A cikin halittarta, yanayi ya nuna yawancin abubuwan ban sha'awa. Sakamakon wani abin mamakin tsari ne na haihuwa, haihuwa, narkakken kwalliya da kuma tasirin kwayar halittar Bombyx mori, wanda shi kadai ne a duniya da zai iya samar da kyawawan zaren siliki.
A cikin halittarta, yanayi ya nuna yawancin abubuwan ban sha'awa. Sakamakon wani abin mamakin tsari ne na haihuwa, haihuwa, narkakken kwalliya da kuma tasirin kwayar halittar Bombyx mori, wanda shi kadai ne a duniya da zai iya samar da kyawawan zaren siliki.
Shekaru da yawa, Sinawa sun sami damar kiyaye sirrin samar da siliki ta hanyar tsauraran matakai, har ma da zartar da hukuncin kisa ga duk wanda ya kuskura ya cire kwai, tsutsotsi ko butterflies na jinsin daga yankinsu.
Sericulture hadewa ne na kulawa da dan adam da aikin tsutsa da ke da karfin iya samarwa, tare da gyambon sa, dubban mitoci na zare mai kyau. Da shi yake sanya kwaɗayinsa kuma ya nemi mafaka a yayin aiwatar da ƙarancin yanayi wanda zai kai shi ga zama kyakkyawan malam buɗe ido.
Sericulture baya buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa ko ƙarfin jiki, amma yana buƙatar sadaukarwa da kula da yanayin zafin jiki, zafi, lokaci da kuma tsabtar dabbobi da mulberry. Wannan tsiron yana basu abinci a lokacin kankanin rayuwarsu kuma yana basu sitaci wanda suke juyewa izuwa zare, wanda zai iya kaiwa mita 1,500 a tsayi a cikin kowane kokon. Koyaya, zaren mitoci 500 da nauyinsa yakai miligrams 130 na siliki; don haka kowane mita, wanda aka canza zuwa milligram, ya zama mai tsada sosai cikin ƙimar kuɗi da ƙoƙari.
Siliki abu ne na halitta wanda yake da halaye na musamman, kuma mutum yayi ƙoƙari a banza don samun ta ta hanyoyin wucin gadi da na masana'antu. Jafananci sun sami hanyar narkar da shi don sake yin igiyar, amma gano su bai taimaka ba. Hakanan an samar da zaren igiya mai laushi mai laushi, da ɗan juriya ga rashin daidaituwa tare da formaldehyde, amma an gano cewa lokacin da suke hulɗa da ruwa, suna kumbura kuma sun ɓace duka sifofin jikinsu.
A cikin Turai, bayan gwaji da yawa tare da gilashi, yana yiwuwa a sami jan hankali da zaren da bai dace ba. A ƙarshe, bayan bincike mai yawa, an samo zaren sifofi masu sihiri da haske, waɗanda ake kira siliki na wucin gadi, kamar su artisela, siliki da rayon. Babu ɗayansu da ya sami nasarar juriya na zaren Bombyx mori, wanda yake gram 8, nauyin da zai iya tallafawa kafin ya karye, kuma ba su daidaita ƙarfinsa, tunda mita ɗaya yana sarrafawa ya ƙara zuwa santimita 10, ba tare da karyewa ba; kuma, ba shakka, basu wuce daidaituwar sa ba, tsawon lokaci ko biyan tararsa.
Hakanan siliki yana da ingancin adana zafin rana, yayin da kwaikwayo, kasancewa samfurin roba, suna da tsananin sanyi. Daga cikin jerin halayenta masu tsayi, dole ne mu ƙara yawan karfin jan ruwa, gas da dyes; Kuma don rufewa tare da yalwa, isa ya isa a faɗi cewa babban abu ne don rufe wayoyin ƙarfe.
Ganin mahimmancin halittarta, za mu iya haɗa kai da shi kawai kuma mu yarda da jumlar: "Ba shi yiwuwa ya dace da yanayi."
DAGA CHINA ZUWA MEXICAN HUASTECA
Bombyx morio silkworm, asalinsa asalin China ne. Marubutan tarihi na kasar Sin suna nuna kwanan wata na fara farautar kayan lambu shekaru 3 400 kafin zamaninmu. Empress Sihing-Chi, matar Sarki Housan-Si, wanda ya yi sarauta a 2650 BC, ya ba da wannan masana'antar tsakanin manyan masarautar. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin azanci mai tsarki kuma mai tsarki, an keɓe shi ne kawai ga matan kotu da manyan masu mulki. A lokacin mutuwarta, an gina gidajen ibada da bagadai a matsayin "masu wayon silkworms."
Tun da wayewar garinsu suke wayewa, Sinawa suna sana'ar sihiri da saƙar siliki a matsayin babban tushen arzikinsu. Sarakunan farko sun ba da umarnin yaduwar wannan aikin kuma, galibi, suna bayar da umarni da umarni don karewa da tunatar da kotu game da wajibanta da shagaltar da yin sa'a.
Sericulture ya zo Japan shekaru 600 kafin zamaninmu, kuma daga baya, ya bazu zuwa Indiya da Farisa. A cikin karni na biyu, Sarauniya Semiramis, bayan "yakin farin ciki", ta sami kyaututtuka iri daban-daban daga sarkin kasar Sin, wanda ya aiko mata da jiragen ruwa dauke da alharini, tsutsotsi, da mazajen da suka kware a aikin fasaha. Tun daga wannan lokacin Japan ta yada yaduwar al'adu a duk yankunanta, har ya zamana cewa siliki ya zama mallakin ikon allahntaka. Tarihi ya rubuta lokacin da gwamnati ta shiga tsakani, da sunan tattalin arzikin kasa, saboda duk manoma suna son sadaukar da kansu ga wannan aikin, sun manta da sauran rassa na aikin gona.
Wajen 550 AD, mishaneri na Girka sun zo wa’azin Kiristanci a Farisa, inda suka koya game da hanyoyin kiwon tsutsar da samar da siliki. A cikin rami na sandar, sufaye sun gabatar da tsaba da ƙwai, don haka suna sarrafa cire jinsin zuwa yankinsu. Daga Girka, sana’ar kiwo ta bazu zuwa ƙasashen Asiya da Arewacin Afirka; daga baya ya isa Turai, inda Italiya, Faransa da Spain, suka sami kyakkyawan sakamako, kuma waɗanda aka san su, har zuwa yau, kyan silkinsu.
Samfurin farko na tsutsotsi da bishiyoyin mulberry ya isa nahiyarmu a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A cikin tarihin lokacin an ce kambin na Spain ya ba da izinin dasa bishiyoyin mulberry 100,000 a Tepexi, Oaxaca, kuma mishanan Dominican sun faɗaɗa wannan aikin ta yankin Oaxaca, Michoacán da Huasteca de San Luis Potosí.
Duk da cewa Mutanen Spain sun gano cewa mulberry ta ninka sau biyar fiye da na Andalusiya, hakan yana yiwuwa a hayayyafa shekara biyu a shekara, kuma an samu kyawawan sikoki masu kyau, ba a karfafa dabbobin gargajiya a kasarmu ba, saboda Mafi yawa ga haɓakar ma'adinai, rikice-rikicen jama'a, amma sama da duka, saboda aiki ne mai laushi wanda dole ne ya buƙaci ƙungiya, kariya da haɓaka gwamnatin.
ABIN MAMAKI DA IDAN DAN ADAM YANA GANINSA DA WUYA
Don isa lokacin farin ciki na zaren farko, wanda zai iya zama daga ɗari zuwa talatin da dubu 30 na milimita, gwargwadon ingancinsa, duk wani tsari na yanayi ya zama tilas ba ƙarancin abin mamaki ba. Wannan tsutsa, kafin ta rikide ta zama malam buɗe ido ko kuma asu, tana lulluɓe kanta a cikin murhun da take sanyawa don yin ado ga kansa na kimanin kwanaki ashirin, a matsakaita, lokacin da ta rinka jujjuyawa daga tsutsa zuwa chrysalis, matsakaiciyar ƙasa tsakanin ta da asu wanda daga ƙarshe ya fito daga kwakwa.
Lokacin da mace malam buɗe ido ta ba da ƙwai ko ƙwayoyin tsutsa, nan da nan kuma babu makawa sai ta mutu. Namiji wani lokacin yakan girmi wasu olderan kwanaki. Qwai na iya kaiwa girman milimita guda, karamansu ya kai gram daya ya kunshi daga seedsa feryan tilea thousanda dubu zuwa 1500. Shellwan ƙwai yana da membrane na abu mai ƙyalƙyali, an huda shi ta saman fuskarsa tare da tashoshin microscopic da ke ba amfrayo damar numfashi. A wannan lokacin, wanda aka sani da shiryawa, kwan ana ajiye shi a matsakaita na zafin jiki 25ºC. Tsarin ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki goma sha biyar. Ana nuna kusancin ƙyanƙyashe ta hanyar canjin launi na harsashi, daga launin toka mai duhu zuwa launin toka mai haske.
A lokacin haihuwa, tsutsar tsayin milimita uku, mai kauri milimita ɗaya, kuma tana fitar da zarenta na farko na siliki don dakatar da kansa da keɓe kansa daga bawon. Tun daga wannan lokacin yanayinsa zai kai shi ga cin abinci, don haka dole ne a sami isasshen ganyen mulberry a koyaushe, wanda zai kasance abincinsa a lokacin abubuwa biyar na rayuwarsa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana kuma kula da su da zafin jiki, wanda dole ne ya juya a 20ºC, ba tare da bambance-bambancen ba, don haka ƙwarin ya girma cikin tsawon kwanaki 25, amma ana iya haɓaka tsarin balaga ta hanyar haɓaka yanayin zafin jiki da kyau, kamar yadda yake manyan masu kera, a 45ºC. Tsutsa na ɗaukar kwanaki goma sha biyar kawai kafin ta fara yin kwakwalarta.
Rayuwar tsutsa tana canzawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban ko kuma zafin nama. A rana ta shida bayan haihuwa, sai ya daina cin abinci, ya ɗaga kansa ya zauna a wannan matsayin na awoyi 24. Fatar tsutsar ciki ta tsage tsawon lokaci a kai kuma tsutsa tana fitowa ta wannan tsaguwa, ta bar tsohuwar fatarta. Wannan molt din ya maimaita sau uku kuma tsutsar tana yin sabunta dukkan gabobin ta. An aiwatar da aikin sau uku.
A kwanaki 25, tsutsa ta kai tsawon santimita takwas, tunda kowane kwana biyu tana ninka girma da nauyi. Zobba goma sha biyu bayyane, basa kirga kai, kuma yana da kama da silinda mai tsayi wanda yake neman fashewa. A ƙarshen shekaru na biyar, da alama bai gamsar da sha'awarta ba kuma shine lokacin da ta kwashe babban ɗigon ruwa, wanda ke nuni da cewa nan ba da daɗewa ba zai fara yin kwarkwata.
Rashin iyawar halayen halayenku yana farawa lokacin da kuka ci abinci kuma suka mai da abincinku siliki. A ƙasan ƙasan leɓun ƙasa, an samo akwatin siliki ko jere, wanda shine ramin da zaren siliki yake fitowa ta cikinsa. Lokacin haɗiye, abincin yana ratsawa ta cikin makogwaro kuma yana karɓar ruwan da gland na saliv ya ɓoye. Daga baya, wannan ruwa mai ɗanɗano yana canza sitaci na ganyen mulberry zuwa dextrin kuma ruwan alkaline da ciki ke ɓoyewa yana ci gaba da narkewa da haɗuwa. Kwayoyin siliki, inda siliki ke tarawa, suna kama ne da dogayen tubu biyu masu haske, waɗanda suke ƙasa da yankin narkewa, kuma an haɗa su ta yadda ƙaramin zaren siliki ne kawai ke fitowa daga jere.
Adadin ganyen mulberry da kowace tsutsa ke cinyewa ba ta wakiltar wata babbar matsala, sai dai a cikin shekaru na biyar, lokacin da sha'awar tsutsa ba ta ƙoshi. Don yawan kwai na gram 25 na ƙwai, isasshen adadi don ƙyanƙyamar karkara, jimlar kilo 786 na ganye wajibi ne ga ɗaukacin rayuwar. A al'adance, ana daukar al'adar gargajiya a matsayin aikin gida gaba daya, saboda kulawarsa baya bukatar karfi kuma yara, mata da tsofaffi ne zasu iya aiwatar da ita. Landsasashen da suka fi dacewa don kiwo sune waɗanda aka samo a yankuna masu zafi, tare da tsayi ƙasa da mita 100, kodayake a yankuna masu sanyi ana iya samunta, amma ba iri ɗaya ba.
KUNNON SHI NE KASUWAN DA KE KIYAYE SIHIRIN TALAKA
Zaren siliki yana fitowa daga juyawa wanda aka rufe shi da kayan dutse, wani irin roba mai launin ruwan rawaya wacce, daga baya, ta yi laushi da ruwan zafi lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin jan ƙarar.
Da zarar tsutsa ta balaga ko ta kai ƙarshen shekaru biyar, sai ta nemi busasshe kuma wuri mai dacewa don yin kwarkwarta. Waɗanda suka goya su suna sanya nama na busassun ƙwayoyin rassan da za su iya kaiwa, saboda tsaftacewa yana da mahimmanci don tsutsotsi ba su kamu da rashin lafiya. Tsutsotsi suna hawa kan casing don ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa mara tsari wacce aka haɗe da lamuran, sa'annan suka fara sakar gidan yarin su, suna yin ambulan na oval a kusa da shi, suna ba shi siffar "8" tare da motsin kai. A rana ta huɗu, tsutsa ta gama ɓarnatar da ƙwayoyinta kuma ta shiga cikin bacci mai zurfi.
Chrysalis yakan juya zuwa asu bayan kwana ashirin. A lokacin barin, huda kwabin, fasa zaren siliki. Namiji, to, yana neman abokin tarayya. Lokacin da ya sami mace, sai ya gyara mata kwayayenta kuma haduwarsu na daukar awowi da yawa don samun kwayayen duka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan saka samfurinka, ya mutu.
Daga rana ta goma, manoma na iya kwance ganyen kuma su raba kowane kwakwa, suna cire ragowar abubuwan da suka rage. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, chrysalis yana raye kuma yana kan aiwatar da ƙwayar cuta, saboda haka ya zama dole a katse shi ta hanyar "nutsuwa", tare da tururi ko iska mai zafi. Nan da nan bayan haka, ana yin “bushewar”, wanda yake da mahimmancin mahimmanci don kauce wa duk wani laima, tunda zai iya lalata kyawawan zaren, ya rasa madafa har abada. Da zarar an gama bushewa, sai kokon ya koma yanayin jikinsa, tare da irin wannan tarar amma ba tare da rai ba.
Anan aikin manomi ya ƙare, farawa daga aikin masana'antar masaku. Domin warware kokon, wanda zai iya samun zaren sama da mita 1,500, sai a murza su a ruwan zafi, a zazzabin 80 zuwa 100ºC, saboda ya yi laushi da tsaftace roba ko kayan dutse da ke tare da shi. Canzawar cocoons da yawa lokaci guda ana kiransa raw ko siliki mai laushi kuma, don cimma daidaito, dole ne a haɗa zaren da yawa da kuma ciyar da su ta yadda za a iya “juya su” don ba su fasali da sauƙin motsi. Bayan haka, ana kora zaren da ruwan sabulu, domin a watsar da kayan aikin dutse da ke kewaye da su. Bayan aikin, a ƙarshe siliki dafaffe ya bayyana, mai laushi ga taɓawa, mai sassauƙa, fari da haske.
KASAR KASASHEN SERICULUL
Tsallaka Tropic of Cancer, Mexico tana da yankin da ya dace don yin naman dabbobi kuma game da sauran ƙasashen Amurka. Ya kasance daidai da laititude da manyan masana'antun siliki na duniya, yana iya zama ɗayansu. Koyaya, ba ta iya gamsar da kasuwancinta na cikin gida ba.
Don inganta wannan aikin a cikin ƙauyukan da ba su da kariya, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Kiwo da Raya Karkara, sun tsara Sasa ta Sericulture Project kuma an ƙirƙira ta, tun daga 1991, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta ,asa, a yankin Huasteca na San Luis Potosí.
A halin yanzu babban aikin Cibiyar shine adana kwan don samun ingantattun nau'ikan kayan hadin; inganta kwayar halittar tsutsa da nau'ikan mulmula kuma ya zama mai samarda kayan abinci wanda yake samarda sauran cibiyoyin hada hadar jihar kamar Oaxaca, Veracruz, Guanajuato, Puebla, Chiapas, Guerrero da Tabasco sun riga sun aikata. Organizationsungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar FAO da Japanungiyar Hadin Kan Japanasa ta Japan (JICA) suma sun shiga tsakani a cikin wannan Cibiyar, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa, a cikin abin da za a iya kira tsarin daidaitawa, ƙwararrun ƙwararru masu fasaha, kere-kere na zamani, saka hannun jari, da kuma ilimin da suke da shi a cikin lamarin.
Cibiyar tana da nisan kilomita 12.5 na babbar hanyar San Luis Potosí-Matehuala, a cikin gundumar Graciano Sánchez. A cewar likitan dabbobi Romualdo Fudizawa Endo, daraktan ta, a duk fadin Huasteca akwai kyakkyawan yanayin da za a samu, ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, tsutsotsi da alharini masu inganci iri ɗaya kamar wanda aka samu a Cibiyar Nationalasa tare da fasaha da hanyoyin masu fasahar Japan. Kuna iya samun crianza uku zuwa huɗu a shekara, wanda zai haifar da tasiri mai yawa akan kuɗin masu kerawa. Ya zuwa yanzu, yankin La Cañada, Los Remedios da Santa Anita, a cikin gundumar Aquismón, da kuma yankin Chupaderos a San Martín Chalchicuautla. Mesas a Tampacán da López Mateos, a cikin Ciudad Valles, su ne al'ummomin da aka gabatar da kayan gargajiya, tare da kyakkyawan sakamako. Sierra Juárez da Mixteca Alta su ne yankuna Oaxacan inda aka kuma gabatar da tsarin ci gaban al'adu kuma ana neman fadada shi zuwa yankunan Tuxtepec, bakin teku da tsakiyar kwari. Dangane da aikin SAGAR, an shirya shuka hekta 600 na mulberry kuma a sami tan 900 na kyakkyawan siliki a shekara ta tara.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 237 / Nuwamba 1996
