A ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙan ramuka na Sierra de Santa Rosa, a kan iyakar arewacin ƙasashe masu albarka na Bajío, garin da ba a saba da shi ba na Guanajuato, ya zama kamar wasu masu sihiri.
A ɗaya daga cikin mafi kunkuntar kogunan ruwa na Sierra de Santa Rosa, a kan iyakar arewacin ƙasashe masu albarka na Bajío, garin da ba a saba da shi ba na Guanajuato, ya zama kamar wasu masu sihiri ne. Gine-ginen sa kamar suna jingina ga gangaren tsaunuka kuma sun rataye daga manyan alicantos na titunan ta na karkashin ƙasa. Cikin cunkoson mutane tare da kunkuntar titi, su ne shaidun shuru ga babban bonanzas wanda ya sanya wannan matsuguni ya zama babban mai samar da kayayyaki a duniya. A baya, tsaunukansa sun kasance da gandun daji mai yawa da kogunan sa wanda ke da willows ko pirules; A cikin wannan Saliyo tsoffin baƙi-Guamares da Otomí Indiyawa waɗanda ke farautar barewa da hare, suna kiran wannan yankin da sunaye da yawa: Motil, “Wurin ƙarfe”; Quanaxhuato “Dutsen wuri na kwaɗi”, da Paxtitlan, “Inda paxtle ko hay suka yawaita”.
Kamar yawancin ƙasashe waɗanda suka haɗu da yankin Babban Chichimeca, yankin Guanajuato an yi masa mulkin mallaka a cikin ƙarni na 16 a ƙarƙashin nau'in kiwo, aka ba Rodrigo de Vázquez, Andrés López de Céspedes da Juanes de Garnica bayan 1533, shekarar da aka kafa San Miguel el Grande a karo na farko - yau daga Allende. Wajen rabin rabin karnin, mai kiwon Juan de Jasso ya gano wasu ma'adanai na azurfa wadanda aka ruwaito a Yuririapúndaro; A wannan lokacin da binciken da ya biyo baya na ma'adinan Rayas da Mellado, kazalika da sananniyar jijiya wacce ita ce take ciyar da mafi yawan kudaden ajiya a Saliyo, tattalin arziki yana fuskantar canji mai tsanani yayin barin garken shanu. a matsayin babban aiki kuma ya zama babban kamfanin hakar ma'adinai. Wannan jujjuyawar juyin juya halin ya haifar da mulkin mallaka ta gambusinos da 'yan kasada, waɗanda, saboda bayyananniyar buƙatar samar da ruwa, sun fi son gadon ramuka don gidajensu.
Daya daga cikin marubutan tarihi na farko a garin, Lucio Marmolejo, ya yi ishara da cewa sakamakon wannan birni mai zuwa da kuma kariya ga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, dole ne a kafa katanga guda huɗu ko kuma Royal Mines: na Santiago, a Marfil; na Santa Fe, a kan gangaren Cerro del Cuarto; na Santa Ana, mai zurfi a Saliyo, da na Tepetapa. A cikin shirin asali, a cewar Marmolejo, Real de Santa Ana an ƙaddara ta zama shugaban ƙagaggen garuruwa; Koyaya, shine Real de Santa Fe, mafi wadata, wanda ke nuna asalin garin yanzu. Yana da kwanan wata na 1554 wanda aka ɗauka azaman mashigar wannan ƙirar da ake kira mafi wadata a cikin New Spain.
Guanajuato dole ne ya fuskanci matsaloli masu wahala don ci gabanta tun daga lokacin, tunda yankin bai bayar da yanayin yanayin yanayin ƙasa ba don ba da izinin shimfida yanayin da Felipe II ya sanya. Ta wannan hanyar, matsattsun rafin ya tilasta wa ƙauyen tsara tsari ba bisa ƙa'ida ba bisa ga gangaren da ake amfani da shi na ƙasar, tare da samar da titunan da ke kan tuddai waɗanda duwatsu suka ba shi wanda ya ba ta kyakkyawar alama ta fasassun farantin plate har zuwa yau. Daga cikin waɗannan gine-ginen farko na karni na 16, ɗakunan ibada na asibitocin Indiya ne kawai suka rage, da yawa an gyara su a yau.
Lokaci ya ci gaba da aikin sa mai ban mamaki kuma ya ga ayyukan kafawar sun haɓaka da kyau, wanda a cikin 1679 ya karɓi taken Villa daga Carlos II. Sakamakon wannan bambanci, wasu maƙwabta suka ba da wani ɓangare na kaddarorinsu don ƙirƙirar Magajin garin Plaza Magajin Ia Villa -today Plaza de Ia Paz-, don haka suka ɗauki matakan farko don ci gaban sulhun. A kan wannan layin na zamani an daidaita shafin don gina Ikklesiyar Nuestra Señora de Guanajuato - a halin yanzu giungiyar Basilica ta Collegiate - da roan sanduna masu tasowa, na farkon zuhudu na yawan: San Diego de Alcalá. A ƙarshen karni na goma sha bakwai an riga an tsara manyan tituna kuma an kafa gundumar birane daidai bisa ga ayyukan haɓaka: hakar ma'adinai an mai da hankali ne a manyan wuraren tsaunukan dutse, ana sarrafa ƙarfe a gonakin da ke kan gadon kogin. cañada, inda baya ga haka an rarraba wuraren kiwon lafiya da kula da ibada, da kuma wuraren zama na ma'aikata. Haka kuma, abubuwan da suka wajaba don amfani da kuma kula da masu hakar ma'adinan an tabbatar da su ta hanyar dazukan da ba su karewa na Saliyo da dukkanin kayan aikin gona-na dabbobi na Bajío wadanda masu hakar ma'adinan da kansu suka inganta. A kan waɗannan tushe masu ƙarfi, ƙarni na goma sha takwas - wanda aka nuna alama ta dindindin da wadata da bambanci - dole ne ya shaida, ba tare da wata shakka ba, mafi girman ɗaukakar da ta sanya Guanajuato a matsayin farkon mai kera azurfa a cikin sanannun duniya, nesa da ƙanwarta Zacatecas da ga tatsuniyar Potosí a cikin Mataimakin-mulkin Peru, kamar yadda Baron de Humboldt ya sha nanatawa a cikin "Labarin Siyasa kan Masarautar Sabon Spain."
Rabin farko na wannan karnin ya fara nuna sirrin arzikin wurin, wanda aka bayyana a zazzabin gini na farko. Daga cikin su, muhimmin rukunin asibiti na Lady of Belén da Calzada da Sanctuary na Guadalupe sun yi fice. Wannan karamcin da aka samu ya kasance shaida a cikin 1741 na hawan Yesu zuwa sama cewa Villa tana da taken City ta hannun Felipe V, saboda yawan albarkatun ma'adinan ta. Don haka, Veryasar da ke da Daraja da Lowarai da gaske ta Santa Fe, Real da Minas de Guanajuato sun wayi gari sosai - a cikin karnin da ya gabata na Mataimakin - don hanzarta cika babban ƙaddarar da aka sanya mata.
A wancan lokacin, ya kasance kawai don haɓakar azurfa mai girma ta fito, Guanajuato ya daɗe yana jira. Kodayake Mina de Rayas, mai arziki sosai saboda girman darajarsa, da maƙwabcinsa, Mellado, sun riga sun samar da wadata mai yawa da kuma manyan taken biyu na farko don Guanajuato -Ios Marquesados de San Juan de Rayas da San Clemente-, shine Mina de Valenciana Wanda ya sami nasarar sanya garin a saman cibiyoyin azurfa na duniya. An sake gano shi a cikin 1760, ya kasance mai wadatar isa don samar da ba kawai sababbin Counananan Hukumomi uku-na Valenciana, Casa RuI da Pérez Gálvez- ba, har ma da gina yalwar sabbin gine-gine, kamar haikalin Kamfanin Yesu, Presa de Ia Olla, cocin Belén, gidan ibada da kuma gidan santa na San Cayetano de Valenciana da babban mai iko Casa Mercedaria de Mellado da aka gina a rabi na biyu na karni na 18.
Manyan titunan ta na karkashin kasa, daya daga cikin mafi kyawun sifofin Guanajuato, wanda ya samo asali daga karshen wannan karnin kuma ya samo asali ne daga wata alaka ta musamman a Amurka tsakanin mazauna da ruwa. Wannan keɓaɓɓiyar sananniyar ta dogara ne akan ɗimbin ɗimbin yanayi na ƙarni da lalacewa, na ɗaiɗaiku da rashin rarrabuwa: birni ya yarda da haihuwarsa tare da kogin canyon; Wannan ya samar mata da ruwan da ake buƙata don ayyukanta da rayuwa, amma kuma tana yi mata barazanar ɓarna da mutuwa. A cikin karni na goma sha takwas mummunan ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye birnin da ƙarfi daga rafin, lalata gidaje, gidajen ibada da hanyoyin shiga, bala'i galibi saboda gaskiyar cewa an daidaita matsugunin daga matakin daidai da gadon kogin, kuma kogin ya cika da mawuyacin hali. na ma'adinai, bai iya ɗaukar ƙaramar fushin ruwan a lokacin damina ba. Sakamakon mummunar ambaliyar 1760, lamirin jama'a ya farka don magance waɗannan manyan matsalolin. Ofaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar ita ce ta rufe bakin kogin tare da ƙaƙƙarfan tsaunuka ƙasa da ƙasa da mita 10 a duk cikin kewayen rafin. Aikin titan ya shafi sauya fasalin asalin Guanajuato da binne babban yanki na garin don wannan dalilin, sake daidaita ƙasar da yin gini a kan tsofaffin gine-ginen, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin amincewa da zanga-zanga daga mazaunan da ke tsoron saboda bacewar gidajensu da kayansu. A ƙarshe, an ɗage ta ne saboda tsada da sarkakiyar yanayin aiwatarwar ta. Koyaya, ƙaddarar da ba za ta iya barin lokaci mai yawa ya wuce ba, saboda ƙarin bala'i, babban ambaliyar 1780, ya sake barkewa da mutuwa a cikin farkawarsa kuma ya tilasta aiwatar da waɗancan ayyukan, don haka ya fara da canjin farko a matakin da aka sha wahala. ta cikin birni a daidai inda halin yanzu ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa: gidan zuhudu na San Diego de Alcalá.
Ta wannan hanyar, jama'ar suka ga duk gidan zuhudun tare da majami'un sa guda huɗu da babban cocin ta, atrium da dandalin Dieguinos, an binne gidaje da titunan da ke kewaye. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin a cikin 1784, sabon haikalin ya sami girma a tsayi da tsayi, ban da kyakkyawan sacristy na octagonal da facin Rococo; An sake buɗe gidan zuhudu da wuraren bautata kuma an buɗe filin - wanda tsawon shekaru zai zama gidan Jardin de la Unión - don ayyukan zamantakewar mazauna.
Da zarar an kammala gyaran farko na matakan birni, masifu masu zuwa sun faru a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na wannan karnin da kuma cikin dukan karnin da ke tafe, wanda ya nuna alamar sulhu har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa: an binne garin Baroque na ƙarni na 18, yana kiyayewa kawai 'yan gine-gine a cikin manyan matakan matsayi na birane. A saboda wannan dalili yanayin fasalin Guanajuato gabaɗaya ba wani yanki bane. Kasancewar wadataccen jari a cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19 ya bayyana a sake gina gine-gine da kuma gyara fuskokinsu. Wannan hoton ya ci gaba har zuwa yau saboda, akasin abin da ya faru da makwabta León, Celaya da Acámbaro, a cikin ƙarni na 20 babu wadatar dukiya a cikin garin da za ta "zamanantar da ita", ta adana, don dukiyar kowa, ba daidai ba An kira kallon mulkin mallaka.
Tarihin karni na goma sha tara yana da mahimmanci ga Guanajuato kamar kyakkyawan lokacin viceregal: na farkon shekarunsa ya wadata cikin wadata da wadata, wanda haihuwar neoclassical ya sami damar amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar fitattun masanan, kamar Palacio Condal de Casa RuI. kuma mai girma Alhóndiga de Granaditas. A cikin wannan ginin ne inda firist Miguel Hidalgo tare da wasu mahaka ma'adinai da talakawa suka kayar da zuriya, don haka samun nasarar 'yancin kai babbar nasara ce ta farko. Halartar wani mai hakar ma'adinai da ake wa lakabi da "EI Pípila," wanda ya buɗe hanya ga maharan a cikin Alhóndiga, yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci; Kodayake ba a daɗe da kawar da wannan halin daga littattafan tarihi ba, alama ce ta gaske na gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci na mutanen Guanajuato: ƙarfin zuciyarsa ta zama tatsuniya ta dutse, yana kiyaye makomar gari daga Cerro de San Miguel.
Duk da fa'idodin da ba za a iya musantawa ba da 'Yancin kai ya kawo wa al'umma, sakamakon nan take ya kasance masifa ga Guanajuato. Birni mai cike da talauci da ma'adanai sun lalace sosai a cikin tattalin arzikinta: kusan ba a samar da ma'adanai ba, gonakin da ke cin gajiyar an watsar da lalata su, kuma kayan masarufi sun yi karanci a yankin. Lucas Alamán ne kawai ke ba da mafita don sake kunna motsi na tattalin arziki ta hanyar haɓaka ƙirƙirar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai tare da babban birnin Ingilishi. Bayan haka, bayan nasarar Porfirio Díaz, an sake inganta tushen ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen waje, wanda ya ba wa garin har yanzu wani bonanza, wanda ke nuna a ginin manyan fadojin Paseo de Ia Presa, da kuma cikin kyawawan gine-ginen Porfiriato waɗanda suka yi Guanajuato an ba shi suna a duniya: mashahurin Teatro Juárez, ɗayan mafi kyawu a Jamhuriyar, abin baƙin ciki yana kan ma'adinan gidan zuhudu na Dieguino; Fadar Majalisar da abin tunawa da zaman lafiya a cikin Magajin Garin Plaza, da kuma babban ginin karfe na Kasuwar Hidalgo.
Tsarin tarihi ya sake rufewa a Guanajuato; bayan sun kai wani bonanza na azurfa, kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai sun wargaza zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali na Jamhuriyar. Juyin Juya Hali na 1910 ya ratsa cikin wannan birni, yana fatattakar masu saka jari daga ƙasashen waje, yanayin da, tare da baƙin ciki na tattalin arziki da faɗuwar farashin azurfa, ya haifar da watsi da wuraren haƙar ma'adinai da babban ɓangare na sulhun gaba ɗaya. Gudanar da haɗarin ɓacewa da zama wani gari fatalwa, kamar sauran mutane da yawa a kusurwar ƙasar.
Samun murmurewar ya kasance ne saboda ƙwarin gwiwa na wasu maza waɗanda suka sa duk wata baiwa ta su don kyautatawa wurin. Manyan ayyuka suna tilastawa da kare kujerar ikon Gwamnati; Duk lokutan mulkin biyu suna gina ginin jami'ar mai zaman kanta ta yanzu ta Guanajuato - alama ce ta bazuwar jama'a - da kuma buɗe katifar kogin - wanda aka yi ambaliyar ta hanyar canje-canje a matakin a ƙarni na 18 da 19 - don ƙirƙirar jijiyoyin hawa da ke raguwa. zirga-zirgar ababen hawa mota: titin Miguel Hidalgo.
Kwanan nan, kamar yadda ya dace da kiran farkawa, Sanarwar Birnin Guanajuato a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya ya ba da dubanta ga wuraren tarihi, waɗanda, gami da ma'adanai da ke kusa da su, sun tashi zuwa matsayin da aka ambata. Farawa a cikin 1988, Guanajuato ya yi rajista, tare da lamba 482, a cikin UNESCO ta Duniya, wanda ya hada da biranen da suka fi arziki a cikin al'amuran al'adu. Wannan gaskiyar ta rinjayi Guanajuatenses don ƙarin darajar abubuwan tarihinsu.
Lamarin jama'a na jama'a ya waye tare da sanin cewa kiyaye abubuwan da suka gabata don nan gaba na ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da al'ummomi masu zuwa za su yaba da su. Yawancin gine-ginen addini da na farar hula sun dawo da maimaitawa daga masu su, wanda ya kawo wani ɓangare na ɗaukakar da garin ya samu.
Tare da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin farar hula waɗanda suka ɗauki wannan aiki na gaggawa a matsayin nasu, an inganta ceton dukiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta mallaka, wanda ke da wakilcin ɗimbin tarin hotunan gidan ibada na Guanajuato, kayan adonsu da kayan haɗe-haɗe: duk gabobin tubula na An sake dawo da amincin da ke cikin sulhun kuma aka sanya shi cikin sabis, ban da ceton kusan 80 farkon ginin haikalin ofungiyar Yesu da 25 na San Diego, waɗanda, an riga an maido da su, an sanya su a cikin gidajen ibada iri ɗaya a wani yanki. tsara don kauce wa lalacewa da lalacewa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun yiwu ne saboda haɗin gwiwar membobin al'umma da ikon jama'a: ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Guanajuato Patrimonio de Ia Humanidad, A.C. da sauran 'yan ƙasa masu himma, da Gwamnatin Jiha, Sakatariyar Ci Gaban Jama'a da Jami'ar Guanajuato.
Adana abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu na tarihin gari zai ba mu damar nunawa a nan gaba lokutan manyan bonanzas na gundumar ma'adinai, kyawawan kyawawan lokuttan ta na arziki da sauyin tattalin arzikin ta.
Babban ci gaban tarihin rayuwar rayuwar Guanajuato ya kasance ba wai kawai a cikin takaddun ba, har ma a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa da lamirin mazaunanta, waɗanda aka san su da masu kula da kayan gado da kuma nauyin ceton waɗannan gine-ginen da dukiyar ƙasa, yanzu ikon mallakar dukkan mutane.
