Magajin garin Templo yana tsakiyar garin Mexico. Ga labarin yadda aka gano shi ...
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1790, a cikin Babban Filin An sami babban mutum-mutumi a cikin garin Mexico, wanda ba za a iya bayyana ma'anar sa ba a wancan lokacin.
Ayyukan da Viceroy Count of Revillagigedo ya yi umarni don yin kwalliya da maɓuɓɓuga a cikin dandalin sun fallasa baƙon dutse. Cikakkun bayanan abin da aka samo sun zo mana albarkacin littafin rubutu da wasu litattafan rubutu da wani mai tsaron gida daga fadar fada ya bari (yau Fadar Kasa), mai suna José Gómez. Na farko daga cikin takardun yana kamar haka:
"... a cikin babban dandalin, a gaban gidan sarki, suna buɗe wasu tushe sai suka fitar da gunki na ɗan adam, wanda adonsa babban dutse ne wanda aka sassaka da ƙwanƙwasa a baya, kuma a gaban wani ƙwanƙwasa mai hannu huɗu da adadi a cikin sauran jiki amma ba tare da ƙafa ko kai ba kuma Countidayar Revillagigedo ta kasance mai maye gurbin ”.
Sassaka, wanda ya wakilta Kayan kwalliya, allahiya na duniya, an canja shi zuwa farfajiyar jami'a. Wani lokaci daga baya, a ranar 17 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar, kusa da wurin da aka fara ganowa, an sami Dutse na Rana ko Kalanda Aztec. A shekara mai zuwa an sami wani babban monolith: Dutse na Tízoc. Don haka, aikin kirgawa na biyu na Revillagigedo ya kawo ganowa, tare da wasu, na manyan zane-zane uku na Aztec, a yau an ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na hasa na Anthropology.
Shekaru da yawa, har ma da ƙarnuka, sun shude, kuma an sami abubuwa iri-iri a cikin ƙarni na 19 da na 20, har zuwa wayewar gari a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1978, wani gamuwa zai zo don mai da hankali kan babban haikalin Aztec. Ma'aikata daga Compañía de Luz y Fuerza del Centro suna haƙawa a kusurwar titunan Guatemala da Argentina. Nan da nan, babban dutse ya hana su ci gaba da aikinsu. Kamar yadda ya faru kusan shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata, ma'aikata sun tsayar da aikin suna jira har gobe.
Bayan haka an sanar da Sashen Archaeological Archeological of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) sannan ma'aikata daga wannan sashin suka je wurin; Bayan tabbatar da cewa katon dutse ne wanda aka zana abubuwa a sama, aikin ceto akan yanki ya fara. Masana binciken kayan tarihi Ángel García Cook da Raúl Martín Arana ne suka jagoranci aikin kuma kyaututtukan farko sun fara bayyana. Masanin ilmin kimiyya ne Felipe Solis wanda, bayan ya lura da sassakawar a hankali, sau ɗaya aka 'yanta ta daga duniyar da ta lulluɓe ta, sai ta fahimci cewa allahiyar Coyolxauhqui ce, wanda ɗan'uwanta Huitzilopochtli, allah na yaƙi, ya kashe a kan tsaunin Coatepec. Dukansu 'ya'yan Coatlicue ne, allahn ƙasa, wanda aka samo asalinsa a cikin magajin garin Plaza na Meziko ƙarni biyu da suka gabata ago!
Tarihi ya gaya mana cewa an aika Coatlicue zuwa cibiyoyin jami'a, yayin da dutsen mai amfani da hasken rana ya kasance a cikin hasumiyar yamma na babban cocin Metropolitan, yana fuskantar inda ake kira Calle 5 de Mayo a yanzu. Abubuwan sun kasance a can har kusan ƙarni ɗaya, har sai, lokacin da Guadalupe Victoria ya ƙirƙiri Nationalasa ta inasa a 1825, kuma Maximiliano ya kafa ta a 1865 a ginin tsohuwar Mint, a kan titi mai suna iri ɗaya, an canja su zuwa wannan rukunin yanar gizon. . Ba za mu iya watsi da cewa binciken da aka yi na ɓangarori biyu ba, wanda aka buga a 1792, ya yi daidai da ɗayan wayayyun mutane na lokacin, Don Antonio León y Gama, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da binciken da halayen siffofin littafi na farko da aka sani da ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, mai taken Tarihi da tsarin tarihin duwatsun biyu ...
LABARIN LABARI
Yawancin su an samo su a cikin abin da yanzu muka sani da Tarihin Tarihi na Birnin Mexico. Koyaya, zamu tsaya na ɗan lokaci don ba da labarin wani abin da ya faru a farkon Mulkin Mallaka. Ya zama cewa a cikin 1566, bayan an lalata Magajin Garin Templo kuma Hernán Cortés ya rarraba kuri'a tsakanin shugabanninsa da danginsu, a inda yanzu yake kusurwar Guatemala da Argentina, an gina gidan da 'yan'uwan Gil da Alonso de Ávila suka zauna. , 'ya'yan mai nasara Gil González de Benavides. Labarin ya nuna cewa wasu yaran masu nasara sun nuna rashin kulawa, suna shirya raye raye da saratu, har ma sun ki amincewa da jinjina ga sarki, suna masu cewa iyayensu sun ba da jininsu ga Spain kuma ya kamata su ji dadin kayan. Iyalan Ávila ne suka jagoranci wannan makircin, kuma Martín Cortés, ɗan Don Hernán ya kasance a ciki. Da zarar hukumomin viceregal suka gano wannan makircin, sai suka ci gaba da kame Don Martín da abokan aikinsa. An kira su zuwa kotu kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar yanke jiki. Kodayake ɗan Cortés ya ceci ransa, amma an kashe brothersvila brothersvila a cikin Magajin Garin Plaza kuma an yanke hukuncin cewa a rushe gidansu har ƙasa, kuma a dasa ƙasar da gishiri. Babban abin mamakin game da wannan lamarin da ya girgiza babban birnin New Spain shine cewa a karkashin harsashin ginin gidan gidan akwai kayan mallakar Magajin garin Templo, waɗanda suka ci nasara.
Bayan gano Coatlicue da Piedra del Sol a cikin karni na 18, shekaru da yawa sun shude har zuwa, a kusan 1820, an sanar da hukumomi cewa an sami babban shugaban diorite a cikin gidan ibada na Concepción. Shi ne shugaban Coyolxauhqui, wanda ke nuna idanun da aka rufe da rabi da ƙararrawa a kan kumatu, bisa ga sunansa, wanda ke nufin daidai "wanda ke da ƙararrawar zinare a kan kumatu."
An aika da abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa zuwa Gidan Tarihi na ,asa, kamar murtsunguwar da Don Alfredo Chavero ya bayar a shekarar 1874 da kuma yanki da aka sani da "Sun na Yakin Alfarma" a cikin shekarar 1876. A cikin shekarar 1901 aka yi rami a ginin Marqueses del Apartado, a cikin kusurwar Argentina da Donceles, gano guda biyu na musamman: babban sassaka jaguar ko puma wanda a yau ana iya gani a ƙofar ɗakin Mexica na National Museum of Anthropology, da babban macijin kai ko xiuhcóatl (macijin wuta). Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, a cikin 1985, an samo sasshiyar gaggafa tare da rami a bayanta, wani abu wanda ke nuna puma ko jaguar, kuma hakan ya yi aiki don sanya zukatan waɗanda aka sadaukar. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da aka gano a cikin waɗannan shekarun, waɗanda suka gabata misali ne kawai na arzikin da ƙasa da Cibiyar Tarihi take da shi.
Dangane da Magajin Garin Templo, ayyukan Leopoldo Batres a cikin 1900 sun sami wani ɓangare na matakala a farfajiyar yamma na ginin, amma Don Leopoldo bai yi la'akari da hakan ba. Ya yi tunanin cewa Magajin Garin Templo yana ƙarƙashin Katolika. Gwanin ne Don Manuel Gamio a cikin 1913, a kusurwar Seminario da Santa Teresa (yau Guatemala), wanda ya ba da haske ga kusurwar Magajin garin Templo. Saboda haka, to, don Man Manuel wurin, bayan ƙarni da yawa kuma ba 'yan jita-jita game da shi ba, na ainihin wurin da babban gidan Aztec yake. Wannan ya tabbata sosai ta hanyar hakar ƙasa da ta biyo bayan damar da aka samu na sassaka Coyolxauhqui, wanda yanzu muka sani da aikin Magajin garin Templo.
A cikin 1933, mai ginin Emilio Cuevas ya gudanar da bincike a gaban ragowar Magajin garin Templo wanda Don Manuel Gamio ya samo, kusa da Cathedral. A wannan ƙasar, inda makarantar hauza ta taɓa tsayawa sau ɗaya - saboda haka sunan titi - mai zanen gidan ya sami ɓangarori daban-daban da kuma gine-ginen gini. Daga cikin na farko, yana da kyau a nuna babbar monolith mai kamanceceniya da na Coatlicue, wanda ya sami sunan Yolotlicue, saboda ba kamar allahiya ta duniya ba, wanda siket ɗin ta macizai ne, wanda yake cikin wannan adadi yana wakiltar zukata (yólotl, "zuciya ”, A cikin Nahua). Daga cikin kayan gine-gine yana da daraja a nuna wa matattakalar bene tare da katako mai faɗi da bango wanda ke kudu zuwa kudu sannan kuma ya juya zuwa gabas. Bai zama ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin dandalin gini na shida na Magajin garin Templo ba, kamar yadda ake iya gani tare da aikin aikin.
Kusan 1948 masu binciken kayan tarihi Hugo Moedano da Elma Estrada Balmori sun sami damar faɗaɗa ɓangaren kudancin Magajin garin Templo wanda Gamio ya gano shekaru da suka gabata. Sun sami kan maciji da brazier, da hadayu da aka ajiye a ƙasan waɗannan abubuwan.
Wani binciken mai ban sha'awa ya faru a cikin 1964-1965, lokacin da ayyukan fadada ɗakin karatu na Porrúa ya kai ga ceto wani karamin wurin bauta a arewacin Magajin garin Templo. Gini ne da ke fuskantar gabas kuma an yi masa ado da bango. Waɗannan masks na wakiltar allah Tlaloc tare da manyan fararen hakora uku, waɗanda aka zana da launuka ja, shuɗi, lemu da baƙin. Za a iya canja wurin bautar zuwa Gidan Tarihi na hasa na Anthropology, inda yake a halin yanzu.
BABBAN AIKIN GIRMA
Da zarar an gama ayyukan ceto na Coyolxauhqui da kuma haƙa abubuwan hadaya guda biyar na farko, aikin aikin ya fara, wanda ke da niyyar gano asalin Magajin garin Templo na Aztec. An rarraba aikin zuwa matakai uku: na farko ya kunshi tattara bayanai kan Magajin garin Templo daga bayanan archaeological da kuma tushen tarihi; na biyu, a cikin aikin haƙa, wanda aka maimaita dukkan yankin don ya iya bin diddigin abin da ke bayyana; Anan akwai wata ƙungiya mai ɗauke da horo wanda ya kunshi masana ilimin tarihi, masu ilimin tarihi da masu dawo da abubuwa, da kuma mambobin Sashin Tarihin Tarihi na INAH, kamar masu nazarin halittu, masu ilimin kimiyyar magunguna, masu ilimin tsirrai, masu binciken ƙasa, da sauransu, don halartar nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan matakin ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyar (1978-1982), kodayake membobin aikin sun aiwatar da sabbin rami. Mataki na uku yayi daidai da karatun da kwararru suka gudanar akan kayan, ma'ana, bangaren fassarar, ana lissafa har zuwa yanzu sama da fayilolin da aka buga guda ɗari uku, duka daga ma'aikatan aikin da na ƙwararrun ƙasa da na waje. Ya kamata a kara da cewa Tsarin Magajin garin Templo shine shirin bincike na kayan tarihi wanda aka buga mafi yawansa har zuwa yau, tare da duka littattafan kimiyya da mashahuri, da kuma labarai, sake dubawa, jagorori, kasida, da dai sauransu.
