cikin wasu yankuna na Mexico
Akwai nau'ikan da dama na Dance Matachines a cikin ƙasa, inda waɗanda suke rawa suma suke yin hakan don nuna godiya ga ni'imar da aka samu ko a matsayin biyan umarni ko alƙawarin da aka yi wa tsarkaka. Wasu misalai sun nuna cewa wannan rawa rawar al'adu ce wacce ta wuce iyakokin ƙabilu, tunda yana faruwa a cikin al'ummomin mestizo da yawa daga arewacin Mexico.
Daga cikin raye-rayen da za a iya la'akari bambance-bambancen karatu na Matachines Akwai, misali, wanda ake kira da shi a Coahuila "Ruwa Mai Ruwa", kamar yadda wannan shine sunan unguwar garin Saltillo wanda aka aiwatar dashi a matsayin haraji ga Tsarkake Kristi. A cikin Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Durango, da kudancin Sinaloa, l'Yan rawa ba sa ɗaukar tsintsiya ko tafin hannu, amma suna dauke da karamar baka da kibiya, na biyun kuma ya bashi sunan "Dance of Bow". Da kudu tepehuanos suna da wannan rawa a matsayin ɗayan cin amanar su. A cikin Zacatecas, musamman a cikin karamar hukumar Guadalupe, shine rawa na neman ruwan sama da haihuwa, sunan matlachin wanda ke karɓar rawa a cikin wannan yankin yana fassara kamar "Mutum mai sutura". A Guerrero, rawa tana da alaƙa da sake zagayowar na "Moors da Krista", a cikin bambancin na "San Diego"; da shan Urushalima da Moors da sakamakon korewa da mutuwar guda ta Manzo James mai nasara. Aƙarshe, a cikin Tlaxcala, rawa rawa ce daban, amma tana da kamanceceniya da wasu nau'ikan Matachines: can kungiyoyin kira na 'yan rawa Rawar "Litters" ba tare da amsa wani abu da aka riga aka tsara ba na rawar mariachis, ado da manya-manyan tsana da aka yi da kwali da takardar china tare da dabbobin dabba, da yin barkwanci da tsokana ga masu sauraro, wanda ya kawo su kusa da yanayin kungiyoyin bukukuwa.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 263 / Janairu 1999
