Zane a jikin takardar Kristi wanda aka gicciye wanda zamu gabatar dashi yana gabatar da abubuwan da ba'a sani ba wanda bincike bai sami damar ganowa ba.
Ba a bayyana ba ko asalin aikin ya kasance ko kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na abun da ke ciki azaman keɓaɓɓen aiki. Abin da kawai za mu iya cewa shi ne an yanke shi kuma an ƙusance shi a kan katako. Wannan muhimmin zanen na gidan kayan gargajiya na El Carmen ne kuma bai sa hannun marubucin ba, kodayake zamu iya ɗauka cewa asalinta haka yake.
Tunda babu isassun bayanai kuma saboda mahimmancin wannan aikin, buƙata ta tashi don gudanar da bincike wanda ba kawai zai ba mu damar sanya shi cikin lokaci da sarari ba, har ma don sanin fasahohi da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera mu don shiryar da mu a ciki maidowa, tunda aikin yana dauke da sihiri. Don samun cikakken ra'ayi game da asalin zane a kan takarda, ya zama dole a koma daidai lokacin da aka haskaka littattafai ko kuma kaɗan.
Daya daga cikin nassoshi na farko game da wannan yana nuna mana Pliny ne, zuwa karni na 1 AD, a cikin littafinsa na Naturalis Historia ya bayyana wasu zane-zane masu ban mamaki na jinsunan shuke-shuke. Saboda bala'i kamar asarar Laburaren Alexandria, akwai onlyan guntun zane-zane a kan papyrus waɗanda ke nuna abubuwan da aka tsara da kuma a jere, ta yadda za mu iya kwatanta su da zane mai ban dariya na yanzu. Shekaru da yawa, da rubutattun papyrus da codices a kan takarda suna gasa da juna, har a cikin ƙarni na 4 AD codex ya zama babban tsari.
Mafi yawan kwatancen hoto shine hoton kai, wanda ya mallaki yanki kawai daga sararin samaniya. Wannan sannu a hankali an gyara shi har sai da ya dauke dukkan shafin kuma ya zama aikin kebewa.
Manuel Toussaint, a cikin littafinsa game da zanen mulkin mallaka a Meziko, ya gaya mana: "Gaskiyar gaskiyar da aka sani a duniya a cikin tarihin zane-zane ita ce, zanen yana da babban ɓangare na tasowar sa, kamar dukkan zane-zane, ga Cocin." Don samun hangen nesa na gaskiya game da yadda zane ya kasance a cikin fasahar Kiristanci, dole ne mutum ya tuna da tarin tarin tsofaffin littattafan haske waɗanda suka jimre tsawon ƙarnuka. Koyaya, wannan gagarumin aiki bai tashi da addinin kirista ba, sai dai ya zama dole ya dace da tsohuwar al'ada kuma mai martaba, ba wai kawai canza fannonin fasaha ba, har ma da ɗaukar sabon salo da abubuwan da ke cikin al'amuran, wanda hakan ya zama mai tasiri. siffofin labari.
Zanen addini a kan takarda ya kai ƙarshensa a Spain na Sarakunan Katolika. Tare da mamayewar New Spain, an gabatar da wannan bayyanar fasahar zuwa sabuwar duniya, a hankali tana haɗuwa da al'adun asali. Don haka, a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da goma sha takwas, za a iya tabbatar da kasancewar New Spain, wanda ke bayyana a cikin kyawawan ayyuka waɗanda masu zane-zane suka sanya wa hannu kamar mashahuri kamar waɗanda suke na iyalin Lagarto.
Gicciyen Almasihu
Aikin da ke damun mu yana da ma'aunai marasa tsari sakamakon yankewar takardar da nakasar da aka samu daga lalacewar ta. Yana nuna cikakkiyar shaidar kasancewar an haɗe ni da wani ɓangaren katako. Zanen yana karɓar sunan gama gari na akan, tunda hoton yana wakiltar gicciyen Almasihu ne kuma a ƙasan gicciyen yana nuna tudu da kwanyar kansa. Rafi na jini yana zubowa daga haƙarƙarin dama na hoton kuma an tattara shi a cikin ɗakin kabari. Bayanin zanen yana da duhu sosai, babba, ya bambanta da adadi. A cikin wannan, ana amfani da zane, launi na halitta shi ne na takarda zuwa, godiya ga gilashi, sami sautunan iri ɗaya akan fata. Abun da aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar yana nuna sauki da kyau da kyau kuma an haɗe shi a cikin bayanin sa zuwa ga dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita a ƙananan zane.
Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na aikin ya bayyana a haɗe da firam ta hanyar buhuna, sauran sun ware, tare da asara a gaɓar tekun. Wannan ana iya danganta shi da asalin yanayin takardar, wanda lokacin da aka fallasa shi da canje-canje a yanayin zafi da zafi yana fuskantar nakasa tare da sakamakon fenti.
Launin hoto ya gabatar da fasa-kwayoyi marasa adadi da aka samo daga ciwan lemun tsami da fadada (aikin inji) na tallafi. A cikin ninki haka aka kafa, kuma saboda tsananin taurin takarda, tarin ƙura ya fi sauran aikin aiki. A gefen gefunan akwai tsatsa da aka samo daga ɗakunan marufin. Hakanan, a cikin zanen akwai wurare na sararin samaniya (abin mamaki) da ɓacewar polychromy. Launin hoton yana da launi mai launin rawaya wanda bai ba da izinin ganuwa ba kuma, a ƙarshe, yana da daraja a ambaci yanayin rashin kyau na firam ɗin katako, wanda aka ci da asu kwata-kwata, wanda ya tilasta kawar da shi kai tsaye. An ɗauki samfurin fenti da fata a cikin wasu ɓarnatattun abubuwa don gano kayan aikin. Binciken da aka yi da fitilu na musamman da kuma gilashin faɗakarwa na stereoscopic ya nuna cewa ba zai yiwu a sami samfuran fenti daga adadi ba, saboda zanen hoton a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya ƙunshi gilashi ne kawai.
Sakamakon binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, bayanan hoto da zane-zane sun yi fayil wanda zai ba da damar gano ainihin cutar da maganin aikin. A gefe guda, zamu iya tabbatarwa, dangane da gumakan gumaka, tarihi da fasaha, cewa wannan aikin yayi daidai da haikalin zuwa wutsiya, halayyar karni na sha bakwai.
Kayan tallafi shine fatar akuya. Yanayin ta na sinadarai na alkaline sosai, kamar yadda za a iya ɗauka daga jinyar da fata ke sha kafin karɓar fenti.
Gwajin Solubility ya nuna cewa Launin fenti yana da saukin kamuwa ga yawancin abubuwan da aka saba amfani dasu. Gwanin hoton wanda aka hada copal a ciki, bai dace ba, tunda a wasu bangarorin yana bayyana da haske a wasu kuma matt. Saboda abin da ke sama, za mu iya taƙaita yanayin da ƙalubalen da wannan aikin ya gabatar da cewa, a ɗaya hannun, don mayar da shi zuwa jirgin sama, ya zama dole a jika shi. Amma mun ga cewa ruwa yana narke launuka kuma saboda haka zai lalata fenti. Hakanan, ana buƙata don sake sabunta sassaucin takardar, amma maganin shima ruwa ne. Ganin wannan yanayin da ya saba da juna, binciken ya maida hankali ne kan gano hanyar da ta dace don kiyaye ta.
Kalubale da wasu kimiyya
Daga abin da aka ambata, dole ne a cire ruwa a cikin yanayin ruwa. Ta hanyar gwajin gwaji tare da samfuran rubutu masu haske, an gano cewa aikin ya kasance cikin aikin sarrafa rigar a cikin daki mai iska na tsawon makonni, da kuma sanya shi matsi tsakanin gilashin biyu. Ta wannan hanyar aka samu dawo da jirgin. Daga nan aka gudanar da tsabtace farfajiyar injiniya sannan aka gyara zanen hoton tare da maganin gam wanda aka sanya shi da burushi na iska.
Da zarar an tabbatar da polychromy, maganin aikin daga baya ya fara. Sakamakon sashin gwaji da aka gudanar tare da gutsuttsura na ainihin zanen da aka samo daga firam, an gudanar da jiyya ta ƙarshe kawai a bayanta, ana miƙa aikin ga aikace-aikacen sassaucin sabuntawa. Maganin ya ɗauki makonni da yawa, bayan haka an lura cewa tallafin aikin ya sami dawo da ainihin yanayinsa na asali.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, bincike don mafi kyawun abin ɗorawa ya fara wanda zai iya rufe aikin dacewa da maganin da aka gudanar kuma ya bamu damar sanya ƙarin kayan tallafi. An sani cewa takardar fata kayan aiki ne na hygroscopic, ma'ana, cewa ya sha bamban a matsayin aiki na canje-canje a yanayin zafin jiki da zafi, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka ɗauki mahimmin cewa aikin an gyara shi, akan kyallen tufafi, sannan kuma ya kasance tashin hankali a kan firam.
Share polychrome an ba shi izinin dawo da kyawawan kayan, duka a cikin wurare masu laushi, da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin launi.
Domin aikin ya dawo da haɗin kansa wanda yake bayyane, an yanke shawarar amfani da takaddun Jafananci a cikin yankunan tare da ɓataccen rubutun da kuma sanya duk matakan da suka dace don samun matakin zanen.
A cikin lagoons masu launi, anyi amfani da fasaha mai launi don sake haɗawa ta chromatic kuma, don gama sa baki, an yi amfani da wani layin sama na kare varnish.
A ƙarshe
Gaskiyar cewa aikin ya kasance atypical ya haifar da bincika duka kayan da suka dace da kuma hanyar da ta dace don maganin ta. Kwarewar da aka aiwatar a wasu ƙasashe sun kasance tushen wannan aikin. Koyaya, waɗannan dole ne a daidaita su da buƙatunmu. Da zarar an warware wannan maƙasudin, aikin ya kasance ƙarƙashin tsarin maidowa.
Gaskiyar cewa za a baje kolin aikin ya yanke shawarar nau'in taro, wanda bayan wani lokaci na lura ya tabbatar da ingancinsa.
Sakamakon bai zama mai gamsarwa ba kawai saboda gaskiyar cewa sun yi nasarar dakatar da lalacewar, amma, a lokaci guda, an gabatar da kyawawan halaye da ɗimbin tarihi masu mahimmanci ga al'adunmu.
A ƙarshe, dole ne mu gane cewa duk da cewa sakamakon da aka samu ba maganin ba ne, tunda kowane kadarar al'adu daban yake kuma dole ne a keɓance magungunan, wannan ƙwarewar za ta kasance mai amfani ga tsoma bakin nan gaba a cikin tarihin aikin kanta.
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 16 Disamba 1996-Janairu 1997
