A fagen tarihin duniya na Spanishan mulkin mallaka na Sifen a Amurka, babban jagora wanda, daga farkon, sanannun yankunan Mexico na New Spain da suka samu dangane da Asiya sananne ne.
A fagen tarihin duniya na Spanishan mulkin mallaka na Sifen a Amurka, babban jagora wanda, daga farkon, sanannun yankunan Mexico na New Spain da suka samu dangane da Asiya sananne ne.
A wannan halin, yin maganar Acapulco a matsayin hedikwatar Amurka don zirga-zirgar Asiya ba ƙari ba ne, duk da cewa jirgin da ya fito daga Philippines ya sauka ba da izini ba a wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa a lokacin tafiyarsa daga bakin teku daga Alta California.
Tabbas, Acapulco shine tashar tashar jirgin ruwa mafi muhimmanci ta biyu na Mexico kuma a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci ya cika aiki sau biyu, kasancewar tashar tashar ƙarshe ce ta cinikin trans-Pacific a Amurka da kuma haɗin kai tsaye tare da Philippines, tunda galeon da ya tashi zuwa tsibirin shine kusancin kowane irin sadarwa tsakanin Turai-New Spain-Asia. A saboda wannan dalili, wasu bayanai sun zama dole don bayyana girman tarihin Acapulco.
Na farkonsu ya shafi ayyana hukuma a matsayin tashar da aka ba da izini a Amurka don tafiya ta ƙarshe ta Manila Galleon, saboda a cikin Oktoba 1565 Andrés de Urdaneta ya isa Acapulco bayan da ya sami isassun iska da ta sauƙaƙa tafiyar. dawowa daga Manila zuwa New Spain, kodayake yana da ban sha'awa cewa har zuwa 1573 kawai aka ayyana shi azaman kawai rukunin yanar gizo mai izini a cikin wakilcin kasuwanci tare da Asiya, wanda ya dace da halartar thean kasuwar New-Hispanic na yau da kullun a cikin kasuwancin trans-Pacific, waɗanda ke tsoron cewa abubuwan Asiyawa ba za su kasance cikin buƙatu mai yawa a cikin yankuna ba.
PREPONDERANCE NA ACAPULCO
A baya, an auna damar da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na New Spain da ke fuskantar Pacific, kamar Huatulco, La Navidad, Tehuantepec da Las Salinas suka auna. Koyaya, a cikin wannan gwagwarmayar tashar jiragen ruwa an zaɓi Acapulco saboda dalilai daban-daban.
Daga can layin kewayawa ya fi guntu, aiki da sananne tun farkon fatarar Philippines da bincike don dawowa zuwa New Spain; saboda kusancin ta da Birnin Mexico, tunda duka samfuran da suka samo asali daga Asiya da injunan gudanarwa za su yi sauri da sauri, saukaka sadarwa tare da Veracruz; don tsaron bay, babban ƙarfinsa da tasirin kasuwancin sa tare da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka kamar Realejo, Sonsonate da Callao; Hakanan, an shigar da bay a cikin ingantaccen tsarin muhalli, wanda ke samar da kayayyaki daga wurare masu nisa daga gare shi (Mexico, Puebla da Veracruz) don wadatar jirgin, gyaran jirgin ruwa, samar da tashar jiragen ruwa da abin da Gwamnan Janar na Philippines ya nema don kula da kasancewar Mutanen Espanya a cikin Asiya; a ƙarshe, wataƙila wani dalili yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin cewa Acapulco shine "mafi kyawu kuma mafi aminci a duk duniya"; duk da haka, "babbar tashar kasuwanci ce kawai" lokacin da galleon daga Asiya ya shiga ciki, kuma buɗewar shahararren Baƙin Acapulco ya fara jim kaɗan bayan haka.
A wannan ma'anar, don kada a faɗa cikin rawar ba'a, ya kamata a sani cewa Acapulco ba filin jirgin ruwa ba ne, a maimakon haka an dawo da jiragen a can, a Manzanillo Beach, a wasu lokutan an tura jiragen ruwan zuwa El Realejo (Nicaragua) kuma na karnin XVIII kuma ana kiransu San Blas.
An haɓaka gine-ginen galleons masu ƙarfi a cikin Filipinas, ta amfani da dazuzzuka masu ƙarfi iri ɗaya, waɗanda aka ja daga ciki na dazuzzuka zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa ta Cavite, inda thean asalin industan ƙasar Malesiya masu himma ke aiki cikin maɓallin kasuwanci tare da faɗin duniya. Kayayyakin da aka shigo dasu Manila daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun isa gare shi; Lokaci guda, samfuran Turai waɗanda, gwargwadon lokacin, sun fito ne daga Seville da Cádiz, waɗanda aka ƙara bikin shekara-shekara na dogon bikin Acapulco Fair, inda 'yan kasuwa suka yi sayan. na kayan kasuwancin Asiya da yawa. A dalilin haka, ya zama wajibin afkawa daga "makiya" na kambin, kamar yadda ake kiran 'yan fashin teku a lokacin mulkin mallaka; saboda haka, ya zama dole mai tsaro na dindindin mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa ya kasance.
Akwai hanyoyi biyu na asali. Na farko shi ne abin da ake kira "jirgin gargaɗi", wanda aka ware (aka aika) a karon farko daga Acapulco a 1594 a ƙudirin Consulate na Mexico City kanta, sakamakon kame Galleon Santa Ana a 1587 a Cabo San Lucas ta by Thomas Cavendish. Dalilin wannan karamin jirgin shi ne, kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, don gargadi galan din da ke zuwa daga Philippines game da kusancin "makiya", don jirgin ya kauce wa yiwuwar kai hari; dole ne kuma ta kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa. Hanya ta biyu ta kariya ita ce fadan San Diego, wanda aikinsa bai kasance nan da nan ba, kuma daga cikin dalilan da za su iya bayyana jinkirin da aka yi a ginin shi ne cewa a farkon karni na 17th sansanin soja ba shi da fifiko a cikin Tekun Pacific.
A sama da wannan hanyar kariya, daukar sojoji don kare galleons ya yi rinjaye, yayin da ake tunanin cewa nesa, jahilci da mummunan tafiya daga Turai zuwa Tekun Pacific na iya kiyaye Tashar Acapulco daga hare-haren ƙasashen waje.
Don lokacin hanyoyin kariya na Acapulco na ɗan lokaci ne, kawai yana da ramuka masu ƙaranci da kuma sake sakewa kwatankwacin sansanin soja na da.
KASASHEN SAN DIEGO DA FARATSA
Amma gaskiyar ta wuce tunanin sabbin hukumomin na Sifen, saboda a cikin watan Oktoba 1615 Voris van Spielbergen ya shiga Bay na Acapulco, yana da wata alaƙar da ba ta sabawa ba, tunda Ba'amurke, ba shi da isassun kayan abinci, ya sami damar yin musayar wasu fursunonin Spain da yake ɗauke da su. Ina samun sabo abinci. Don lokacin hanyoyin kariya na Acapulco na ɗan lokaci ne, kawai yana da ramuka masu ƙaranci da kuma sake sakewa kwatankwacin sansanin soja na da.
A zahiri dai, matsalar mahaukaciyar matsalar da isowar “makiya” Furotesta da yiwuwar kame wani galleon sun nuna asalin asalin wajibcin sansanin soja na San Diego, saboda haka, mataimakin magajin New Spain, Marqués de Guadalcázar , ya ba da umarnin sake gina wani shakku ga injiniyan Adrián Boot, wanda ke da alhakin a wancan lokacin ayyukan magudanan ruwa a cikin Garin Mexico. Koyaya, Boot yayi watsi da shawarar saboda rashin wadatarta da kuma kankantarsa, saboda wannan dalilin ne ya aiko da aikin katanga wanda ya kunshi mayaka biyar masu tushe, ma'ana, hasumiyai biyar da suka haɗu tare da tsinkaya suna haifar da yanayin pentagonal.
Abin takaici har yanzu ana neman wannan ra'ayin a taron da aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1615 don kokarin cimma yarjejeniya, tare da nacewa kan ingancinsa. Kasafin kudin ginin katafaren an kiyasta kudadai 100,000, wanda dole ne a sanya wani kaso don sauka da daidaita El Morro, tudun da aka gina sansanin.
A farkon 1616 ba a fara ayyukan gina sansanin soja ba, yayin haka sabon labarin da aka kawo wa New Spain ya ba da sanarwar kasancewar jiragen ruwa biyar da ke ƙoƙarin ƙetare mashigar Magellan. Har yanzu, tsaron tashar jiragen ruwa ya zama babban fifiko, tunda matsalolin da aka fuskanta shekarun baya bazai zama abubuwan da ke faruwa ba. Duk wannan damuwar da ke cikin damuwa ya sa aka yarda da shawarar Boot daga ƙarshe ta hanyar dokar masarauta ta Mayu 25, 1616.
Ginin katanga na San Diego ya kasance daga ƙarshen 1616 har zuwa Afrilu 15, 1617. Sabon ginin yana da aiki guda ɗaya, don hana hare-haren iraan fashin teku a tashar. Ginin ya kasance da fasali, da farko, saboda kasancewarsa "tsohon tsari mara tsari wanda aka daukaka akan babban rashin daidaito a cikin kasa, kuma aka sanya shi da dakaru maimakon makoki. Yana da bonnets biyar kuma adadi nasa bai kai yadda yake ba ”. Girgizar kasa ta 1776 musamman ta lalata shingen, saboda haka an sake tsara shirin kuma an gama shi a cikin 1783.
Tabbas, kutsawar abokan gaba ya haifar da kashe kudade sosai na yaki, don haka bayan tafiyar Spielbergen daga Acapulco, mataimakin magajin New Spain ya tsara tsawon shekaru shida haraji na musamman na 2% akan duk kayan kasuwancin da suka shigo tashar, don haka Lokacin da "aka kafa aikin rundunar Acapulco, an tuhumi kashi daya na dindindin don ginin ta zuwa kasuwancin Philippines kuma ba na ɗan lokaci ba yayin aikin ya kasance."
A bayyane yake cewa mataimakin na Mexico, tare da Acapulco, sun kasance a tsakiyar wurin. Jirgin ruwan ya tashi zuwa Philippines a ƙarshen Maris don isa Manila watanni uku bayan haka idan aka gudanar da tsaro mai kyau, tare da iska mai kyau, ba tare da shiga cikin wani jirgin abokan gaba ba, ba tare da nutsewa ko gudu ba kuma ba tare da ɓacewa ba. Komawa zuwa New Spain ya kasance mafi rikitarwa kuma ya ɗauki tsayi, tsakanin watanni 7 zuwa 8, saboda jirgin ya cika da kayan izini ban da haramtattun kayayyaki da aka saba, wanda ya hana shi tafiya da sauri. Hakanan an daga angare daga Manila a cikin Maris don yin layi zuwa Amurka, kuma ta amfani da iska mai karfi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, damina, jirgin ya dauki kwanaki 30 zuwa 60 yayin da yake tsallaka Tekun Filin Philippines don isa mashigar San Bernardino (tsakanin Luzón da Samar), don isa ga daidaitawar Japan, yin tafiya zuwa New Spain, har sai ya isa Alta California, daga inda ya keɓe tekun Pacific don shiga Acapulco.
LADABA, MUTANE DA KWADAYI
A takaice, sanannen abu ne cewa jiragen ruwa daga Philippines sun yi jigilar waɗancan rukunin kayayyaki waɗanda ake buƙata a cikin Amurka: siliki, kayan fasaha da na ado, kayan ɗaki, marquetry, ain, kayan ƙasa, yatsun auduga, kayan ajiya, kakin zuma, zinariya, da sauransu. da dai sauransu Abubuwan da ake kira "Indiyawa na Sin", bayi da bayin asalin Asiya kuma sun isa Tashar jiragen ruwa na Acapulco; da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu, wasu daga cikinsu a halin yanzu suna cikin tatsuniyoyin mutanen Meziko sune zakuwar Malay, sunan abubuwan sha irin su Tuba, na asalin Philippine, wanda har yanzu akwai wadanda suke cikin Acapulco da Colima, da kalmomi kamar Parián, wanda shine wurin da aka ƙaddara a cikin Filipinas don jama'ar Sinawa su zauna da kasuwanci.
An sanya kayan rubutu, gubar, azurfa, jerguettes, ruwan inabi, vinegar, da dai sauransu a kan galleon Acapulco don biyan buƙatun fararen hula na Spain, addinai da sojoji da ke zaune a Asiya; Sojoji sun kuma yi tafiye-tafiye, daga cikinsu an yanke musu hukunci kuma an zarge su da aikata laifuka daban-daban kamar luwadi, luwadi da maita, waɗanda suka kare mulkin mallaka na Asiya daga mamayar Dutch, Ingilishi, Jafananci da Musulmi a tsibirin Mindanao da Joló; Hakanan, waɗannan jiragen suna jigilar wasiƙu tsakanin asalin yankin, New Spain da hukumomin Philippine.
A hakikanin gaskiya, kyakkyawar dangantakar Turai da New Spain da Asiya ta kasance mai yiwuwa saboda albarkatun da ke narkar da su a cikin babban teku tsakanin karshen ƙarshen Tekun Pasifik, tare da Acapulco da Manila da ke kan gaba a matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa ta ƙarshe. Transpacific kuma kai tsaye hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya don masarautar Spain mai karfin iko.
Source: Mexico a Lokaci # 25 Yuli / Agusta 1998
