A halin yanzu, rawar da 'yan uwantaka suka taka a lokacin ƙarni na 17 da 18 a tarihin gine-gine da fasaha a New Spain ba a yin cikakken nazarin, ba kawai a cikin aikin zamantakewar su ba, har ma a matsayin masu tallata manyan ayyuka.
Akwai 'yan uwantaka ta mutane iri daban-daban: attajirai, masu matsakaita da matalauta; 'yan uwantaka ta likitoci, lauyoyi, firistoci, azurfa, masu yin takalmi, da sauran su .. A cikin wadannan kungiyoyin mutanen da suke da maslaha iri daya sun hada kansu kuma gaba daya sun zabi wasu waliyyan ko sadaukar da addini a matsayin "Majivincin" su; Koyaya, bai kamata a gaskata cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun sadaukar da kansu ne kawai don ayyukan taƙawa ba, akasin haka, suna aiki ne a matsayin ƙungiyoyi tare da kyakkyawar manufar hidimar zamantakewar jama'a ko kuma kamar yadda aka ce: "aidungiyoyin taimakon juna." Gonzalo Obregón ya ambata a cikin littafinsa a kan Babban Kwalejin San Ignacio sakin layi na gaba wanda ke magana game da 'yan uwantaka: “a cikin aikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, an tilasta wa abokan haɗin gwiwa su biya kuɗin wata ko na shekara wanda ya bambanta da ainihin yanayin carnadillo har zuwa na ainihi na mako daya. 'Yan uwantaka, a gefe guda, ta hanyar magajin garin su za su rinka ba da magunguna idan ba su da lafiya kuma idan sun mutu,' akwatin gawa da kyandirori ', kuma a matsayin taimako sun ba wa dangin kuɗin da ya bambanta tsakanin 10 zuwa 25 riaula, ban da taimakon ruhaniya ”.
'Yan uwantakar' yan uwantaka wasu lokuta cibiyoyi ne masu matukar arziki ta fuskar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya basu damar gina gine-gine masu matukar mahimmanci, kamar su: Kwalejin Santa Maria de la Caridad, Asibitin de Terceros de Ios Franciscanos, Haikali na Triniti Mai Tsarki, Ia bacewar Chapel na Rosary a gidan zuhudun Santo Domingo, adon ɗarurruka da yawa na babban cocin, da ɗakin taro na tsari na uku na San Agustín, da na Unguwar Santo Domingo na Uku, da sauransu.
Daga cikin gine-ginen da 'yan uwantaka suka gudanar, mafi ban sha'awa a ma'amala da ita, saboda batun da za a fallasa, shi ne na Brotherhood na Nuestra Señora de Aránzazu, wanda aka haɗu da San Francisco Convent, wanda ya tara mazaunan garin na Vizcaya. , daga Guipuzcoa, Alava da Masarautar Navarra, da matansu, yara da zuriyarsu, waɗanda, tare da wasu sassaucin ra'ayi, ana iya binne su a cikin ɗakin sujada da sunan 'yan uwantaka, wanda ya kasance a Ex-Convent na San Francisco de Ia Birnin Mexico.
Daga farkon mamaye shi a cikin 1681, 'yan uwantaka sun so su sami wani' yanci tare da gidan Convent; misali: "abu, cewa babu wani babba ko shugaban cocin da aka ce Convent da zai iya cewa, zargi ko iƙirarin cewa an cire ɗakin sujada ɗin daga 'yan uwantaka ta kowane irin dalili."
A wani sakin layi an nuna cewa: "an hana 'yan uwantaka karbar duk wata gudummawa wacce ba ta Basque ba ko ta zuriya ... wannan' yan uwantaka ba su da akushi, kuma ba sa neman sadaka kamar sauran 'yan uwantaka."
A 1682 aka fara gina sabon ɗakin sujada a farfajiyar Convento Grande de San Francisco; ya kasance daga gabas zuwa yamma kuma yana da tsayin mita 31 da faɗi 10, an yi masa rufi da kayan abinci da kuma abincin dare, tare da wani dome da ke nuna transept. Portofar ta ta tsari ne na Doric, tare da ginshiƙan dutse masu launin duwatsu masu launin toka, da kwasfa da abubuwan da aka kafa na farin dutse, suna da garkuwa da hoton Virgin of Aránzazu a sama da sashin zagaye zagaye na rabin ƙofar. Murfin gefen mafi sauki ya ƙunshi hoton San Prudencio. Duk wannan dangantakar ta yi daidai da bayanin ɗakin sujada da aka yi a ƙarni na 19 don Don Antonio García Cubas, a cikin littafinsa Littafin Tunawa da Ni.
An san cewa haikalin yana da kyawawan bagade, yankuna da zane-zane masu darajar gaske, bagade wanda yake da hoton waliyin 'yan'uwantaka tare da gilashin gilashi, da kuma zane-zanen iyayensa masu tsarki, San Joaquin da Santa Ana; Hakanan yana da katako guda shida na rayuwarsa da kyawawan kyawawan abubuwa guda goma sha ɗaya, hauren giwa biyu, ɓangarori biyu, manyan madubai guda biyu tare da firam ɗin gilashin Venet da zane-zane biyu na China, kuma hoton Budurwar yana da tufafi masu tamani sosai kayan adon lu'u lu'u da lu'u lu'u, chalic na azurfa da zinariya, da sauransu. GonzaIo Obregón ya nuna cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa, amma ba zai zama fa'ida ba idan aka ambace shi, tunda komai ya ɓace. Waɗanne hannayen hannu ne dukiyar Chapel na Aránzazu za ta tafi?
Amma mafi mahimmancin aikin da wannan 'yan uwantaka ta gudanar shi ne, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ginin Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, wanda ake kira da "Colegio de Ias Vizcainas."
Wani labari da ya bazu a karni na goma sha tara ya gaya cewa yayin da suke tafiya da wasu manyan mutane na ƙungiyar 'yan uwantaka ta Aránzazu, sun ga wasu' yan mata suna faɗuwa, suna jujjuya kalmomin Masonic ga juna, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya sa thean'uwan suka gudanar da aikin Kwalejin Recogimiento don samar da mafaka. ga waɗannan 'yan matan, kuma sun nemi theungiyar Birnin da ta ba su ƙasa a cikin abin da ake kira CaIzada deI CaIvario (yanzu Avenida Juárez); Koyaya, ba a ba su wannan ƙuri'ar ba, amma a maimakon haka an ba su wani fili wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kasuwar titi a cikin unguwar San Juan kuma ya zama juji; wuri ne da aka fi so don halayen mafi munin ƙura a cikin birni (ta wannan ma'anar, wurin bai canza sosai ba, duk da gina makarantar).
Da zarar an sami ƙasar, an ba maigidan gine-ginen, Don José de Rivera izini don ba wa shafin damar gina makarantar, tuka jirgi da jan layi. Wasasar tana da girma, tana da faɗin yadi 150 da yadi mai zurfin 154.
Don fara ayyukan, ya zama dole a tsabtace wurin kuma a haƙa ramuka, galibi na San Nicolás, don kayan aikin gini su isa cikin wannan hanyar ruwa cikin sauƙi; Kuma bayan yin wannan, manyan kwale-kwale sun fara zuwa tare da dutse, lemun tsami, itace da, gabaɗaya, duk abin da ake buƙata don ginin.
A ranar 30 ga Yulin 1734, aka aza dutse na farko kuma aka binne kirji tare da wasu tsabar kudi na zinare da azurfa da takardar azurfa wanda ke nuna cikakkun bayanai game da bikin bude makarantar (A ina za a sami wannan kirjin?).
Shirye-shiryen farko na ginin an yi su ne don Don Pedro Bueno Bazori, wanda ya ba da aikin ginin ga Don José Rivera; amma, ya mutu kafin kammala kwaleji. A cikin 1753, an nemi rahoton gwani, "cikakken bincike, game da komai a ciki da wajen masana'antar kwalejin da aka ambata, hanyoyin shiga, farfajiyoyin, matattakala, wuraren zama, bangarorin aiki, wuraren bautar motsa jiki, coci, sacristy, mazaunin malamai. da bayi. Bayyana cewa makarantar ta ci gaba sosai har zuwa yanzu schoolan mata hundredan makaranta dari biyar zasu iya rayuwa cikin walwala, duk da cewa ba ta da wasu gogewa ».
Theididdigar ginin ya samar da sakamako kamar haka: ya mamaye yanki na varas 24,450, gaba 150 da zurfin 163, kuma farashin ya kasance pesos 33,618. An kashe pesos 465,000 kan aikin kuma ana buƙatar pesos 84,500 har yanzu ana ci gaba da reales 6 don kammala shi.
Ta hanyar umarnin mataimakin, masanan sun zana zane na "tsarin gumaka da zane na kwalejin San Ignacio de Loyola, wanda aka yi a garin Mexico, kuma an aika shi zuwa ga Majalisar ta Indiya a matsayin wani bangare na takardun don neman lasisin masarauta." Wannan shirin na asali yana cikin veakin Tarihi na Indiyawan da ke Seville kuma Mariya Mariya Josefa González Mariscal ce ta ɗauki takardun.
Kamar yadda ake gani a cikin wannan shirin, cocin na kwalejin yana da halaye masu zaman kansu kuma an cika su da kyawawan kayan alfarma, garuruwa, da sandunan mawaƙa. Saboda makarantar ta rufe wani kari da aka rufe kuma ba a samu izinin bude kofa ga titi ba, ba a bude ta ba sai a shekarar 1771, shekarar da aka ba wa fitaccen masanin gine-ginen Don Lorenzo Rodríguez izinin aiwatar da gaban haikalin zuwa hanyar; a ciki ne mai ginin gine-ginen ya kasance yana da abubuwa uku tare da zane-zanen San Ignacio de Loyola a tsakiya da San Luis Gonzaga da San Estanislao de Koska a ɓangarorin.
Ayyukan Lorenzo Rodríguez ba a iyakance ga murfin kawai ba, amma kuma ya yi aiki a kan baka na ƙananan mawaƙa, yana sanya shinge mai mahimmanci don ci gaba da kiyaye ƙulli. Zai yuwu cewa wannan mai zanen gidan ya sake fasalin gidan malamin. Mun san cewa wani dutse mai suna "Don Ignacio" ne ya yi zane-zanen a bangon, a kan kuɗi pesos 30, kuma masu zanen Pedro AyaIa da José de Olivera ne ke kula da canza launin su da bayanan zinare (kamar yadda za a iya fahimta, Ias An zana hotunan da ke waje a kan facin a kwaikwayon stew; har yanzu akwai alamun wannan zanen).
Masterwararrun maƙeran masarufi sun yi aiki a kan bagade, kamar Don José Joaquín de Sáyagos, ƙwararren maƙerin gini da magini wanda ya yi bagade da yawa, gami da na Lady of Loreto, na na Sarki Señor San José da kuma fure na kwamitin doorofar Addini tare da Hoton Budurwar Guadalupe.
Daga cikin manyan kadarori da ayyukan fasaha na kwalejin sun fito da hoton Budurwar thean Choir, mai mahimmanci don inganci da kwalliyar kayan ado. Kwamitin amintattu sun sayar da shi, tare da cikakken izinin Shugaban Jamhuriyar, a cikin 1904, a cikin adadin pesos 25,000 zuwa shahararren kantin kayan ado na wancan lokacin La Esmeralda. Gudanar da bakin ciki a wannan lokacin, tunda ita ma ta lalata ɗakin bautar motsa jiki, kuma mutum yana mamakin shin ya cancanci lalata irin wannan muhimmin ɓangare na makarantar, tare da kuɗin da aka tara ta hanyar siyar da hoton, gina asibitin da aka kammala a 1905 (Lokaci ya canza, mutane basu da yawa).
Ginin makarantar misali ne na gine-ginen da aka yi tunanin don ilimin mata, a lokacin da rufewa ya kasance wani muhimmin abu ga asalin samuwar mata na gaskiya, kuma shi ya sa daga ciki ba a iya ganin sa zuwa titi. A bangarorin gabas da yamma, da kuma bayan kudu, ginin yana zagaye da kayan aiki guda 61 da ake kira "cup da plate", wanda, baya ga samar da tallafin tattalin arziki ga makarantar, ya kebe shi gaba daya, tun da Gilashin da ke fuskantar titin a mataki na uku suna mita 4.10 sama da matakin bene. Theofar mafi mahimmancin makarantar tana kan babbar façade Wannan ita ce hanyar shiga ƙofar, zuwa rumfuna kuma, ta hanyar "compass", zuwa makarantar kanta. Ana amfani da gaban wannan ƙofar, kamar na gidan limamai iri ɗaya tare da ginshiƙan sassaƙa sassaƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙyun kala kala da kuma yin layi, kamar yadda aka tsara windows da tagogin na sama; kuma wannan murfin ɗakin sujada halayyar ayyukan maginin gidan Lorenzo Rodríguez ne, wanda ya ɗauki cikinsa.
Ginin, kodayake baroque, a halin yanzu yana gabatar da wani ɓangare na rashin nutsuwa wanda ya kasance, a ganina, ga manyan ganuwar da aka rufe da tezontle, da ƙyar aka buɗe ta hanyar buɗewa da wuraren da ake fasa duwatsu. Koyaya, kamanninta ya kasance ya sha bamban gabadaya lokacin da ake sassaka maƙalar polychrome a launuka masu haske, har ma da gefuna na zinariya; Abin takaici wannan polychrome ya ɓace cikin lokaci.
Daga cikin rumbun tarihi mun san cewa farkon mai tsara shirye-shiryen shine masanin gine-gine José de Rivera, kodayake ya mutu tun kafin a kammala ayyukan. A farkon ginin, an dakatar da shi "na 'yan kwanaki" kuma a wannan lokacin an sami ƙaramin gida mallakar José de Coria, master alcabucero, wanda yake a kusurwar arewa maso yamma kuma kusa da Mesón de Ias Ánimas, kuma Tare da wannan mallakar, ƙasar, sabili da haka ginin, yana da fasalin yau da kullun na rectangle.
A wurin da gidan José de Coria ya kasance, an gina gidan da ake kira limamai, wanda, a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa, an sami alamun da aka bari a matsayin abubuwa masu fa'ida.
Daga shirin na 1753, lokacin da masanan suka gudanar da bincike na «cikakken abu a ciki da wajen masana'antar kwalejin da aka ambata, mashigarta, yadudduka, matakala, gidaje, sassan aiki, dakin bautar motsa jiki, sacristy, limamai da gidajen bayin. », Abubuwan da ginin ya ɗan fasalta sune babban baranda, ɗakin sujada da gidan limamai. Gidan limamai da babban ɗakin sujada sun lalace ta hanyar ayyukan daidaitawa daga ƙarni na 19, tunda tare da dokokin kwacewa wannan ma'aikata ta daina ba da sabis na addini; don haka cocin, pantheon, ɗakin sujada da gidan da aka ambata ɗazu na limamai suka kasance an bar su gefe-gefe. A cikin 1905 aka rusa pantheon kuma aka sake gina sabbin infirmar a madadinsa. Har zuwa kwanan nan, wata makaranta da Sakataren Ilimi na Jama'a ke gudanarwa tana aiki a cikin gidan limaman cocin, wanda ya haifar da mummunar illa ga ginin, ko kuma saboda an sauya wuraren asali kuma ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, wanda ya haifar da lalacewarsa . Irin wannan tabarbarewar ta tilasta wa wannan hukumar ta tarayya rufe makarantar kuma saboda haka wurin ya kasance a cikin watsi da shi gaba daya har tsawon shekaru, wanda ya kai matakin da ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da dakunan a kasa ba, galibi saboda rugujewar ginin da babban datti da aka tara, ban da gaskiyar cewa babban ɓangaren bene na sama yana barazanar faɗuwa.
Kimanin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, aka sake dawo da wannan bangare na makarantar, don cimma abin da ya zama dole a sanya kwalliya domin sanin matakan, tsarin gini da alamun alamun fenti, don neman bayanan da zai ba da damar gyara kamar yadda ya yiwu asali yi.
Manufar ita ce a girka gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin wannan wurin wanda za'a iya nuna wani bangare na babban tarin makarantar. Wani yanki da aka maido shi ne na ɗakin sujada da abubuwan da ke haɗe, alal misali, wurin masu furci, majami'ar ante-coci, ɗakin da za a kalli mamacin da kuma sacristy. Hakanan a cikin wannan yanki na makarantar, dokokin kwace da dandano na aiki na lokacin suna da tasiri ƙwarai kan watsi da lalata kyawawan abubuwan bagade na bagaru waɗanda makarantar ke da su. An maido wasu daga cikin waɗannan bagade lokacin da aka gano abubuwan da zasu iya yin hakan; Koyaya, a wasu yanayin wannan bai yiwu ba, tunda a wasu lokutan sahihan hotunan ba su bayyana ba ko kuma cikakkun lambobin sun ɓace.
Ya kamata a san cewa ƙananan sassan bagaden sun ɓace saboda rarar da ginin yake a wannan yankin.
Abun takaici, mafi kyawun tarihin Baroque a wannan garin na Mexico yana da matsalolin kwanciyar hankali tun kafin a kammala gininsa. Rashin ingancin ƙasa, wanda ya kasance masifar rashi da mahimman ramuka, ramuka kansu, yawan ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa, girgizar ƙasa, hakar ruwa daga ƙasa, har ma da canje-canjen tunani na ƙarni na 19 da 20 sun kasance cutarwa ga kiyaye wannan dukiyar.
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 1 Yuni zuwa Yulin 1994
