Gina mafi yawanci a cikin wani yanayi na juzu'i, majami'u masu juyawa karni shedu ne na shugabantar garinmu.
Lokacin da aka sani da Porfiriato ya wuce fiye da shekaru 30 a cikin tarihin Meziko (1876-1911), ba tare da yin la'akari da taƙaitaccen katsewar gwamnatocin Juan N. Méndez da Manuel González ba. Kodayake a wancan lokacin halin da ake ciki a karkara ya kasance mai matukar wahala, Janar Porfirio Díaz ya haifar da ci gaba mai yawa a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasar wanda ya haifar da ficewar ayyukan gine-gine, musamman a cikin manyan biranen.
Sabbin bukatun tattalin arziki sun haifar da fadada birane, don haka ya fara girma da tushe na yankuna da rarrabuwa wanda, gwargwadon yanayin tattalin arzikin jama'a, yana da nau'ikan gine-gine daban-daban, mafi yawan tasirin tasirin gine-ginen da aka kawo daga Turai. , yafi daga Faransa. Lokaci ne na zinariya ga masu hannu da shuni da suka mamaye sabbin yankuna kamarsu Juárez, Roma, Santa María la Ribera da Cuauhtémoc, da sauransu.
Baya ga ayyuka kamar ruwa da haske, waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun kasance dole ne a wadata su da gidajen ibada don hidimar addini na mazaunan su, kuma a wancan lokacin Mexico ta riga ta sami kyakkyawan rukuni na ƙwararru don gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan. Wannan shine batun Emilio Dondé, marubucin Fadar Bucareli, a yau Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida; Antonio Rivas Mercado, mahaliccin shafi na Independence; na Mauricio Campos, wanda aka yaba wa Majalisar wakilai, da kuma Manuel Gorozpe, mai tsara cocin Sagrada Familia.
Waɗannan gine-ginen sun yi amfani da tsarin gine-ginen da suka koma baya, wato, sun yi aiki tare da salon "neo" kamar Neo-Gothic, Neo-Byzantine da Neo-Romanesque, waɗanda a zahiri aka dawo da su kayan zamani, amma ta amfani da hanyoyin gini na zamani kamar ƙarfafa kankare da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ya fara shigowa daga kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na ƙarshe.
Wannan matakin da ya gabata a tsarin gine-gine ya samo asali ne daga wani motsi da ake kira romanticism, wanda ya samo asali a cikin Turai a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance har zuwa shekarun farko na yanzu. Wannan yunƙurin ya kasance tawaye ne na baƙi game da fasahar sanyi, wanda aka samo asali daga abubuwa masu kyau na gine-ginen Girka kuma suka ba da shawarar komawa ga kyawawan halaye masu kyau waɗanda ilimin ilimi ya watsar da su.
Gine-ginen Porfiriato sai kuma suka karanci salo da kuma salo na zamani; Ayyukansa na farko-Gothic sun bayyana a cikin Meziko a rabi na biyu na karni na 19, kuma da yawa sun kasance tsattsauran ra'ayi, ma'ana, sun haɗu da abubuwa na salo daban-daban.
Ofayan kyawawan misalai da muke dasu game da gine-ginen addini na Porfirian wanda ba a sani ba shine Cocin Sagrada Familia, wanda ke kan titunan Puebla da Orizaba, a cikin unguwar Roma. Daga salon-Romanesque da neo-Gothic, mawallafinsa shine mai tsara gine-ginen Mexico Manuel Gorozpe, wanda ya fara shi a 1910 don gama shi shekaru biyu baya a tsakiyar Juyin Juya Hali. Tsarinta an yi shi da ingantaccen kankare kuma mai yiwuwa ne saboda wannan ya zama wanda aka yi wa mummunan suka kamar na marubuci Justino Fernández, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mediocre, showy and decadent in dandano", ko kuma kamar na mai tsara gine-gine Francisco de la Maza, wanda ya ambace shi da "misalin mafi bakin ciki na gine-ginen lokacin." A zahiri, kusan dukkanin majami'u na wannan zamanin sun sha suka sosai.
Mista Fernando Suárez, mashahurin Sagrada Familia, ya tabbatar da cewa an kafa dutse na farko a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1906 kuma a wannan ranar mutane suka isa Chapultepec Avenue don halartar taro wanda aka yi bikin a rumfa. Zuwa ga shekaru ashirin, Ubannin Jesuit ɗin González Carrasco, ƙwararren mai zane da sauri, ya kawata bangon gidan na haikalin tare da taimakon Brotheran’uwa Tapia, wanda kawai ya zana zane biyu.
A cewar wani rubutu, sandunan da suka iyakance karamar atrium ta arewa manyan masu hada-hadar Gabelich ne suka gina su, wadanda suke cikin yankin Likitocin kuma shine mafi kyawu kuma mafi shahara a farkon rabin wannan karnin. Fewananan ayyukan baƙin ƙarfe da suka rayu a cikin yankuna kamarsu Roma, Condesa, Juárez da Del Valle, da sauransu, suna da daraja kuma galibi sun kasance ne saboda -kyakkyawan maƙerin nan wanda rashin sa'a babu shi.
Wani dalilin da yasa wannan cocin ya ziyarta sosai shine cewa kasusuwan shahidan Mexico Miguel Agustín Pro, wani firist na Jesuit da Shugaban Plutarco Elías Calles ya ba da umarnin harbe shi a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 1927, a lokacin tsananta addini. Ana ajiye su a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin sujada da ke ƙofar gefen kudu.
Yan 'yan tazara kaɗan, a kan hanyar Cuauhtémoc, tsakanin Querétaro da Zacatecas, akwai majami'ar maɗaukaki ta Nuestra Señora del Rosario, aikin architengel na Mexico da Manuel Torres Torija.
Ginin wannan sabon haikalin Neo-Gothic ya fara ne a wajajen 1920 kuma an kammala shi a wajajen 1930, kuma kodayake ba na zamanin Porfirian bane, ya zama dole a saka shi a cikin wannan labarin saboda alaƙarsa da salon wancan lokacin; Bugu da kari, mai yiyuwa ne cewa an gudanar da aikin nasa kafin 1911 kuma an jinkirta aikinsa.
Kamar yadda yake na al'ada a cikin salon Gothic, a cikin wannan cocin an tashi taga akan façade, kuma a kan wannan hoton mai kusurwa uku tare da hoton a cikin sauƙi na Lady of the Rosary; Hakanan abin lura shine kofofin ogival da tagogi, da kuma kibiyoyi na naves guda uku wanda aka shimfidasu da ciki mai fadi, aka kawata su ta hanyar bugu da gilashin gilashi masu haske da layuka tare da alamar nunawa a tsaye.
A kan Calle de Praga mai lamba 11, wanda ke kewaye da hayaniyar Zona Rosa, a unguwar Juárez, cocin Santo Niño de la Paz an yi dambe da ɓoye a cikin dogayen gine-gine. Limamin cocinsa, Mista Francisco García Sancho, ya ba da tabbacin cewa a wani lokaci ya ga hoto mai kwanan wata 1909, inda za a iya ganin cewa ana ginin haikalin, yana kusan gamawa, amma duk da haka har yanzu ba shi da karfen "kololuwar" yau kambin hasumiya.
Misis Catalina C. de Escandón ce ta inganta gininta tare da rukunin mata daga cikin manyan jama'ar Porfirian, kuma ta miƙa shi a cikin 1929 zuwa Archdiocese na Mexico, saboda ba za ta iya kammala ayyukan da suka ɓace ba. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin buɗe haikalin kuma firist Alfonso Gutiérrez Fernández ya sami ikon aiwatar da hidimarsa ta tsafi tsakanin membobin mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Wannan mutumin mai mutunci zai iya ficewa daga lokacin saboda kokarinsa na ciyar da wannan cocin cigaban-Gothic.
Ana zaune a kusurwar Rome da London, a cikin unguwar Juárez guda amma a gabashin yankin, wanda a da ake kira “mulkin mallaka na Amurka”, wanda ke tsaye a Cocin zuciyar Yesu mai alfarma, an fara shi a kusa da 1903 kuma an kammala shi shekaru huɗu daga mai tsara gine-ginen Mexico José Hilario Elguero (ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Fasaha a 1895), wanda ya ba shi alamar Neo-Romanesque. Yankin da wannan haikalin yake yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawu a lokacin Porfiriato kuma asalinsa ya faro ne zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe.
Wani kyakkyawan aikin Neo-Gothic yana cikin tsohuwar pantheon Faransa na La Piedad, kudu da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya. Coci ne wanda aka fara shi a cikin 1891 kuma an kammala shi a shekara mai zuwa ta mai zane-zanen Faransa E. Desormes, kuma wanda ya fito fili don allurar ƙarfe mai buɗewa wacce ke saman façade da kuma taga ta fure, an katse shi a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren ta hanyar tsini mai kaifi tare da hoton Yesu Kristi da mala'iku biyar cikin annashuwa.
Daga arewacin Cibiyar Tarihi akwai yankin Guerrero. An kafa wannan mulkin mallaka a cikin 1880 a cikin makiyayan mallakar Colegio de Propaganda Fide de San Fernando kuma wanda, kafin ya rabu, mallakar lauya Rafael Martínez de la Torre.
La Guerrero asali yana da hanya ko filin da ke ɗauke da sunan lauyan da aka ambata ɗazu don ci gaba da tunawa da shi. A yau wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana zaune ne a kasuwar Martínez de la Torre da cocin Immaculate Heart of Mary (Héroes 132 tare da Mosqueta), wanda firist Mateo Palazuelos ya fara ɗaga dutse na farko a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1887. Mawallafinsa shi ne injiniya Ismael Rego, wanda ya kammala shi a cikin 1902 a cikin salon neo-Gothic.
Asalin da aka tsara don jiragen ruwa guda uku, guda daya aka gina saboda haka bai dace ba sosai; Bugu da ƙari kuma, lokacin da aka yi ginshiƙan duwatsu da ginshiƙan ƙarfe, ba ta da ƙarfin da za ta iya tsayayya da girgizar ƙasar ta 1957, wanda ya haifar da rabuwar bangon kudu na rumbun. Abin takaici, ba a gyara wannan lalacewar ba kuma girgizar kasa ta 1985 ta haifar da rushewar bangare, don haka inba, sedue da inah suka yanke shawarar rusa jikin haikalin don gina sabo, suna girmama tsohon facade da hasumiya biyu, wanda hakan bai yi ba sun yi babbar asara.
Yammacin Guerrero wani yanki ne na babban al'adar, Santa María la Rivera. An zana shi a cikin 1861 sabili da haka farkon mahimmin mulkin mallaka wanda aka kafa a cikin birni, Santa María an tsara shi ne da farko don zama babban aji na sama. Da farko, fewan gidajen da aka gina suna kudu da hanyarta, kuma daidai a wannan yankin, akan Calle Santa María la Rivera mai lamba 67, an haife shi ne da himmar Uba José María Vilaseca, wanda ya kafa Congungiyar Iyaye Josefinos, don ƙaddamar da kyakkyawan coci ga Sagrada Familia.
Ayyukansa, a cikin salon Neo-Byzantine, wanda mai tsara Carlos Herrera ya shirya, wanda aka karɓa a Makarantar Fasaha ta Fasaha a cikin 1893, kuma marubucin Tarihin Juárez a kan hanyar sunan ɗaya da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Geology - yanzu ga Gidan Tarihi na Geology na UNAM - a gaban Alameda de Santa María.
Ginin haikalin yana kula da injiniya José Torres, an kafa dutse na farko a ranar 23 ga Yulin 1899, an gama shi a 1906 kuma an albarkace shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Shekaru arba'in bayan haka, ayyukan faɗaɗawa da gyare-gyare sun fara ne da gina hasumiya biyu masu ƙararrawa waɗanda ke tsakanin manyan pilasters na gaban goshi.
Wurin ibadar María Auxiliadora, wanda yake a Calle de Colegio Salesiano mai lamba 59, Colonia Anáhuac, an gina shi ne bisa ga asalin aikin da aka gabatar kwanan nan 1893, wanda mai tsara gini José Hilario Elguero ya shirya, kuma marubucin cocin na Tsarkakkiyar Zuciyar Yesu da na Kwalejin Kasuwanci, kusa da gidan ibada na María Auxiliadora.
Addini na farko wanda ya fara zuwa Meziko kusan fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, ya zauna a ƙasar da a wancan lokacin mallakar tsohuwar Santa Julia hacienda ce, wacce take da iyaka, a gefen lambunan ta da gaban abin da yake a yau Wuri Mai Tsarki, an gabatar da "shagulgulan biki", wanda cibiya ce da ta tara matasa don wadata su da al'adu. A can mutanen da ke zaune a cikin mulkin mallaka na Santa Julia - a yau Anahuac - suka sadu, don haka aka yanke shawarar gina gidan ibada wanda tun farko aka yi tunaninsa don hacienda ba don makarantar Salesian ba.
Juyin Juya Hali da fitinar addini -1926 zuwa 1929- kusan gurguntar da ayyukan, har sai a cikin 1952 aka miƙa haikalin ga mai addini wanda a cikin 1958 ya ɗora wa maginin gidan Vicente Mendiola Quezada tare da kammala aikin sabon salon-Gothic, wanda ya dogara da aikin asali wanda ya kunshi kiban baka da abubuwan fiberglass na zamani don kauce wa nauyin dutse mai yawa. Hasumiyai, har yanzu ba'a gama su ba, sune abubuwan yau waɗanda zasu bada damar kammala wannan Wuri Mai Tsarki kamar yadda ya cancanta.
