Al'adar jama'ar Mesoamerican suna ɗaukar gumakansu zuwa fagen fama. Amma, lokacin da aka ci su da yaƙi, an bar gumakansu masu nauyi da girma a hannun abokan gaba, to, sun yi tunanin cewa fushin Allah zai faɗa a kan waɗanda aka ci da yaƙi.
The Purépecha ta sami mafi kyawun mafita don jigilar gumakan su. Ga wannan mutanen, maza ba masu cin nasara ba ne na yankuna, amma alloli da kansu waɗanda suka yi yaƙe-yaƙe kuma suka faɗaɗa mulkinsu.
Wannan aikin almara na jarumin allahnsu Curicaueri, hakika, shine abinda ya basu kwarin gwiwar gano wani abu mai haske sosai wanda mutum-mutumi zai iya kai kilo shida kawai: “A cikin taushin hali da masu sassaka suka yi, saboda yana da haske, allolinsu na wannan al'amari, saboda gumakansu ba su da nauyi kuma za a iya ɗaukarsu da sauƙi ”.
Kayan, da aka fi sani da “taliya daga Michoacán” ko “mangwanin masara”, ban da haske mai sauƙi, ya ba wa Tarascans damar yin samfuran zane-zanensu kai tsaye. Koyaya, labarai game da abun da aka liƙa, da kuma dabarar yin hotunan, sunyi ƙaranci har ma da rikicewa. Marubutan tarihin farko na wannan lardin ba su san waɗannan gumakan mayaƙan ba; the Franciscan Fray Martín de la Coruña sun kona su a 1525, sun iso Tzintzuntzan. Marubucin tarihin Fray Francisco Mariano de Torres ya tabbatar da cewa: “A gargaɗin farko Indiyawan suna kawo sojojin gumakan da suke bauta musu kuma saboda ba duk abu ɗaya suke ba, an ƙone mai (kamar waɗanda ake yi da ƙwanin masara) a bainar jama’a. na dutse, zinariya da azurfa, an jefa su a gaban Indiyawa da kansu, a cikin zurfin layin Zintzuntzan ”(wanda aka sani yanzu da Lake Pátzcuaro).
A saboda wannan dalili, marubutan tarihin XVI da na XVII na iya kawai ba da shaidar ƙarancin kayan da halayensa, maimakon dabarar da kanta, yanzu ana amfani da su don sassaka ta Kirista. A cewar La Rea: "Suna ɗauke sandar da fitar da zuciya da niƙa shi a cikin liƙa tare da manna wanda suke kira tantalizingueni, don haka suna da kyau su yi aiki tare da shi da kyawawan ayyukan Cristos de Michoacán."
Mun sani, godiya ga Dr. Bonafit, cewa an cire tatzingueniera daga nau'in orchid da aka girbe a Tafkin Pátzcuaro a cikin watannin Mayu da Yuni, bisa ga kalandar Purepecha.
Wani mahimmin rata shine rashin sanin ingancin kayan. Akwai na yau, ko'ina cikin Meziko da kuma a wasu biranen Sifen, adadi mai yawa na cikakkun hotuna, waɗanda aka yi a cikin ƙarni na XVI da XVI. "Perenniality" na hotunan da aka yi da dunƙun masarar masara ba wai kawai ya shafi stucco ko varnish bane. Wataƙila, masu yin "cañita" sun yi amfani da wasu guba da aka ciro daga tsire-tsire kamar su fure mai suna Rus toxicumo laiqacua, don adana sifofinsu daga kwari da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta.
Godiya ga lura kai tsaye na wasu mahimman hotuna, kamar su Budurwar Lafiya, Bonafit ya iya nuna cewa firam ɗin yana yin kwalliyar masara ne, a lokuta da yawa, gwargwadon girmansu da fasalinsu, haɗe da ƙananan goyan bayan katako: “ Da farko sun kafa cibiya ta busasshiyar ganyen masara, suna ba ta kusan siffar kwarangwal ta mutum. A kan wannan ne suka ɗaura ganye, ɗayan da juna, ta hanyar kirtani, kuma a cikin sassa masu kyau, kamar yatsu da yatsun kafa, sun sanya gashin fuka-fuka.
A kan tsarin sun yi amfani da manna da aka yi da masarar masara da kwararan fitila deltatzingeni. Manna, da farko tare da daddaɗawa da ƙararrawar hatsi, dole ne ya ɗauki filastik mai kauri da kyau, kwatankwacin na yumɓu na tukwane. Don kiyayewa da ƙarfafa sassa masu rauni, sun sanya zane na auduga a jikin firam ɗin kafin rarraba kayan. Daga baya sun rufe firam ɗin da amintacciyar takarda, kuma sun watsa manna a saman.
Bayan yin samfurin, kuma manna ya bushe, sun yi amfani da murfin manna wanda aka yi shi da yumbu mai kyau, titlacalli, kamar stucco, wanda ya ba da damar inganta da sake fasalin hoton. A saman dutsen da suka shafa, ta hanyar launukan ƙasa, rinin fata da gashi. A ƙarshe ya zo goge dangane da bushewar mai, kamar gyada.
Masu sana'a na Purépecha, ban da ƙirƙirar wannan dabarar, "sun ba jikin Kristi, Ubangijinmu, mafi kyawun wakilcin da mutane suka gani", kuma mishaneri sun sami aikace-aikacen da suka fi dacewa; daga yanzu, "gumakan da suka fi kowane haske a duniya" za su zama hotunan bisharar cin nasarar ruhaniya na Mexico.
Pasteirƙirara gwangwani, a hidimar Kiristanci, yana wakiltar ɗayan farkon haɗakar fasaha tsakanin tsohuwar da sabuwar duniya, kuma ɗayan farkon bayyanar kyawawan kayan fasaha na mestizo. Kayan da fasahar kere kere gudummawar 'yan asalin kasar ne, dabarun zama cikin jiki, canza launi, yanayin fuska da kuma yanayin jikin, daga asalin Turai ne.
Vasco de Quiroga, mai lura da ƙimar al'adun Purépecha, ya inganta wannan fasaha a duniyar New Spain. Bayan isowarsa Tzintzuntzan, Quiroga mai lasisi har yanzu ya yi mamakin kayan da 'yan asalin suka yi da shi, bisa roƙon faransawan Franciscan, manyan-manyan Christs. Baya ga haske, ya yi mamakin filastik ɗin kayan don samfurin ƙira mai kyau. Saboda haka laƙabi "cikakke na Michoacán", wanda ke nufin zane-zanen da aka yi da manna gwangwani masara.
Tsakanin 1538 da 1540, a matsayin bishop, Quiroga ya ba da amanar kerar Budurwar Lafiya, Uwargidan Providence na Michoacán da Sarauniyar Asibitoci, ga ɗan asalin Juan del Barrio Fuerte, wanda Franciscan Fray Daniel, wanda ake wa laƙabi da "the Italiyanci ”, sananne ne don zane da zane.
Farkon shingensa shine tsohuwar Asibitin de la Asunción da Santa María de Pátzcuaro; tsattsarkan wurinsa, basilica wanda ke ɗauke da sunansa, inda har yanzu ake bautar shi da babban imani da ibada.
Quiroga ya kuma kafa Pátzcuaro Sculpture School, inda kusan kusan ƙarni uku aka yi hotuna da giciye marasa adadi.
Dangane da shaidar marubutan tarihin, Quiroga ya kuma kafa wani taron karawa juna sani na hotunan sandar masara a asibitin Santa Fe de la Laguna. Dangane da tsari na musamman na zamantakewar al'umma, tsakanin garuruwan da ke bakin tafkin Pátzcuaro, akwai yiwuwar bishop din ya sanya Santa Fe -tare da wata al'ada ta gargajiya- ɗayan manyan cibiyoyin wannan kasuwancin. Don Vasco ya fara ne daga dalilai biyu masu mahimmanci, kusanci da Tzintzuntzan da kuma damar bayar da madaidaicin aiki ga talakawa a asibitocinsa.
Dangane da lissafin Don Vasco, wurin taron bitar zai samar da fa'idodi masu tsoka ga al'umma, tun da koyar da dabarun gargajiya na masu sana'ar Tzintzuntzan, da tsarin fasaha na masu sassaka makarantar Pátzcuaro, da kuma samar da sauki na albarkatun kasa, musamman eltatzingueni.
Quiroga ya kuma inganta a Santa Fe, Mexico City, “fasahar kirkirar kwalliya”. A daya daga cikin ziyarar da yake yawan kaiwa asibiti, Motolinía ta nuna matukar sha’awa ga Kiristocin: “Don haka cikakke, daidai gwargwado da kuma sadaukarwa, da aka yi da kakin zuma, ba za su iya gamawa ba. Kuma sun fi waɗanda aka yi da katako sauƙi ”.
Dabarar kirkirar sandar ta ɓace a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 tare da ƙarewar makarantar Pátzcuaro, amma ba al'adar waɗannan hotunan mahajjata ba.
Abubuwan da aka sassaka a ƙarnuka masu zuwa suna da nisa sosai, a fannoni na fasaha da kyawawan halaye, daga hotunan Kiristanci na farko waɗanda aka yi da taliya daga Michoacán. Wannan ragin shahararren fasaha zuwa aikin hannu ya bayyana sosai yayin ayyukan Magajin garin Semana, a cikin garin Pátzcuaro, inda ake tara hotuna sama da ɗari kowace shekara, daga yankunan tafkin Pátzcuaro, Zirahuén da tsaunin Tarascan. .
Krista a mafi yawancin, aƙalla rabin waɗannan zane-zanen an yi su ne da fasahar gargajiya. Waɗanda ke kotun Renaissance suna cikin lokacin 1530-1610, wanda ake kira marigayi Renaissance, kuma waɗanda aka yi daga wannan kwanan wata har zuwa farkon shekaru goma na karni na 18 ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin ayyukan asalin baroque. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, aikin sassaka igiyar cikin gwangwani ya tashi daga tasirin Baroque don zama ainihin fasaha mafi kyau na mestizo.
Daga cikin hotunan mahajjata waɗanda suka hadu a ranar Juma'a mai kyau a Pátzcuaro, sun yi fice don haƙiƙa da kamalar su. "Kiristi mai tsarki na tsari na uku" na haikalin San Francisco, sananne ne game da yanayinsa da motsin jikinsa, haka kuma na polychrome; "Kiristi na faɗuwa uku" na Haikalin Kamfanin, abin so ne saboda fuskar mai zafi da tashin hankali na gaɓoɓinta, da kuma "Ubangijin cañitas ko na waɗanda ke wahala" na Basilica of Health, wanda aka girmama da halinsa na bakin ciki da jinkai yayin fuskantar masifar dan adam.
Iyayengiyen ƙauyuka na bakin rafi, iyayengiji daban-daban da kiraye-kiraye, iyayengiji na gidajen ibada da 'yan uwantaka; Creole, mestizo, 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙin Christs sun zo, kamar yadda a zamanin Mr. Quiroga, zuwa jerin gwanon shiru.
