Sanin yanayin kasa na duniyar su, Mayans sun tsara ingantaccen tsarin kewayawa wanda ya hada da jiragen ruwa masu dauke da baka da kuma tsananin, da kuma lambar sigina na dabi'a da sauran wadanda suka kirkiresu wanda ya basu damar rufe wurare masu nisa cikin aminci da inganci.
Kewayawa fasaha ce ta kimiyyar-kere wacce ke nuna ilimin hanyoyin ruwa, iskoki, taurari da kuma yanayin muhalli a yankin. Bayan yawo cikin Kogin Usumacinta da kuma zuwa teku a kan wannan gangaren, mun hango da fa'idodi da ƙalubalen wannan babbar fasahar da Mayan suka yi tun farkon lokaci. Tsoffin Maja 'yan kasuwa-masu binciken jirgi sun samar da hanyoyi da suka ba da rayuwa ga hadadden hanyar sadarwa da musayar abubuwa, wanda ya hada hanyoyin kasa, kogi da teku. Bangaren kogin da muka yi tafiya samfurin gwaji ne kawai wanda ya ba mu damar sanin ƙalubalensa da gudummawar sa.
A zamanin Mayan
Sahagún da Bernal Díaz del Castillo sun ambata a cikin ayyukansu cewa ana iya sayan ko hayar kwale-kwale, don haka za a iya tabbatar da tunaninmu. Jirgin ruwa ya kai darajar quachtli (bargo) ko wake koko guda ɗari, kuma game da hayar, an ce Jerónimo de Aguilar ya biya kuɗaɗen kore ga masu layin da suka kai shi don ganawa da shi Hernan Cortes a cikin tsibirin cozumel.
Game da wuraren tarihi, Pomoná da Reforma suna cikin ƙananan yankin Usumacinta; Ba a bayyana ba idan sun mallaki kowane yanki na kogin, amma mun sani, godiya ga fassarar rubuce-rubucen, cewa suna cikin nutsuwa a cikin rikice-rikicen ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke gasa don samun ikon mallakar yankuna biyu da samfuran da, a ƙarshe, suka ba da gudummawa zuwa ga kwanciyar hankali da ci gabanta.
Tare da hanyar da ke tafiya daga Boca del Cerro har zuwa inda kogin ke yatsu a Kogin Palizada, akwai ƙananan ƙananan wuraren tarihi waɗanda suka kasance daga cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da manyan yankuna waɗanda suka kai kololuwa tsakanin 600-800 AD.
Hanyar zuwa Tekun Fasha
A cikin Dangantakar abubuwan Yucatan, ta bakin bishop din Spain Diego de Landa (1524-1579), an bayyana cewa daga garin Xonutla (Jonuta) al'ada ce ta tafiya kwale-kwale zuwa lardin Yucatán, kewaya kogin San Pedro da San Pablo kuma daga can zuwa Laguna de Sharuɗɗa, wucewa ta tashar jiragen ruwa daban-daban a cikin ruwa ɗaya zuwa garin Tixchel, daga inda aka mayar da jiragen ruwa zuwa Xonutla. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ba kawai kasancewar hanyar rafin-teku a cikin zamanin zamanin Hispanic ba, amma kuma an aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi biyu, zuwa sama da kuma kan na yanzu.
Ta hanyar Usumacinta za a iya isa Tekun Mexico ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ta bakin Kogin Grijalva, ta hanyar San Pedro da San Pablo ko kuma ta kogin Palizada da ke kaiwa zuwa Laguna de Terminos. Hanan kasuwar da suka bi hanyar daga Petén zuwa Tekun Meziko tare da Kogin Candelaria suma sun sami damar zuwa can.
"Phoenicians na Amurka"
Kodayake an yi jigilarsa ne kuma aka yi ciniki tun shekara ta 1,000 kafin haihuwar Yesu, ta cikin rafuka da lagoon na Lowlands na Tabasco da Campeche, har sai bayan 900 AD, lokacin da ciniki ta teku ya sami mahimmancin gaske, lokacin da yake kewaya yankin Yucatan , wanda ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Chontal ke sarrafawa, wanda aka sani da Putunes ko Itzáes.
Yankin Chontal ya faɗo daga Kogin Cupilco, kusa da Comalcalco, zuwa gaɓar tekun a cikin kogin Grijalva, San Pedro da San Pablo, da kogin Candelaria, da Laguna de Terminos, kuma wataƙila har zuwa Potonchán, garin da ke cikin bakin tekun Campeche. Zuwa ciki, ta cikin ƙananan Usumacinta, ya isa Tenosique da tuddai na tsaunin. A cewar wani Ba'amurke mai binciken kayan tarihi (1857-1935), Itza ya mamaye kogunan Chixoy da Cancuén, ban da samun wuraren kasuwanci a tashar Naco a kusa da kogin Chalmalecón, a Honduras da tashar Nito. , a cikin Golfo Dulce.
Abubuwan halaye na yanki na yankin da Chontales ke zaune, sun fi son gaskiyar cewa sun zama ƙwararrun masu tuƙin jirgin ruwa kuma sun yi amfani da tsarin kogin da ke ba da damar sadarwa tare da wuraren da ke kan iyakokin su; daga baya sun ci yankuna da samar da yankuna tare da sanya haraji, don haka suna iya yin iko da hanyar cinikin nesa. Sun kafa babbar hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshin jiragen ruwa wadanda suke a wurare masu mahimmanci tare da hanya sannan kuma suka kirkiro dukkan tsarin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, wannan ya nuna ci gaba da dama kamar: kera jiragen ruwa da suka fi dacewa; alamu a hanyoyi don samun hanyar daidai (daga alamun bishiyar da Fray Diego de Landa ya ambata, zuwa tsarin gine-gine); ƙirƙirawa da amfani da kwatance, har ma akan zane (kamar wanda aka ba Hernán Cortés); kazalika da amfani da lambar sigina da aka fitar duka ta hanyar motsi na tutoci ko gobara azaman sigina.
Duk lokacin bunkasar wannan al'adun, an sauya hanyoyin kasuwanci ta hanyoyin ruwa, kamar yadda maslaha da 'yan wasan da ke sarrafa su suka yi; kasancewar waɗanda suka fi ta nesa, waɗanda aka gudanar a lokacin Classic ta sararin Tsarin haske na Grijalva-Usumacinta kuma ga Postclassic, waɗanda ke iyaka da teku, wanda ya fara daga shafuka a gabar Tekun Fasha har ya isa Honduras.
A cikin yankin da muka yi tafiya, mun sami tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa:
• Potonchán a cikin yankin Grijalva, wanda ya ba da izinin sadarwa tare da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke arewa da kudu.
• Kodayake babu wata tabbatacciyar shaida game da kasancewar ɗayan mafiya mahimmanci, amma an yi imanin cewa Xicalango, a cikin yankin ƙasa mai wannan sunan, yan kasuwa sun fito daga tsakiyar Mexico, Yucatan da Honduras ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
• Akwai kuma mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na alaƙa da Chontal: Tixchel a cikin mashigar Sabancuy, da Itzamkanac a cikin kogin Candelaria, wanda ya yi daidai da wurin archaeological na El Tigre. 'Yan kasuwa daga cikin su dukansu sun tashi zuwa sassa daban-daban na Mesoamerica.
• Ga gabar tekun Campeche, majiyoyin sun ambaci Champotón a matsayin garin da ke da gidaje 8,000 na gini kuma a kullun kusan kwale-kwale dubu biyu ke fita zuwa kamun kifi da suka dawo da yamma, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa dole ya zama birni mai tashar jirgin ruwa, kodayake yawansa ya faru a wannan ranar. daga baya fiye da tashar jiragen ruwa da aka ambata.
Sarrafawa daga sama
Waɗanda suke tudun ƙasar da mutum ya yi, ba tare da gine-ginen gine-gine ba, wanda ya kai wani matsayi mai tsayi kuma ya kasance a gefen kogin, a cikin manyan wurare. Daga cikin waɗanda mahimmancin su su ne na garuruwan Zapata da Jonuta, tunda daga can ne yankin ya mamaye yanki mai kyau.
Ceramics, kayayyaki mai mahimmanci
Yankin Jonuta ya kasance a rabi na biyu na lokacin gargajiya da farkon lokacin Postclassic (600-1200 AD), mai samar da tukunya mai kyau, ana tallata shi sosai, duka tare da Usumacinta da kuma cikin Tekun Campeche. An samo tukunyar su a wurare kamar Uaymil da tsibirin Jaina a Campeche, wurare masu mahimmanci kan hanyar cinikin jirgin ruwa mai nisa da Mayan suka yi kuma muna fatan ziyarta a tafiyarmu ta gaba.
