Shekaru 100 bayan fara aikin ta, layin dogo na Mexico zuwa Oaxaca na tsohuwar hanyar jirgin kasan ta kudancin Mexico ya ci gaba da ba mutum babban sabis kuma yana ba mu mamaki ta hanyar abin da a lokacin yake na gaske: tsallake dutsen da sanya tsaunukan Mixteca.
A cikin unguwannin Vértiz Narvarte da Del Valle a cikin garin Mexico City, ana kiran titin da sunan Matías Romero. Kusan ko halfasa da rabi ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Salina da Cruz da Coatzacoalcos akwai garin Oaxacan wanda kuma ake kiransa.
A cikin Ciudad Satélite majalisar wakiltar birni ta girmama shi daidai da wannan. Kuma cibiyar nazarin ƙasa da ƙasa da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje suna alfahari da suna iri ɗaya. Wanene halayyar da ta cancanci irin waɗannan abubuwan? Wace dangantaka ya kasance da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Puebla-Oaxaca da aka fara ginawa ƙarni ɗaya da ta gabata?
A MULKI DA TIRELESS TAFIYA
Dayawa suna tuna Matías Romero a matsayin wakilin diflomasiyya na dindindin na Mexico a Washington, inda ya zauna kimanin shekaru 20. A can ne ya kare bukatun kasar a lokacin gwamnatocin shugabannin kasashe uku: Benito Juárez, Manuel González da Porfirio Díaz. Aboki ne na ɗaya da na uku, haka kuma Janar Ulises S. Grant, mai faɗa a Yakin Basasa kuma daga baya ya Shugaban Amurka. Romero ya kuma kasance Sakataren Baitul Mali a lokuta da dama, mai tallata ayyukan noma a kudu maso gabashin Mexico kuma mai himmar tallata aikin gina hanyoyin jiragen kasa ta hanyar saka hannun jari daga kasashen waje. Ya fi shekaru 40 yana aikin gwamnati. Ya mutu a New York a 1898, yana da shekara 61, yana barin muhimmin aiki da aka rubuta kan batutuwan diflomasiyya, tattalin arziki da kasuwanci.
Wataƙila mutane ƙalilan ne suka san cewa Matías Romero matafiyi ne mai gajiya. A wasu lokuta lokacin da tafiya ta 818729 ya kasance da alamun jarumtaka, tunda kusan babu hanyoyi, masaukai ko ababen hawa masu kyau a yawancin ƙasar, wannan halayyar ta fuskoki da yawa ta bar Mexico City ta isa Quetzaltenango, a Guatemala. Kimanin watanni 6 yana kan tafiya. A kafa, a jirgin kasa, a kan dawakai, a kan alfadari da jirgin ruwa, ya yi tafiyar sama da kilomita 6,300. Ya tashi daga Mexico zuwa Puebla ta jirgin kasa. Ya bi Veracruz ta jirgin ƙasa da kan dawakai. A can ya kasance a San Cristóbal, Palenque, Tuxtla, Tonalá da Tapachula. Sannan ya tafi Gyatenakam inda ya kulla yarjejeniya da shugaban ƙasar. Rufino Barrios. Ya koma garin Mexico bayan ya kula da gonakin sa da kasuwancin sa: noman kofi da cin itace da roba. A watan Maris na 1873, ya sake komawa Guatemala, a wannan karon a babban birni, inda yake yawan ganawa da Shugaba García Granados a tsawon watanni shida da ya yi a wannan garin.
Kamar yadda marubucin tarihin sa ya rubuta, Romero ya hau kan tsaunuka, ya ratsa fadama da fadama ya ratsa ta "kasashe masu zafi da danshi na Veracruz, Campeche, da Yucatán a lokacin mummunan watannin bazara ... Ya isa inda kawai masu nasara na farko suka isa karnoni da suka gabata."
Ba tafiyarsa ta farko ba kenan. Yana dan shekara 18, a watan Oktoba 1855, ya dauki tsohuwar hanyar daga Oaxaca zuwa Tehuacan, wanda a karnoni da yawa fakitin da suke dauke da babban kayan fitarwa na Oaxacan ya motsa: grana ko cochineal, wani muhimmin rini mai tsananin kwadayi Turawa. Har yanzu a waccan shekarar da matashi Matías ya bar garinsu na har abada, an fitar da fam na 647 125 na mulufi, wanda ya dara pesos dubu 556.
Ya isa Mexico City, bayan ya zauna a Tehuacan, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin filin jirgin saman Don Anselmo Zurutuza, ɗan kasuwar sufuri wanda ya sanya babban birnin Jamhuriyar sadarwa tare da Puebla da Veracruz kuma tare da birane da yawa a ciki. .
A wancan lokacin, wasan motsa jiki wata alama ce ta zamani. Wannan abin hawan ya maye gurbin motocin famfo, "masu nauyi da jinkiri yayin shigar da kara," a cewar Ignacio Manuel Altamirano.
Kirkirar fasaha ya zama abin birgewa na musamman ga Matías Romero.Ba da jimawa ba wata alama ta ci gaba ta kama shi. Don haka, jim kaɗan da isa birnin Mexico, ya je ya san ci gaban ayyukan tashar jirgin ƙasa da ake ginawa a Villa de Guadalupe.
Kuma a watan Agusta 1857 ya kafa idanunsa a karo na farko a kan locomotive: Guadalupe (nau'in 4-4-0), wanda Baldwin ya gina a Philadelphia a cikin 1855, kuma wanda aka tuka shi zuwa sassa daga Veracruz zuwa mita 2,240 na tsakiyar Altiplano. a cikin keken da aka zana ta alfadarai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya fara yin tafiya ta farko daga Jardin de Santiago a Tlatelolco zuwa Villa tare da kilomita 4.5. Kyakkyawan ɓangare na hanyar yayi daidai da hanyar da aka sanya a cikin Calzada de los Misterios, wanda kuma aka yi amfani da shi don yawo da motoci, mahaya da masu tafiya a ƙasa.
Lokutan tashin hankali da ƙasar ke ciki ba da daɗewa ba ya tilasta Matías Romero yin wasu tafiye-tafiye. Yaƙin sake fasalin ya fara, ya bi halaliyar gwamnati kan aikin hajji mai haɗari. Don haka, ya kasance a Guanajuato a cikin Fabrairu 1858. Watan da ya biyo baya, tuni ya kasance a Guadalajara, sojojin da ke shirin harbin Shugaba Juárez sun rage shi zuwa kurkuku. Ya 'yanta, amma ba kafin ya sha barazanar barazanar kisa ba, ya hau zuwa Tekun Fasifik a kan dabba da sirdi wanda ya samo daga aljihunsa. A cikin jakunkunan sa ya dauke kananan kudade na Baitul malin Tarayya, wanda aka sanya karkashin kulawar sa. Ya isa Colima, bayan gajiyawar gajiyawar dare, a cikin fitattun kamfani: Benito Juárez, Melchor Ocampo, Sakataren Hulɗa, da Janar Santos Degollado, shugaban rundunar rage ƙarfi ta Jamhuriyar.
Daga wannan garin ya tafi Manzanillo, yana mai fuskantar haɗarin da ke tattare da tafkin Cuyutlán tare da mayunwansu masu yunwa waɗanda suke kama da "Itatuwan ruwan kasa masu bishiyoyi masu iyo" na da yawa. Saurians suna jiran haƙuri don kuskure daga mahayin ko kuskuren alfadarin da zai haɗiye su duka. Mai yiwuwa ba koyaushe suke gamsar da sha'awarsa ba.
Madadin haka, an aika sauro, wanda kuma ya mamaye ruwan da ke tsaye, ba tare da tausayi ba. A saboda wannan dalili, wani fitaccen matafiyi, Alfredo Chavero, ya ce a cikin lagoon akwai "maƙiyin da ba za a iya gani ba, ba za a ji shi ba kuma ba za a iya kashe shi ba: zazzabi." Kuma ya kara da cewa: "Ligga guda goma na lagoon wasanni ne guda goma na nuna halin ko-in-kula da kuma mizma don maganin mugunta a wucewar."
Matías Romero ya tsira daga irin wannan yanayi mai wahala kuma a Manzanillo ya hau zuwa Acapulco da Panama Ya tsallaka tsibirin ta jirgin ƙasa (tafiya ce ta biyu da ya yi ta jirgin ƙasa) kuma a Colon ya hau wani jirgi don zuwa Havana da New Orleans, bayan ya bi ta hanyar Mississippi Delta . A ƙarshe, bayan tafiyar kwana uku ta jirgin ruwa, ya isa Veracruz a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1858. A cikin wannan tashar an girka gwamnatin da ke tawaye ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma akwai Romero a hidimarsa, a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1858, a cikin wannan jirgi da ya sauka (Tennessee), ya tashi zuwa Amurka don ɗaukar matsayinsa na Sakatariyar Legungiyar Mexico a Washington. Bayan ya dawo kasar, sai ya tashi zuwa Mississippi zuwa Memphis, inda ya hau jirgin kasa, "wanda ya tsaya ko'ina ya cika da masu shan sigari, tare da wasu bayi da datti da kuma wasu yara maza." A Great Junction ya wuce wani jirgin, tare da keken bacci, kuma ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa: Chattanooga, Knoxville, Lynchburg, Richmond, da Washington, inda ya iso jajibirin Kirsimeti. A sauran rayuwarsa, Matías Romero ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa kuma ya san hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Amurka da ƙasashen Turai da yawa sosai.
THE PUEBLA, TEHUACAN DA OAXACA RAILWAY
Yaya yankin Oaxacan zai kasance daga sararin samaniya? Za a gan shi a mafi yawan ɓangaren da ke kewaye a cikin kansa, kamar a cikin shingen tsaunuka, tuddai da raƙuman ruwa. Kasashen sanyi zasu fuskanci kwarin dumi da ke 1 4000 - 1 600 m tsawo. A cikin Tekun Fasifik, bayan dutsen Saliyo Madre, wani matsattsen gabar bakin teku mai kusan kilomita 500 zai juya baya ga tsakiyar kwari da jerin tsaunuka da kankara. Isthmus na Tehuantepec, wanda aka katange shi da wani shinge na magana, zai zama wani yanki daban a cikin kansa.
Daga tsayi na wannan gidan gatanan, har ila yau, za a yi la'akari da shari'u na musamman guda biyu. Aya, Mixteca Baja, an ɗan ware shi daga ɓangaren tsakiya kuma an haɗa shi sosai da gangaren gangaren Pacific. Wani, na Cañada de Quiotepec, ko Oriental Mixteca, yanki mai ƙanƙanci da ke rufe yankunan Zapotec daga tsakiya da gabashin ƙasar, kuma saboda wannan dalili ya zama tilas tilasta ɗayan ɗayan hanyoyin gargajiya da suka yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalar dangin Oaxacan keɓewa. Wannan hanyar ita ce hanyar Oaxaca-Teotitlán del Camino-Tehuacán-Puebla.
Sauran yana bi ta hanyar Huajuapan de León da Izucar de Matamoros.
Duk da saninsa da hanyoyi daban-daban na zirga-zirga, Matías Romero bai taɓa ganin Oaxaca daga sama ba. Amma shima bai bukatarsa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fahimci buƙatar yin yaƙi da keɓancewa da karancin hanyoyin ƙasarsa. Don haka, ya ɗauki aikin kawo layin dogo zuwa garinsa kuma ya zama mai azamar tallata wannan "mai shelar ci gaban" a Meziko. Abokin shugaban kasa ne kuma manyan mutane a siyasa da harkokin kudi a kasarsa da kuma Amurka, ya yi amfani da dangantakarsa wajen tallata kamfanonin jiragen kasa da sauran ayyukan inganta tattalin arziki.
Daga 1875 zuwa 1880, gwamnatin Oaxaca ta shiga wasu kwangiloli na sassauci don gina layin dogo wanda zai hada tashar jirgin ruwa a cikin Tekun Fasha, da babban birnin Oaxacan da Puerto Ángel ko Huatulco a tekun Pacific. Ba a sami albarkatu ba kuma ba a aiwatar da ayyukan. Matías Romero, mai wakiltar jiharsa ta asali, ya haɓaka aikin sosai. Ya taimaki abokinsa Ulises S. Grant, tsohon shugaban Amurka, ya zo Mexico a 1880. Sannan a cikin 1881, ya jagoranci kundin tsarin mulkin Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Kudancin Mexico, a New York. Shugaban kamfanin ba da izinin layin dogo na Oaxaca ba wani bane face Janar Grant. Sauran mahimman layin dogo na Amurka suma sun halarci.
Matías Romero ya sanya kyakkyawan fata a wannan hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Ya yi tunanin cewa zai ba da “rayuwa, ci gaba da ci gaba ga dukkan jihohin kudu maso gabashin kasarmu. Wannan… su ne mafiya arziki a cikin ƙasarmu kuma a yanzu suna cikin halin baƙin ciki da gaske. " Kamfanin Grant ya shiga cikin mawuyacin halin rashin kuɗi kuma ba da daɗewa ba fatara. Tsohon jarumin yakin basasar Amurka ya lalace. Har zuwa Matías Romero ya ba shi bashin dala dubu. (Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ya kuma ba Benito Juárez taimakon kudi, a lokacin shugaban Kotun Koli na Adalcin Kasa. Duk da cewa ya ba shi rancen kudi dari.)
A cikin watan Mayu 1885 an bayyana yarjejeniyar ta kare, ba tare da Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Kudancin Mexico da ya shimfida kilomita daya ba. Matías Romero yana da alama yana dushewa.
Abin farin ciki saboda burinsa na ci gaba, abubuwa basu tsaya anan ba.Ba tare da sa baki ba, kamar yadda ya sake wakiltar Mexico a Washington, an ba da izinin sabon ikon mallakar layin dogo a shekarar 1886. Bayan abubuwa daban-daban na gudanarwa da kudi, wani kamfanin Ingilishi ya fara gina shi a watan Satumba 1889. Aiki ya ci gaba cikin sauri. A cikin shekaru uku da watanni biyu kawai an kafa matsatacciyar hanyar tsakanin Puebla, Tehuacan da Oaxaca. Jirgin saman cikin nasara ya haye gabashin Mixteca ya wuce ta rafin Tomellín. Ya shawo kan matsalolin da ke tattare da yanayin daji, da kuma rashin son kafirai da shakkun masu tsoro. Daga 1893 Kudancin Jirgin Kudancin Mexico ya fara aiki. Jirgin ruwan kilomita 327 na can. Hakanan tashoshin ta 28, injunan tururi 17, motocin fasinja 24 da motocin daukar kaya 298. Ta haka ne mafarkin Matías Romero, mai tallatawa da matafiyi ya cika.
MANTA MATASA RASUWA
“Fasinjojin da aka yi jigilarsu cikin sauki ta teku, suna zuwa daga New Orleans da sauran wurare a gabar Tekun Fasha, sun sauka a Coatzacoalcos don ci gaba da tafiya a cikin ruwa a yanzu a cikin jirgin ruwan kwalliyar Allegheny Belle (tsohon farfesa da aka kawo daga Mississippi) ya haura zuwa kogin Coatzacoalcos mai fadi zuwa wurin da ake kira Súchil, (kusa da garin na yanzu na Mátías Romero;) kuma daga nan, a cikin motocin daukar kaya, zuwa Tekun Pacific inda za su hau zuwa San Francisco. " Mai son zuciya? babu hanya. Kamfanin Tehuantepec Railway na New Orleans ya miƙa abubuwan da aka ambata a sama, a tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata.
Kamfanin ya gudanar da tsallaka ɗaya a kowane wata kuma ɗaruruwan gambusinos sun sami damar amfani da sabis ɗin don haka suka koma California.
A cikin 1907, Matías Romero ya ga hanyar jirgin Coatzacoalcos Salina Cruz ya wuce, wanda a zamaninsa akwai 20 na yau da kullun - kuma yawan kuɗin da ake samu na pesos miliyan 5 a shekara-, amma shekaru 7 daga baya ya faɗa cikin matsala saboda gasar daga Canal da Panama. Koyaya, a cikin Matías Romero (tsohon Rincón Antonio) aikin layin dogo bai faɗi ba, yana da bitoci da masana'antun masana'antu irinsu masu mahimmancin gaske da sabon hanyar jirgin Pan-American (1909) ya inganta wanda ya tashi daga San Jerónimo -Today Ciudad Ixtepec- zuwa Tapachula, kamar yadda yake ci gaba da yi a yau.
Garin Matías Romero, mai kimanin mazauna 25,000, tare da yanayi mai zafi kuma kewaye da yankin Isthmus, yana ba da ƙananan otal-otal biyu; El Castillejos da Juan Luis: akwai kyawawan kayan fasaha na zinare da azurfa daga maƙwabtan Ciudad Ixtepec (kusa da Juchitán), wanda ya kasance tashar jirgin saman soja a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II.
