Rufewar Santa Teresa # 1 yana tafasa tashin hankali. A tsakiyar wannan hayaniyar da ta masu tallan titi, ihun daga ihun ya fito: "Harbin Kyaftin Cootaaaa ..., mummunan dan da ya kashe mummunan mareereeee ..."
Rufewar Santa Teresa # 1, inda bugun Antonio Vanegas Arroyo yake, rayarwar ta tafasa. A tsakiyar wannan hargitsin da na masu siyar da titi, ihun mai ihu ya fito, wanda, ya fito da sauri ta kofar gidan buga takardu da jarida a hannunsa, yana shela da babbar murya: "harbin Kyaftin Cootaaaa…., mummunan dan da ya kashe masa mummunan maadreeee ... "
A wannan aikin, ya banbanta yanayin nutsuwa na yaro wanda ya bar littattafansa a ƙasa kuma kallon da ke birge shi daga titi ta gilashin kansa ta gilashin gilashin buga takardu, gudanar da burin a kan farantin da ya ƙone karfe, gwanintaccen mint da aka sarrafa ta hannun José Guadalupe Posada. Yaron, José Clemente Orozco, ba ya yin haske, kuma ta idanun sa da ke bin layin burin, shi ma ya sa makomar sa a ran sa.
A waje akwai kyakkyawan zane-zane Posada na kasancewar yara kamar na José Clemente, da kuma abin da misalinsa zai cimma; kawai ya lura da wata 'yar karamar hannu, a cikin wani rudani mai kama da hankali, yana diban kayan askin da burin ya zube daga kasa.
Posada shine mahalicci wanda ya fi tasiri ga masu fasahar Mexico a farkon rabin wannan karni. Masu zane-zane José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Francisco Gotilla da Guillermo Meza sun karɓi gadonsu, haka kuma masu zane-zane Francisco Díaz de León, Leopoldo Méndez, Alfredo Zalce, Francisco Moreno Capdevila, Arturo García Bustos, Adolfo Mexiact da Alber . Taller de grafica Mashahuri, wanda aka kafa a 1937, shine magajin Posada na tarihi.
Daga ɗauke shi mashahurin mai fasaha, José Guadalupe Posada ya kai ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare a matsayin mai zane, saboda ya fara da wahayi zuwa ga mafi kyawun zamanin fasahar ƙasa a cikin karnin da muke ciki: Makarantar Zanen Fasaha ta Meziko.
Yin watsi da fasahar Turai, har ma da ta ƙasa, ya 'yanta shi gaba ɗaya daga sasantawa; a cikin zane-zane na asali koyaushe yana nuna cikakken 'yanci.
Bai taba kaiwa ga ɗabi'ar banza ba: magana kai tsaye shine kawai damuwar shi saboda ya shagaltu da abubuwan Mexico.
José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar an haife shi da ƙarfe goma na dare a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1852 a kan titin da ba a ambata sunansa ba a cikin unguwar San Marcos a cikin garin Aguascalientes; Ya kasance ɗan Jamusanci Posada, mai yin burodi ta hanyar kasuwanci, ya auri Petra Aguilar. Yana dan shekara 12 ya shiga kwalejin koyar da zane-zane ta Aguascalientes don yin zane-zane kuma a 18 ya riga ya kasance mai koyon aiki a taron na Trinidad Pedrosa, inda ya koyi aiki da lithography, ban da yin zane-zane da tagulla da itace.
Wanda aka cusa masa a siyasance saboda caccakar Jesús Gómez saboda zagin wallafe-wallafensa da majigin yara, a cikin 1872 Pedroso da Posada sun yi tattaki zuwa garin León inda suka kafa sabon injin buga takardu.
A 1875 Posada ya auri María de Jesús Vela kuma a 1876 ya sayi injin buga takardu na Pedrosa akan farashin da bai gaza pesos ɗari ba; A can ya zana hotunan littattafai da buga hotunan addini da fastoci, daidai da yanayin soyayyar wancan lokacin.
Ya fara ne a matsayin malamin koyar da lithography a shekarar 1883 a makarantar share fagen; Ya kasance a wurin har zuwa 18 ga Yuli, 1888, lokacin da mummunar ambaliyar ruwa, ya ƙaura zuwa Birnin Mexico. Girman sananne ne a matsayin mai sassaƙa, Irenio Paz ya ɗauke shi aiki don ya nuna yawan adadin mujallu da wallafe-wallafe.
Yawan aikin ya sa shi ya kafa nasa bita a lamba 1 na rufaffiyar Santa Teresa, yanzu mallakar lauya Verdad, inda yake aiki a gaban jama'a, sannan a lamba 5 na Santa Inés, a yau Moneda.
A cikin 1899, a kan mutuwar Manuel Manilla Posada, ya maye gurbinsa bisa ƙa'idar bitar Don Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, editan shahararren editan jaridar gazettes, corridos, comics, kacici-kacici da sauran littattafai.
Tare da Blas, ɗan Don Antonio; mai zane-zane Manilla, wanda ya koyar da Posada don tsanantawa kan tutiya; mawaƙi Constancio S. Suárez da marubutan Ramón N. Franco, Francisco Ozácar, Raimundo Díaz Guerrero da Raimundo Balandrano, sun kafa wata babbar tawaga cewa bayan shekara guda ta mamaye ƙasar da labaransu, da wasannin barkwanci, da waƙoƙi, da labarai, da wasan kwaikwayo, da almanacs da kalandarku.
Baya ga jaridun La Gaceta Callejera da Don Chepito, sun kuma buga takardu na takarda mai ruwan kasa a cikin dukkan launuka na bakan gizo, wanda ya biya tsabar kuɗi ɗaya ko biyu, da wasanni irin su La Oca, waɗanda yara da yara suka yi farin ciki da manya ga ƙarnuka da yawa, wanda sama da kofi miliyan biyar aka buga har zuwa yau.
Babban aikin ya tilasta Posada don neman ƙarin dabarun hanzari. Wannan shine yadda ya gano zincography, wanda ya kunshi zane da tawada mai kanti a kan zinc, sannan kuma ya huda farin da ruwan wanka na ruwa.
“Kwatancin kusan dubu 20 da Posada ya yi, tare da matani masu ban sha'awa da ayoyi da ke tare da ita, sun bayyana ɗayan lokutan da suka fi ban sha'awa na babban birni da aka daɗe ana jira, tare da 'zaman lafiya na Porfirian' ko 'salama mai zafi': tarzomar kan titi, da gobara, girgizar ƙasa, taurari masu ban dariya, barazanar ƙarshen duniya, haihuwar dodanni, kisan kai, kashe-kashe, al'ajibai, annoba, manyan soyayya da manyan masifu; Duk mutumin nan ya kama shi wanda yake, a lokaci guda, eriya mai mahimmanci don duk rawar jiki da allurar rakodi don duk abubuwan da suka faru ”(Rodríguez, 1977).
Loveaunar da yake yi wa ƙasarsa ta sa shi ya haɓaka ɗayan jigogin da suka fi damuwa da mutanen Mexico tun zamanin Hispanic: mutuwa, amma ba mutuƙar girmamawa ba da tsoro kamar yadda manyan ɗalibai ko Catrinas, da Turawa suka gani. na lokacinsa. Bai wakilci mutuwar bakin ciki da mutuwa ba, amma ya ba da kwanyar su da hotuna dubu ko abubuwa, lalata halaye masu kyau; kwanyar ban dariya wanda mutane suka bayyana da shi cikakke, saboda sun kasance silar sassauci ko ramuwar gayya akan duk abin da ya haifar musu da damuwa.
Babu wani batun da Don Lupe, kamar yadda aka kira Posada cikin ƙauna, ya bar ba tare da kwanyar kansa ba, wanda ya rufe komai da kowa, ba tare da barin 'yar tsana da kai ba, daga masu ƙasƙantar da kai na Mexico har zuwa mafi girman ɗan siyasa a lokacinsa, na hujjoji mafi sauki ga waɗanda suke da mafi saurin magana.
Daga cikin haruffa da yawa da Posada suka haɓaka, akwai, ban da shahararrun kwanyar sa, Iblis da Don Chepito Marihuano; amma akasari mutane masu sauki tare da farin cikinsu da wahala.
“Kamar dai yadda Goya ya sanya a cikin abubuwan da ya rubuta na Caprichos, Yan kallo daga duniyar matsafa don yin sukarsa ta zamantakewa, Posada ya koma wani bangaren rayuwa: mutuwa, don karfafa sukar zamantakewar sa koyaushe tare da barkwanci, wanda ke ba shi damar yi amfani da izgili da almubazzaranci. Abubuwan da aka gani da kuma adadi daga 'bayan' ba komai bane face 'ƙari anan', amma an canza su a cikin duniyar kokon kai da kwarangwal waɗanda ke da cikakkiyar rayuwa… ”(ibit.).
Al'adar kwanyar Mexico, wacce aka fara ta Gabriel Vicente Gahona, ana kiranta "Picheta", ta ci gaba ta ban mamaki kuma ta wuce ta Posada, wanda ya karfafa ta, ta hanyar Mexico, tunanin Turai na da "Maƙarƙashiyar Macabre", wanda ya danganci fasahar mutuƙar kyau. yin aiki tare ta wannan hanyar don ƙaddamar da jin daɗin kirkirar mutane wanda ya jagoranci, ta hanyar larura, don ƙarfafa bukukuwan da aka keɓe ga mamacin.
Wanda ya zana Manuel Manilla yana da bashin kirkirar, a ƙarshen karnin da ya gabata, na kwanya masu dadi wanda ya wadatar da al'adar Ranar Matattu kuma yanzu, wanda aka yi da sukari, cakulan ko farin ciki, tare da idanunsu masu ƙyalli da haske. sunan mamaci a goshin, wakiltar ɗayan manyan alamunsa.
Lokacin da mai zanen Jalisco Gerardo Murillo, wanda ake kira "Doctor Atl", ya rubuta aikinsa Las artes sanannen en México cikin mujalladai biyu a cikin 1921, ya yi biris da maganganun fasaha na bikin Ranar Matattu, da kuma aikin Posada.
Wani ɗan faransan nan Jean Charlot, wanda ya shiga Makarantar Koyon Zane-zane ta Meziko, ana jin daɗin gano zanen mai suna Posada a 1925. Tun daga wannan zuwa gaba, ra'ayin mutane game da mutuwa wanda ke bayyana kansa da hannu, wanda aikinsa ya yi wahayi. Tare da goyon bayan masu zane Diego Rivera da Pablo O'Higgins. A cikin 1930s, tunanin raini na bikin mutu'a ya tashi, watakila ya dogara da ban dariya, raha kuma ba kwalliyar kwankwaso na Posada ba.
Daga cikin mahimman ayyukan da aka zana a kokon kansa akwai: Don Quixote de la Mancha, yana ƙoƙarin daidaita ido ɗaya, yana hawa a cikin wani hanzari na doki akan dokinsa na rocinante, yana haifar da ciwo da mutuwa a yayin farkawarsa. Kokokin kan keke, cikakken izgili ga ci gaban injiniya wanda al'ada ke haifarwa. Tare da Adelita Skull, Maderista Skull da Huertista Skull, ya wakilci jigogin siyasa daban-daban na wancan lokacin, kamar sukar sukar juyin juya halin zubar da jini na 1910.
Kyalli mai ban dariya da ban dariya na Doña Tomasa da Simón el Aguador, wakiltar tsegumin maƙwabta ne. Seriesananan jerin seriesoƙwan Kai na Cupid yana nuna wasu matani ingantattu na Constancio S. Suárez.
La Calavera Catrina, da Calavera del Catrín da Espolón contra navaja suna daga cikin ayyukan da ke da yaɗuwa a duniya baki ɗaya, saboda su ne suka fi kowa wakiltar Posada.
Daga cikin sauran zane-zanen, akwai Gran fandango da francachela de todos las calaveras da Rebumbio de calaveras, waɗanda ke tare da waƙa mai zuwa, sosai daidai da bikin ranar Matattu:
Babban dama don jin daɗi da gaske ya isa, kokunan kanku zasu kasance ƙungiyarsu a cikin pantheon.
Bukukuwan kabarin zasu kwashe tsawan awanni; matattu zasu halarci tare da riguna na musamman.
Tare da hango kawuna da kwarangwal an yi su cikakkun kayan da za'a saka a taron.
Da tara a safiyar hunturu 20 ga Janairu, 1913, a gida babu. 6, a filin bene na Avenida de la Paz (a halin yanzu No. 47 akan Calle del Carmen), yana da shekaru 66 José Guadalupe Posada ya mutu. Saboda talaucin da yake fama da shi, an binne shi a cikin kabari na aji shida a cikin Farar Hula na Dolores.
"... kuma maimakon ya zama Kokon tsibin kamar yadda ya hango, sai ya tashi daga kabari (gama gari) zuwa rashin mutuwa, don sake yin tafiya cikin masalahar duniya: wani lokacin ma da mayafin mayaƙi da hular kwano, wasu kuma tare da burin a hannu yana jiran sababbin abubuwa ”(ibid.).
Source: Mexico da ba a sani ba A'a. 261 / Nuwamba 1998
