Ofaya daga cikin masananmu ya ba ku damar kallon lokacin daga 1930 zuwa 1934 lokacin da, daga kasancewa aikin da ba a kammala ba, wannan kayan ya zama mafi ban sha'awa a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Mexico City.
A farkon karni na 20, Porfirio Díaz ya ba da izinin zanen dan Italiya Adamo Boari aikin ɗorawa Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa hakan zai maye gurbin wanda aka tashe a lokacin Santa Anna kuma zai ba da haske ga mulkin sa. Ba a kammala aikin ba bisa ga nufinsa na asali, saboda dalilai da suka samo asali daga tattalin arziki (hauhawar farashi), na fasaha (rugujewar ginin da aka lura da shi tun daga farkon shekarun gininsa), zuwa na siyasa (the barkewar gwagwarmayar neman sauyi ya faro ne a 1910). Daga 1912 zuwa, shekarun da suka gabata ba tare da wani ci gaba ba a cikin aikin. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1932, Alberto J. Pani, sannan Sakataren Baitulmali, da Federico Mariscal -Macikin gine-ginen Meziko, almajirin Boarii- ya ɗauki nauyin gama tsohon ginin. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci cewa ba batun batun kammala gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Porfirian ba ne, amma yin tunani a hankali game da sabon makomar ginin bayan mahimman canje-canjen da Mexico ta samu, musamman a fannin al'adu. A cikin wata takarda ta 1934, Pani da Mariscal sun ba da labarin:
"Ginin Fadar Fine Arts ya shiga cikin al'amuran da ba za su lissafu ba tsawon lokaci na shekaru talatin wanda ya yi daidai da tarihinmu tare da kawo sauyi mai ma'ana na al'umma."
“Tun daga wannan lokacin, a cikin 1904, lokacin da aka aza tubalin abin da ya kamata ya zama babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, har zuwa wannan lokacin, a cikin shekarar 1934, lokacin da aka bude wa mutane komai, don hidimarsu, Fadar Fine Arts, irin waɗannan canje-canje masu zurfin gaske sun faru wanda har yanzu suna cikin tarihin gini. "
Abu na gaba, Pani da Mariscal suna komawa zuwa farkon zamuna na farko na ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayon, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karnin, don magance lokacin da suka yi aiki, wanda muke sha'awa yanzu:
“A lokaci na uku, wanda ya hada da shekarun kawai daga 1932 zuwa 1934, sabon cikin ya zama ciki da kuma fahimta. Sunan Fadar Fine Arts ya bayyana a sarari sosai don faɗakar da cewa ba wai kawai gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na masarautar Porfirian ya ɓace ba - aƙalla kamar yadda aka ɗauka tun asali - amma cewa an ba Nationasar cibiyar cibiya mai mahimmanci don tsarawa da gabatar da fasahohinta na fasaha. kowane nau'i, wasan kwaikwayo, kide kide da filastik, ba tarwatse da rashin tasiri har zuwa yanzu, amma an bayyana su sosai a cikin haɗin kai wanda za'a iya kira fasahar Mexico.
Wannan shine ra'ayin da tsarin juyin juya hali, ya kai cikakke, maimakon kammala gidan wasan kwaikwayon na ƙasa, ya gina sabon ginin - Fadar Fine Arts - wanda ba zai sake karɓar bakuncin maraice na aristocracy ba, amma kide kide da wake wake, taron, baje kolin da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke nuna hawan wata fasaha irin tamu a kowace rana ... "
Takardar ta nace kan matsayin da Pani ya ɗauka:
“… Idan aikin bai amsa wata bukata ta zamantakewa ba, za a iya yin watsi da shi har abada. Ba tambaya ba ce yanzu mu kammala ta don karewarta, amma maimakon yin nazarin har zuwa wane irin yanayi ne aka sanya sadaukar da tattalin arzikin da aka nema ta hanyar kammala shi. "
A karshe, Pani da Mariscal sunyi cikakken bayani game da sauye-sauyen da aka sanya akan aikin Boari don baiwa ginin sabon amfani da suke ganin ba makawa.Wadancan gyare-gyaren suna nuni ne ga sauye-sauyen da suka wajaba don baiwa fadar damar aiwatar da manyan ayyukan ta. Wannan ra'ayin ya kasance mai neman sauyi ne a lokacin, kuma kodayake yanzu mun saba da shi amma bai kamata mu manta da cewa asalin wurin da wannan gini ya mamaye tun a lokacin ba a al'adun Mexico yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da metamorphosis wanda ɗaukar cikin sa ya gudana a 1932. ayyukan da ke gudana a rana a cikin Fadar Fine Arts, tare da jama'a waɗanda ke halartar ziyartar baje kolin ta na ɗan lokaci, don sha'awar bango (waɗanda aka ba da na Rivera da Orozco don ƙaddamar da Fadar a 1934; daga baya waɗanda na Siqueiros, Tamayo da González Camarena), wajan gabatar da littafi ko sauraron taron, ba zai yuwu ba idan an kammala ginin bisa ga manufar Porfirio Díaz. Haihuwar Pani y Mariscal kyakkyawar shaida ce game da kirkirar al'adun da Mexico ta samu cikakke a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan juyin juya halin.
Pani da kansa ya sa baki a cikin 1925 a cikin gestation na wata hukuma ta ƙasa da aka haifa da Juyin Juya Hali: the Bankin Mexico, kuma yana zaune a cikin ginin Porfirian wanda aka gyara ciki don makomar sa ta Carlos Obregon Santacilia ta amfani da yaren ado wanda yanzu ake kira art deco. Kamar yadda yake a cikin Fadar Fine Arts, haihuwar banki ya zama dole a bashi, gwargwadon iko, fuska bisa ga sabon zamanin.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 20, gine-gine da zane-zane sun nemi duniya da sababbin hanyoyi, suna roƙon gyara wanda karni na 19 bai samu ba. Art nouveau ya kasance yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba game da wannan, kuma daga gare ta, mai zanen Viennese, Adolf loos, zai yi shela a cikin 1908 cewa duk kayan ado ya kamata a ɗauki laifi.
Tare da nasa aikin, ya aza tubalin sabon gine-ginen masu hankali, na dunkulelliyar yanayin lissafi, amma kuma an kafa shi, tare da wani Viennese, Josef Hoffmann, Lines na asali na Art Deco, wanda za'a haɓaka a cikin 1920 a matsayin martani ga ƙarin shawarwari masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Ba ya jin daɗin fasahar kere kere mai mahimmanci. Yawancin tarihin gine-ginen zamani sun yi biris da shi ko ƙyamar sa saboda rashin dacewar sa. Manyan masana tarihi na gine-gine masu ma'amala da ita suna yin hakan ne kawai ta hanyar wucewa, kuma wannan ɗabi'ar bazai canza a nan gaba ba. Italiya Manfredo Tafuri Y Francesco Dal Co, marubutan ɗayan tabbatattun tarihi na gine-ginen ƙarni na 20, sun sadaukar da wasu sakin layi zuwa Art Deco waɗanda, a takaice, su ne mafi kyawun halayen da za a iya yin su da wannan salon. Suna yin nazarin, da farko, dalilan nasarar su a Amurka:
“… Abubuwan ado da kayan kwalliya suna ɗaukaka ɗabi'u da hotuna masu sauƙin sauƙi, koyaushe ana yin hakan ne bisa ƙaddarar da aka ƙaddara akan tattalin arziki da fasaha. [..] Gine-ginen Art Deco ya dace da mafi yawan halaye daban-daban: daidaitattun kayan adon ta ya gamsar da niyyar talla na manyan kamfanoni kuma alama mai mahimmanci ta cancanci hedkwatar kamfanoni da gine-ginen jama'a. Interananan kayan marmari, wasa mai wahala na layin hawa, dawo da mafi bambancin kayan ado na kayan adon, amfani da mafi tsabtaccen kayan aiki, duk wannan ya wadatar don haɗa sabon "ɗanɗano" da sabon "inganci" na talakawa zuwa gudana. m na Metropolitan amfani. "
Tafuri da dal Co suma suna nazarin mahallin Paris Exposition na 1925 wanda ya sanya Art Deco yawo.
“A takaice dai, aikin ya rage zuwa gabatar da wani salon zamani da sabon dandano na talakawa, wanda zai iya fassara yawanci burgesa burinta na sabuntawa, ba tare da fadawa cikin lardin ba amma yana ba da garantin daidaito da sauki. Wani dandano ne da zai haifar da babban tasiri a fannoni daban-daban na gine-ginen Arewacin Amurka, tare da tabbatar da cewa, a Faransa, sasantawa tsakanin kwanciyar hankali da al'ada.
Daidai ne wannan yanayi na sasantawa tsakanin abubuwan da ke gaba da baya wanda ya sanya Art Deco ya dace musamman don kammala gini kamar Fadar Fine Arts, an fara shi shekaru talatin da suka gabata a cikin harshen al'adar da yanzu ta lalace. Matsakaiciyar fanko a ƙarƙashin mulkokin da ke rufe babban zauren ginin, a kewayen da wuraren baje kolin ke nunawa, an ba da izinin nunawa a ciki, ta wata hanya mai ban mamaki, "wasan kwazo na layin hawa". Tsarin kishin ƙasa da ke gabatarwa a lokacin a cikin fasahar Mexico zai iya samowa a cikin Art Deco isasshen tallafi don amfani da shi a cikin Fadar "kyawawan kayan kwalliya da ƙage-ƙira [waɗanda ke ɗaukaka ɗabi'u da hotuna masu sauƙin fahimta", suna amfani da kowace dama don ba mu mamaki da kayan kwalliyarta "da" alama mai mahimmanci ", ba tare da mantawa da" dawo da ingantattun hanyoyin adon kayan ado ba [da] amfani da mafi kyawun kayan abu mai ladabi ". Babu mafi kyawun kalmomi da za a samu kamar abin da ke sama don bayyana, tare da sauran kayan adon, abubuwan jigilar Mexico - Mayan masks, cacti-, goge karafa da tagulla waɗanda ke jan hankalin baƙi zuwa Fadar.
Dan dan uwan Alberto J. Pani, matashi mai tsara gine-gine Mario Pani, wanda aka kammala kwanan nan daga École des Beaux-Arts a Paris, yayi aiki azaman hanyar haɗi don kamfanin Faransa Edgar Brandt, mai martaba sosai kuma wanda haɓakar sa ta dace daidai da Art Deco, don samar da abubuwan da aka ambata a sama (waɗanda dole ne mu ƙara ƙofofi, kofofi, layukan dogo, kayan kwalliya, fitilu da wasu kayan daki) wadanda sune mahimmin bangare na adon dakin wasan kwaikwayon, zauren taro da wuraren baje koli. Sauran tasirin da aka samu na wadannan wurare an same su ne ta hanyar nuna kyallen marmara kasa da onyx. A ƙarshe, an tsara kayan ɗamarar dome wanda ya ƙare daga bayan Fadar an tsara su iri ɗaya ta Roberto Alvarez Espinoza ta yin amfani da haƙarƙarin jan ƙarfe a kan ƙarfafan ƙarfe da yadin yumbu na sautunan ƙarfe da lissafin mai kusurwa a cikin sassan da ke raba haƙarƙarin. Wadannan sandunan, wadanda tsarin karatunsu na chromatic ya tashi daga lemu zuwa rawaya zuwa fari, sune daya daga cikin mafi kyawun fasalin Fadar kuma suna wakiltar mafi mahimmancin bayyanar Art Deco a waje.
Amma ba kawai nasarar nasarar da aka samu a cikin ginin ba, tare da kyakkyawar ƙawa ce ta ba da damar kammala shi, wanda ya kamata ya kira hankalinmu yanzu. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, ya kamata a tuna cewa bayan ban mamaki Art Deco marbles, karafa, tagulla da lu'ulu'u da muke gani yanzu, ɗayan mafi kyawun ayyukan yaɗa kayan fasaha da aka aiwatar shima ya tashi tun ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1934. ko'ina cikin duniya, wanda aka ɗauki ciki-ba kwatsam ba - a lokacin wani lokaci na musamman a tarihin al'adun ƙasarmu: Fadar Fine Arts.
