Cututtukan da ke yaduwa sun samo hanyoyin yada su a cikin ƙaura; lokacin da jama'ar Amurka suka kamu da cutar, harin ya kasance m. Akwai cututtukan cuta a cikin sabuwar nahiyar da ta shafi Turawa, amma ba ta da rikici kamar ta su ga 'yan ƙasar.
Annoba a cikin Turai da Asiya ta kasance gama gari kuma tana da halin annoba a lokuta uku; na farko ya faru ne a karni na shida, kuma an kiyasta cewa ya yi asarar mutane miliyan 100 da aka kashe. Na biyu a ƙarni na sha huɗu kuma an san shi da “mutuwar baƙar fata”, kusan miliyan 50 sun mutu a wannan lokacin. Babban annoba ta ƙarshe, wacce ta samo asali daga China a cikin 1894, ta bazu zuwa duk nahiyoyi.
A Nahiyar Turai, yanayin gidaje marasa kyau da lalata da yunwa sun saukaka yaduwar cutar. Turawa suna da albarkatun warkewa don magance cututtukan su gwargwadon Hippocratic wanda musulmai suka watsa a lokacin mamayar Iberiya, wasu binciken likitancin Galenic da alamomin farko na mahaukatan sinadarai, saboda haka suka dauki matakai kamar kebe marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya tsabtar mutum da kumburin magani. Tare da cututtukan da suka kawo wannan ilimin zuwa nahiyar ta Amurka, kuma a nan suka sami dukkan ilimin ilmi game da cututtukan ƙasar.
A nan sadarwar ƙasa da ƙauyuka ta taka rawa wajen yaɗuwar cututtuka. Baya ga mutane, kayan fatauci da dabbobi, an yi jigilar cututtukan cututtuka daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci gwargwadon yadda suke gudana, ɗauke da kawo musu magunguna a lokaci guda. Wannan musayar halittu ya ba da damar abin ya shafi yawan mutanen da ke nesa da manyan biranen; Misali, tare da Camino de la Plata, syphilis, kyanda, sankarau, annoba, zazzaɓi da cin abinci sun yi balaguro.
Menene annoba?
Cuta ce mai saurin yaduwa ta hanyar iska ta hanyar iska da kuma bayanan marasa lafiyar da suka kamu. Babban alamun cutar su ne zazzabi mai zafi, barnata da bubo, wanda Pasteurella pestis ya haifar, wata kwayar halittar da ake samu a cikin jinin berayen daji da na cikin gida, akasari beraye, wadanda kwari suke sha (wata cuta mai kama da bera tsakanin bera da mutane). . Lymph node ɗin sun zama kumbura kuma sun malale. Sirrin yana yaduwa sosai, duk da cewa sifar da take saurin yada cutar ita ce matsalar huhu, saboda tari da yake farawa. Ana fitar da kwayoyin cutar tare da yau kuma nan da nan suka kamu da mutane kusa. An san wannan wakilin cutar na annoba har zuwa 1894. Kafin wannan ranar, ana danganta ta da dalilai daban-daban: azabar Allah, zafi, rashin aikin yi, yunwa, fari, ruwan najasa da abin dariya na annoba, da sauransu.
Cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa cikin hanzari a cibiyoyin hakar ma'adanai, saboda yanayin da maza, wasu mata da ƙananan yara ke aiki, a cikin ramin rami da rami na ma'adinai da kuma saman gona da filayen sarrafawa. Cunkoson da aka yi a wadannan wurare ya ba wa ma'aikata damar kamuwa da cutar, musamman saboda yanayin ƙarancin abinci da aiki fiye da kima, haɗe da nau'in huhu na cutar. Waɗannan abubuwan sun sa yaduwar ta cikin hanzari da mutuwa.
Hanyar annoba
Cutar da ta fara a garin Tacuba a ƙarshen Agusta 1736, zuwa Nuwamba ta riga ta mamaye Mexico City, kuma ta bazu cikin sauri zuwa Querétaro, Celaya, Guanajuato, León, San Luis Potosí, Pinos, Zacatecas, Fresnillo , Avino da Sombrerete. Dalilin? Hanyoyin ba su da ruwa sosai amma yawancin haruffa suna tafiya sosai. Yawancin yawancin mutanen New Spain abin ya shafa kuma Camino de la Plata ya kasance ingantacciyar motar yada labarai zuwa arewa.
Ganin labarin annobar daga Pinos da mummunar tasirin da yawan mutane ke sha a cikin 1737, a cikin watan Janairun shekara mai zuwa majalisar Zacatecas ta ɗauki matakai tare da frirai na asibitin San Juan de Dios, don fuskantar cutar da ta fara bayyana a farkon wannan garin. An amince da gudanar da aikin kayan aiki a cikin sabbin dakuna guda biyu tare da gadaje 50 wadanda aka samar da katifu, matasai, zanin gado da sauran kayan amfani, da kuma dandamali da kujeru don daukar marasa lafiya.
Babban yawan mace-macen da annobar ta fara haifarwa a garuruwan biyu ya tilasta gina sabuwar makabarta don saukar da mamacin. An keɓe pesos 900 don wannan aikin, wanda a ciki aka gina kaburbura 64 daga 4 ga Disamba, 1737 zuwa Janairu 12, 1738, a matsayin matakin riga-kafi game da mace-macen da ka iya faruwa yayin wannan annoba. Hakanan an ba da kyautar pesos 95 don kuɗin binne ga matalauta.
'Yan uwantaka da umarnin addini suna da asibitoci don magance cututtukan gama gari waɗanda, bisa ga tsarin mulkinsu da yanayin tattalin arzikinsu, suna ba da taimako ga' yan'uwansu da kuma yawan jama'a, ko dai ta hanyar ba su masaukin asibiti, ko kuma ta hanyar ba su magunguna, abinci ko wurin kwana. domin rage musu radadi. Sun biya likitocin, likitocin tiyata, likitocin likitan kwalliya da masu aski wadanda suka rera waka tare da ledoji da kofunan tsotsa don buboes (adenomegalies) cewa, sakamakon cutar, ya bayyana a cikin jama'a. Wadannan likitocin da ke bugun gaba suna da wallafe-wallafe na musamman tare da sababbin magungunan da aka gano daga ƙasashen waje kuma suka yi tafiya a kan hanyar Silver, kamar Spanish da London pharmacopoeias, Mandeval's Epidemias da littafin Lineo Fundamentos de Botánica, da sauransu.
Wani matakin da hukumomin farar hula na Zacatecas suka dauka shi ne samar da barguna ga marasa lafiyar "marasa lafiya" - wadanda abin ya shafa wadanda ba sa karkashin kariyar asibitin - ban da biyan likitocin da suka kula da su. Likitocin sun bayar da tikiti ga mara lafiyar wanda aka musanya masa da bargo da wasu filaye don abinci yayin rashin lafiyarsa. Wadannan marassa lafiyar ba wasu bane face masu tafiya a kafa a kan Camino de la Plata da kuma masu yawo masu yawo tare da gajerun wurare a cikin garin wadanda basu sami tsayayyen masauki ba. A gare su kuma an dauki matakan kiyaye sadaka game da lafiyarsu da abinci.
Annobar a Zacatecas
Yawan mutanen Zacatecas sun sha wahala mai tsananin zafi, fari da yunwa a tsakanin shekarun 1737 da 1738. Adadin masarar da ke cikin alhóndigas na garin da ƙyar ya ɗauki tsawon wata guda a mafi akasari, ya zama dole a koma gonakin kwadago na kusa don tabbatar da abinci ga jama'a kuma fuskantar annobar tare da ƙarin albarkatu. Wani abin da ya kara dagula yanayin lafiyar da suka gabata shi ne shara, shara da matattun dabbobin da ke rafin da ya ratsa birnin. Duk waɗannan abubuwan, tare da maƙwabta tare da Sierra de Pinos, inda wannan annoba ta riga ta faɗo, kuma ci gaba da fataucin mutane da kayan fatauci shine yankin kiwo wanda ya haifar da yaduwar cutar a Zacatecas.
Wadanda suka rasa rayukansu na farko a asibitin San Juan de Dios sun kasance ‘yan Spain,‘ yan kasuwa daga garin Mexico, wadanda a hanyarsu suka iya kamuwa da cutar suka kawo ta Pinos da Zacatecas kuma daga nan suka dauke ta a kan doguwar tafiya zuwa garuruwa. sassan arewacin Parras da New Mexico. Jama'a da yawa sun yi fama da fari, zafi, yunwa kuma, a matsayin abin da ya faru, annoba. A waccan lokacin asibitin da aka ambata yana da kusan kwatankwacin marasa lafiya 49, amma, karfinsa ya wuce kuma ya zama dole a ba da dama ga hanyoyin, majami'ar shafe shafe da ma cocin asibiti don daukar mafi yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa iri daban-daban. zamantakewa: Indiyawa, Sifaniyanci, mulatto, mestizos, wasu ƙauyuka da baƙar fata.
Yawan 'yan asalin ya fi shafa dangane da yawan mace-mace: fiye da rabi sun mutu. Wannan ya tabbatar da ra'ayin rashin ingancin rigakafin wannan yawan tun zamanin da, da kuma cewa fiye da ƙarni biyu bayan haka ya ci gaba ba tare da kariya ba kuma yawancin suka mutu. Mestizos da mulattoes sun gabatar da kusan rabin mutuwar, wanda rigakafin jinin Turai, Amurka da baƙar fata ya sasanta rigakafinsa kuma, don haka, tare da memoryan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rigakafi.
Mutanen Spain sun yi rashin lafiya da yawa kuma sun zama rukuni na biyu da abin ya shafa. Akasin 'yan asalin, kashi na uku ne kawai suka mutu, galibi tsofaffi da yara. Bayani? Wataƙila Mutanen Spain da ke zaune a yankin ne da sauran Turawan Turai sune asalin halittar ɗumbin al'ummomin da suka tsira daga sauran annoba da annoba waɗanda suka faru a tsohuwar nahiyar kuma, don haka, masu mallakar rigakafin dangi ga wannan cutar. Kungiyoyin da cutar ta fi shafa su ne masu fada a ji da kuma bakake, a cikinsu wadanda yawan mace-mace ya auku a cikin kasa da rabin wadanda suka kamu.
Watannin da annobar ta faru a asibitin San Juan de Dios sun kasance a watan Disambar 1737 tare da marasa lafiya biyu kawai da aka yi wa rajista, yayin da a watan Janairun 1738 jimillar ya kasance 64. Shekarar da ta biyo baya -1739 - ba a sami barkewa ba, tare da wanda yawan jama'a suka iya sake ginawa dangane da tasirin wannan annoba wacce ta fi shafar ma'aikata sosai, tun da rukunin shekarun da suka fi lalacewa a wannan shekara ta annoba ya kasance shekaru 21 zuwa 30, duka a cikin cutar da a cikin mace-mace, wanda ya nuna jimillar marasa lafiya 438 tare da 220 waɗanda suka sallami lafiya kuma 218 suka mutu.
Rudimentary magani
Magunguna a cikin birni da kuma a kantin na asibitin San Juan de Dios sun yi ƙaranci kuma ba za a iya yin komai ba, saboda yanayin magani da kuma ƙarancin sanin dalilin annobar. Koyaya, an sami wani abu tare da magunguna kamar turare tare da Rosemary, abinci tare da ɓaure, Rue, gishiri, garin alkama wanda aka bugu da ruwan fure mai lemu, ban da guje wa iska mai daɗi, kamar yadda Gregario López ya ba da shawara: “kawo kayan ado da rabin oza na amber da rubu'in civet da ochava na fure fure, sandalwood da rororose tushen ƙasa tare da ruwan hoda ƙaramin ruwan hoda, duk an gauraya an jefar da shi a cikin masu girman kai, ajiyar annoba da gurbatacciyar iska, kuma yana sa zuciya da rai farin ciki. ruhohi masu mahimmanci ga waɗanda suka zo da shi ”.
Baya ga waɗannan da wasu magunguna da yawa, an nemi taimakon Allah a cikin kira na Guadalupana, wanda kawai ake girmamawa a garin Guadalupe, ƙungiyar da ke nesa da Zacatecas, kuma wanda ake kira mai suna Prelate, wanda aka kawo shi aikin hajji da ziyartar dukkan gidajen ibada na gari don neman taimakon Allah da maganin annoba da fari. Wannan ita ce farkon al'adar ziyarar ta Preladita, kamar yadda har yanzu aka san ta kuma hakan yana ci gaba da tafiya a kowace shekara tun daga annobar 1737 da 1738.
Hanyar da wannan annobar ta biyo baya an lura da kwararar ɗan adam zuwa arewacin New Spain. Annobar ta faru ne a shekara mai zuwa -1739- a cikin garin Mazapil da ake hakar ma'adanai kuma a wasu wuraren tare da wannan Camino de la Plata. Veungiyoyin wannan annoba sune fatake, masu laushi, masinjoji da sauran haruffa akan hanyar su daga babban birni zuwa arewa da dawowa tare da wannan hanyar, ɗauke da kawo ƙari ga al'adunsu na zahiri, cututtuka, magunguna da magunguna da, a matsayin abokin rabuwa, annoba.
