Shin kun san yadda da yaushe aka kafa injin buga takardu a Mexico? Shin ka san wanene Juan Pablos? Nemi ƙarin game da wannan mahimmancin halayen da aikin sa a matsayin mai bugawa.
Kafa theab'in buga takardu a Meziko na nufin mahimmin aiki wanda ya zama dole don yaɗa tunanin Kiristancin Yammaci. Ya bukaci hadewar abubuwa daban-daban wadanda aka tsara su zuwa ga manufa guda: yin la'akari da ma'anar hadarin saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci da kuma cin nasara tare da juriya da azama da sauran matsaloli masu yawa. A matsayina na babban mutum, masu tallafawa da masu tallata kayan buga takardu a kasarmu, muna da Fray Juan de Zumárraga, bishop na farko na Mexico da Don Antonio de Mendoza, mataimakin magajin farko na New Spain.
Manyan 'yan wasa a kamfanin sun hada da Juan Cromberger, wani dan buga takardu dan kasar Jamusawa da aka kafa a Seville, mamallakin shahararren gidan buga takardu tare da jari don kafa reshe a New Spain, da Juan Pablos, jami'in bitar Cromberger, wanda a matsayinsa na mawallafin ko kuma mawallafin wasiku Daga wani abin kirki, yana da kwarin gwiwa don ya sami injinan buga takardu, kuma ya yi farin ciki ko kuma sha'awar ta zuwa sabuwar nahiyar don kafa taron bita na wanda ya dauke shi aiki. A musayar, ya karɓi kwangilar shekaru goma, kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na abin da aka samu daga aikinsa da kuma hidimar matarsa, bayan ragin farashin tafiya da kafa kamfanin buga takardu a cikin Garin Mexico.
Juan Pablos ya karɓi maravedis dubu 120 daga Juan Cromberger don sayan 'yan jaridu, tawada, takarda da sauran kayan aiki, da kuma kuɗin tafiyar da zai yi tare da matarsa da sauran abokan tafiya biyu. Jimlar kudin kamfanin ya kasance maravedís 195,000, ko 520 ducats. Juan Pablos, dan asalin kasar Italia wanda sunansa, Giovanni Paoli, mun riga mun san shi a cikin Sifen, ya isa Mexico City tare da matarsa Gerónima Gutiérrez, tsakanin Satumba zuwa Oktoba 1539. Gil Barbero, dan jaridar da ya matsa lamba ta hanyar kasuwanci, kazalika da baki bawa.
Tare da tallafin masu daukar nauyinsa, Juan Pablos ya kafa taron bita na "Casa de Juan Cromberger" a cikin Casa de las Campanas, mallakar Bishop Zumárraga, wanda ke gefen kudu maso yamma na titunan Moneda kuma an rufe shi a Santa Teresa la Antigua, a yau an ba da lasisi Dama, a gaban tsohon archbishopric's side. Taron ya buɗe kofofinsa a kusan Afrilu 1540, Gerónima Gutiérrez kasancewarta mai mulkin gidan ba tare da kawo albashi ba, kawai kulawarta.
Kamfanin Cromberger
Mataimakin Mendoza ne ya ba Juan Cromberger dama ta musamman ta samun injin buga takardu a Meziko da kawo littattafai daga dukkan fannoni da kimiyya; biyan abubuwan da aka zana zai kasance ne a kan kwata na azurfa a kowace takardar, ma’ana, marabus 8.5 ga kowane takarda da kashi dari na ribar da aka samu a kan littattafan da na kawo daga Spain. Waɗannan gata babu shakka sun amsa sharuɗɗan da Cromberger ya ɗora wanda, ban da kasancewa ɗan ƙwararren ɗan littafin, yana da sha'awar ayyukan hakar ma'adanai a cikin Sultepec, tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran Jamusawa, tun shekara ta 1535. Juan Cromberger ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1540, kusan shekara guda. bayan fara kasuwancin bugu.
Magadansa sun sami tabbaci daga abin da aka yi yarjejeniya da Mendoza na tsawon shekaru goma, kuma an sanya hannu a takardar shaidar a Talavera a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1542. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 17 ga wannan watan da shekarar, majalisar ta Birnin Mexico ya ba Juan Pablos taken maƙwabci, kuma a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1543 ya sami fili don gina gidansa a unguwar San Pablo, a kan titin da ya tafi daidai zuwa San Pablo, bayan asibitin Triniti. Wadannan bayanan sun tabbatar da burin Juan Pablos na son ya kafa kansa ya kuma ci gaba da zama a Meziko duk da cewa kasuwancin buga takardu ba shi da ci gaban da ake bukata, tunda akwai kwangila da wasu kebantattun ayyuka wadanda suka haifar da mawuyacin hali da kuma hana tashin hankali. da ake buƙata don ci gaban kamfanin. Juan Pablos da kansa ya yi korafi a cikin bikin tunawa da aka yi wa mataimakin shugaban cewa shi talaka ne kuma ba shi da ofishi, kuma ya tallafa wa kansa albarkacin sadakokin da ya samu.
Da alama kasuwancin buga takardu bai cika tsammanin Crombergers ba duk da kyakkyawan yanayin da suka samu. Mendoza, da nufin fifikon dorewar injinan buga takardu, ya ba da wasu kudade masu tsoka domin kwadaitar da magadan wannan gidan buga takar cikin aikin bita na mahaifinsa a Mexico. A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1542, sun karɓi dokin ƙasa don amfanin gona da garken shanu a Sultepec. Bayan shekara guda (8 ga Yuni, 1543) an sake samun tagomashi tare da rukunin masarufi guda biyu don niƙa da narke ƙarfe a cikin kogin Tascaltitlán, ma'adinai daga Sultepec.
Koyaya, duk da waɗannan gata da tallafi, dangin Cromberger ba su halarci wurin buga takardu kamar yadda hukuma ta zata ba; duka Zumárraga da Mendoza, daga baya kuma Audiencia ta Meziko, sun yi wa sarki korafin rashin bin ka’ida wajen samar da muhimman kayan bugawa, takarda da tawada, da kuma jigilar littattafai. A cikin 1545 sun nemi sarki da ya buƙaci cika wannan haƙƙin daga dangin Cromberger ta hanyar damar da aka ba su a baya. Madaba'ar farko da sunan "Gidan Juan Cromberger" ta kasance har zuwa 1548, kodayake daga 1546 ya daina bayyana kamar haka. Juan Pablos ya buga littattafai da ƙasidu, galibi na al'adun addini, waɗanda sanannun taken guda takwas an san su a cikin 1539-44, da kuma wasu shida tsakanin 1546 da 1548.
Wataƙila ƙorafe-ƙorafe da matsin lamba game da Crombergers sun fi son canja wurin 'yan jaridar zuwa Juan Pablos. Mai wannan daga shekara ta 1548, kodayake tare da manyan bashi saboda yanayin damuwa da siyarwar ta gudana, ya samu daga Viceroy Mendoza amincewa da gatan da aka baiwa tsoffin masu shi kuma daga baya Don Luis de Velasco, magajinsa.
Ta wannan hanyar kuma ya ji daɗin lasisi na musamman har zuwa watan Agusta 1559. Sunan Juan Pablos a matsayin mai buga takardu ya bayyana a karon farko a cikin Koyarwar Kirista a cikin yaren Spain da Mexico, wanda aka kammala a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1548. A wasu lokutan ya ƙara da na asali ko tabbatarwa: "lumbardo" ko "bricense" kamar yadda yake ɗan asalin Brescia, Lombardy.
Halin taron bita ya fara canzawa ne a wajajen 1550 lokacin da injinin bugawarmu ya sami lamuni na ducats 500 na zinare. Ya nemi Baltasar Gabiano, mai ba shi kudi a Seville, da Juan López, wani makwabcin makwabci daga Meziko wanda ke tafiya zuwa Spain, da su nemo shi ga mutane uku, masu buga takardu, don su yi sana'arsa a Meziko.
A watan Satumba na waccan shekarar, a Seville, an kulla yarjejeniya tare da Tomé Rico, mai harbi (mai buga labarai), Juan Muñoz (mawaƙi) da Antonio de Espinoza, wanda ya kafa wasiƙar da zai ɗauki Diego de Montoya a matsayin mataimaki, idan dukansu sun koma Meziko kuma suna aiki a cikin ɗab'in buga Juan Pablos har tsawon shekaru uku, wanda za'a lissafa shi daga saukarsa a Veracruz. Za a ba su hanya da abinci don tafiya a cikin teku da kuma doki don canjawa zuwa Mexico City.
An yi amannar cewa sun zo ne a ƙarshen 1551; sai dai, har sai shekarar 1553 shagon ya bunkasa aikin akai-akai. Kasancewar Antonio de Espinosa ya bayyana ta hanyar amfani da rubutun Roman da alamomin rubutu da sabbin katako, cimma nasara tare da waɗannan hanyoyin don shawo kan rubutu da rubutu a cikin littattafai da kayan bugawa kafin ranar.
Daga matakin farko na bugawa tare da suna "a cikin gidan Cromberger" zamu iya ambata ayyukan da ke tafe: Takaitaccen bayani game da koyarwar Kirista a yaren Mexico da Spanish wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka fi cancanta da imanin Katolika mai tsarki don amfani da waɗannan Indiyawa na ɗabi'a. da ceton rayukansu.
An yi imanin cewa wannan shi ne aiki na farko da aka buga a Meziko, littafin Manyan wanda aka san shafuka uku na ƙarshe, an shirya shi a 1540 kuma an ba da umarnin ta hanyar kwamitocin cocin na 1539, da kuma Dangantakar girgizar ƙasa mai ban tsoro da ta sake faruwa a Guatemala City da aka buga a 1541.
Wadannan an bi su a cikin 1544 ta taƙaitacciyar Koyarwar 1543 da aka yi niyya ga kowa gaba ɗaya; Tushe uku na Juan Gerson wanda yake bayyana koyarwar akan umarni da furci, kuma yana da matsayin ƙarin hoto fasaha na mutuwa da kyau; taƙaitaccen Compendium wanda ya shafi yadda za a gudanar da jerin gwanon, da nufin ƙarfafa haramtattun raye-raye mara daɗi da murna a cikin bukukuwan addini, da kuma Rukunan Fray Pedro de Córdoba, wanda aka ba da shi ga Indiyawan kawai.
Littafin karshe da aka yi da sunan Cromberger, a matsayin gidan bugawa, shi ne Brief Christian Doctrine na Fray Alonso de Molina, wanda aka yi a ranar 1546. Ayyuka biyu da aka buga ba tare da sunan mai bugawa ba, sun kasance koyarwar Kiristanci mafi gaskiya da gaskiya ga mutane ba tare da erudition da haruffa (Disamba 1546) da gajeren Dokar Kirista don tsara rayuwa da lokacin Kirista (a cikin 1547). Wannan matakin miƙa mulki tsakanin ɗayan bita da ɗayan: Cromberger-Juan Pablos, watakila saboda tattaunawar canjin canjin farko ko rashin cika yarjejeniyar da aka kafa tsakanin ɓangarorin.
Juan Pablos, Gutenberg na Amurka
A cikin 1548 Juan Pablos ya shirya Dokoki da tattara dokoki, ta amfani da rigunan makamai na Sarki Charles na B a bangon kuma a cikin ɗab'o'in koyarwar Kirista, rigar makamai na Dominicans. A cikin dukkan bugun da aka buga har zuwa 1553, Juan Pablos ya yi amfani da wasiƙar Gothic da manyan abubuwan da aka zana a kan bangon, halayyar littattafan Sifen daga wancan lokacin.
Mataki na biyu na Juan Pablos, tare da Espinosa a gefensa (1553-1560) ya kasance a takaice kuma ya wadata, kuma saboda haka ya kawo takaddama game da keɓancewar kasancewar kawai injin buga takardu a Mexico. Tuni a cikin Oktoba 1558, sarki ya ba Espinosa, tare da sauran jami'an dab'i uku, izini don samun nasa kasuwancin.
Daga wannan lokacin, ana iya kawo ayyukan Fray Alonso de la Veracruz da yawa: Dialectica resolutio cum textu Aristótelis da Recognitio Summularum, dukansu daga 1554; da Physica speculatio, accessit compendium sphaerae compani na 1557, da Speculum coniugiorum na 1559. Daga Fray Alonso de Molina Vamus a cikin Sifananci da Meziko sun bayyana a 1555, kuma daga Fray Maturino Gilberti Tattaunawar koyarwar Kirista a yaren Michoacán, aka buga a 1559.
Sake buguwa da madaba'ar Gutenberg. An ɗauko daga ƙasidar Gutenberg Museum da ke Mainz, Col. Juan Pablos Museum of Graphic Arts. Armando Birlain Schafler Foundation for Al'adu da Arts, A. Wadannan ayyukan suna cikin tarin da ke karkashin kulawar da National Library of Mexico. Buga na ƙarshe da Juan Pablos ya yi shine Manual Sacramentorum, wanda ya bayyana a watan Yulin 1560. Gidan buga takardu ya rufe ƙofofinsa a wannan shekarar, kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa Lombard ya mutu tsakanin watannin Yuli da Agusta. Kuma a cikin 1563 gwauruwarsa ta ba da haya ga gidan buga takardu ga Pedro Ocharte ya auri María de Figueroa, 'yar Juan Pablos.
Ana iya danganta su ga matakin farko na buga takardu tare da Cromberger da Juan Pablos a matsayin editoci, taken 35 na abin da ake tsammani 308 da 320 waɗanda aka buga a cikin karni na 16, wanda ke nuni da bunkasar da kamfanin buga takardu ke da shi a rabin rabin karni.
Masu buga takardu da kuma masu sayar da littattafai da suka bayyana a wannan lokacin sune Antonio de Espinosa (1559-1576), Pedro Balli (1575-1600) da Antonio Ricardo (1577-1579), amma Juan Pablos ya sami ɗaukakar kasancewar shi bugawa na farko a cikin mu. ƙasa.
Kodayake mabiyan buga takardu a farkonsu sun buga mafi yawan abubuwan share fage da koyaswa a cikin yarukan asali don halartar Kiristanci na 'yan asalin, amma a ƙarshen karnin ta rufe batutuwa masu bambancin yanayi.
Kalmar da aka buga ta ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar koyarwar Kirista a tsakanin ’yan asalin ƙasar kuma ta tallafa wa waɗanda, a matsayin masu bishara, masu koyarwa da masu wa’azi, suke da manufar koyar da shi; kuma, a lokaci guda, shi ma wata hanya ce ta yaɗa harsunan asali da kuma yadda ake tsara su a cikin "Arts", da kuma kalmomin waɗannan yarukan, waɗanda magabatan suka rage zuwa haruffan Castilian.
Hakanan ɗab'in buga takardu ya inganta, ta hanyar ayyukan addini, ƙarfafa bangaskiya da ɗabi'ar Mutanen Spain waɗanda suka iso Sabuwar Duniya. Masu buga littattafai sun shiga cikin lamuran likita, na coci da na haƙƙin jama'a, kimiyyar halitta, kewayawa, tarihi da kimiyya, suna haɓaka babban al'adu na zamantakewar jama'a inda manyan mutane suka yi fice don ba da gudummawarsu ga ilimin duniya. Wannan kundin tarihin yana wakiltar gado mai matukar mahimmanci ga al'adun mu na yanzu.
Stella María González Cicero likita ce a Tarihi. A yanzu haka ita ce darakta a babban dakin karatu na nazarin rayuwar dan adam da Tarihi.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Encyclopedia na Mexico, Mexico, bugu na musamman don Encyclopedia Britannica de México, 1993, t.7.
García Icazbalceta, Joaquín, Littafin tarihin Mexico na karni na 16, bugun Agustín Millares Carlo, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1954.
Griffin Clive, Los Cromberger, labarin bugun ƙarni na 16 a Seville da Mexico, Madrid, bugun Al'adun Hispanic, 1991.
Stols Alexandre, A.M. Antonio de Espinosa, mawallafin Mexico na biyu, Jami'ar ,asa ta ofasa ta Mexico, 1989.
Yhmoff Cabrera, Jesús, Rubutun Mexico na karni na 16 a cikin National Library of Mexico, Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1990.
Zulaica Gárate, Roman, Los Franciscanos da madaba'a a México, México, UNAM, 1991.
