Grotesque a cikin bayyanar saboda siffofinsu na ban mamaki, launuka masu ban mamaki da kuma jikin da aka kawata ta kari wanda ya samar da kaho, wutsiyoyi da sauran kayan talla, sune kwari, ba su da alaƙa da yanayin jikinsu amma suna da mahimmanci a tsarin haihuwar butterflies.
Matakai guda huɗu waɗanda suka haɗu da rayuwar malam buɗe ido abin al'ajabi ne na ɗabi'a: kwai, caterpillar, chrysalis, da kuma malam buɗe ido. Daga matakin kwai an sami ƙaramin kwari wanda ke rayuwa don girma da ciyarwa kawai. Daga baya, ana fitar da karamin tsutsa daga fatarsa har sau goma sha biyar, don samar da mafi sassauƙa da girma da zama chrysalis; riga a ciki, kyanwa tana canza fasalinta gaba ɗaya kuma baya girma.
Caterpillars, kamar kowane kwari, suna da kai, ciki da kirji da ƙafa shida, kowannensu ya ƙare da lanƙwasa mai kaifi. Suna amfani da ƙafafunsu don tafiya da riƙe abincinsu; a gefe guda, nau'ikan "kafafun karya", wadanda suka fi na gaskiya girma, da kuma kambin kwalliya, suna da amfani wajen rike ganye da rassa. Jikinsa, ya kasu zuwa zobba, yana da sassa a yankuna uku; cephalic, tare da zobe guda; thoracic, tare da sassa uku, da ciki, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa tara. Bangarorin gaba-gaba suna da ƙafafu, waɗanda ake kira "na gaskiya" saboda su ne za su ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin baligi; Waɗannan ƙa'idodin kayan ɗamara suna tsoma baki a cikin ci gaban kwari kuma suna taimaka masa riƙe abincinsa; sauran suna membranous kuma sun ɓace tare da metamorphosis.
Kusan dukkaninsu an san su da tsutsotsi kuma yana da sauƙi a kiyaye su a cikin 'ya'yan itace, shuke-shuke da cikin ƙasa. Yawancinsu suna haɓaka tare da ko ba tare da kari ba, wasu suna kama da slugs, sauran mealybugs kuma yawancinsu suna da gashi mai yawa. Cikin ya ƙunshi tsokoki, zuciya, ruwa mai mahimmanci da ciki; Shine mafi girman sassan jiki kuma wanda yake saukaka motsi; Gwaninta takwas ko ramuka a kowane gefe suna aiki ne don numfashi. Fatar tana da santsi a wasu nau'in, wasu suna da gajere, gashi mai kyau da kuma dogon gashi, wani lokacin tare da kayoyi masu kaifi wadanda zasu iya dirka da kuma wanda yake kiyaye gubarsu koda bayan sun rabu da jiki. Caterpillar ba shi da idanu masu haɗuwa, kodayake a maimakon haka yana da ocelli shida a kowane gefe wanda ba ya bambanta launuka, amma siffofi da motsi. Kusa da bakin, a cikin sashin gabansa na gaba, wanda aka samar da kumbura biyu masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka daidaita don taunawa.
Jikin kwari, wanda aka yi shi da zobba da yawa, yana ba shi damar girma da faɗaɗa lokacin cin abincinsa. Fatarsa ba ta roba ba ce, idan ya zama karami dole ne ya narkar da shi, har sau goma sha bakwai a duk rayuwarsa, ya danganta da nau'ikan halittar, kuma a wannan zamani guda kawai yake daina cin abinci. Lokacin da kyankyaso ya yi toro sai ya canza aikinsa ya yi ta yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan, wani lokacin ya yi nesa da shukar mai masaukin, saboda yana neman wurin aminci da zai zauna ya canza zuwa ja ko chrysalis. Yana cikin wannan zubi na karshe lokacin da aka killace mutane da yawa a cikin kwalliyar siliki da aka saka tare da kayan kwalliya da gland na siliceous; kokon da ke kewaye da janjan yana kula da danshi kuma yana kiyaye shi daga masu farauta. Wasu kuma, daga samari, suna lulluɓe da alharini, kamar waɗanda ba sa kulawa da ke mamaye gida don kare kansu daga mahalli; kuma har ila yau wasu suna haɗi da zanen gado da yawa tare da zaren siliki.
LIVE KAWAI A CI
Da farko mace malam buɗe ido tana da hangen nesa kuma koyaushe tana zaɓar tsire-tsire mai gina jiki don saka ƙwayayenta a ciki, saboda yawancin kwari suna iya cin nau'in shuka ɗaya ko biyu ne kawai; don haka, tsutsa a lokacin haihuwa zasu sami abinci a kusa kuma zasu fara cin abinci da sauri. Aikin farko da jariri yayi shine ya cinye bawon kwan don fadada ramin kuma ya iya fitowa; Ta wannan hanyar tana samun ƙarfi don neman abinci, saboda a duk tsawon rayuwarta ɓarnar kawai tana tarawa kuma tana cin ganye, harbe-harbe, 'ya'yan itace, furanni, itace, fatu, yadudduka, ragowar ƙwai da ma waɗanda suka haifa. . Yawancin kwari suna zaune su kaɗai a kan tsirrai na abinci na musamman ga kowane jinsi, wasu ne kawai ke iya cin tsire-tsire da yawa.
Ba kamar malam buɗe ido ba, kwari koyaushe mai cuwa-cuwa ne, yana da kayan aiki da kyau kuma bakinta mai tsagewa yana ba shi damar cinye ganye ta gefen, tare da maƙwabta biyu masu ƙarfi da muƙamuƙi suna taimakawa wajen taunawa. Babban rashin ingancinsa na iya juya shi zuwa kwari wanda ke saurin lalata ganye, albarkatu da lambuna, kodayake akwai speciesan jinsin da ke da wannan ikon lalata su. Bayan sun ci abinci, galibi suna ɓoyewa a ƙasan ganye, a cikin bawon katako, a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, ko neman mafaka a ƙasa. Waɗanda ke zaune cikin ƙungiyoyi ƙananan ƙanana ne kuma suna zama masu cin gashin kansu lokacin da suka balaga, yayin da wasu ke zamantakewa cikin rayuwarsu. Masana ilimin halittu sun lura cewa wannan al'umar ta wucin gadi tana da nasaba ne da cewa a yarintasu suna fuskantar harin tsuntsaye da sauran makiya; hatsarin yana raguwa yayin da suke girma, yayin da manyan kayan aikinsu ke ba su mummunan yanayi, suna sa guba da ɗanɗano mara daɗi, ko kuma sun rikice da yanayin su.
Hadarin ya kasance na kullun ne, kamar yadda tsuntsaye, kadangaru, kwadi, gizo-gizo, wasps da dabbobi da yawa, na iya zama abokan gaba. Kodayake tsuntsaye sune mafi yawan ambaton su, amma ba sune manyan masu kashe mutane ba, tunda arachnids da coleopterans suna haifar musu da mummunan lahani, musamman kwari masu ƙarancin jini da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Wasu kwari suna sanya kwayayensu a cikin kwarin kuma su bar shi ya zauna a daji, wasu kuma su gurgunta shi su tafi da shi zuwa maboyarsu don su ci gaba da jikinsu sabo da abinci a matsayin tsutsa, kuma da yawa daga cikin kwari masu yawa suna kamuwa da cutar fungi.
BAYANAN KARANTAKA NA SUBTLE
Caterpillars sun zama larvae masu ban sha'awa waɗanda basa son ci, kuma saboda wannan suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban. Yayin da suke kyankyashe dole ne su kare kansu: wasu suna ciyarwa a cikin dare da ɓoyewa da rana, wasu kuma suna wasa manyan idanu na jabu akan ɓangaren sama don ƙirƙirar mummunan yanayi da tsoratar da masu yuwuwar cin nasara. Da yake ba za su iya guduwa don tserewa daga abokan gaba ba, sai suka dauki nau'ikan kariya daban-daban: suna fitar da wari mai kyawu, suna sakin sinadarin ruwa mai guba ko kuma suna gabatar da kahonin da aka rufe da abubuwa marasa kyau. Caterpillars da aka lulluɓe da gashi masu harbawa abu ne na yau da kullun, kamar waɗanda ake kira "scourgers" na tsakiyar Mexico.
Suna yin duk fasahohin kamun kafa: jinsunan da ke rayuwa a cikin ganyayyaki suna da sautunan kore, kuma waɗanda ke yawan zuwa rassa ko kuma kututture launin ruwan kasa ne; wasu ana haife su da launi kuma suna canzawa yayin da suke girma.
Koyaya, mafi girman sauyawa don gujewa gano su shine su kasance masu hankali kuma su kasance marasa motsi don kada a lura dasu. Sun dogara da kwaikwayon rayuwa don tsira, suna yaudarar maƙiyansu da sutturar da ke sanya su da banbanci, suna kama da ganyaye, iri, mai tushe, ƙayayuwa har ma da tsutsar tsuntsaye, kamar kwarkwata na manyan Papilio butterflies. Wadanda aka kiyaye su ta hanyar haruffan kwaikwayo ba a boye suke ba, ko kuma suna yin hakan a wani sashi: wasu suna da zane wanda ya "karya" layin jiki don ya fi kyau suturta kansu, kuma akwai wadanda suke suturta kansu don su yi kama da bawon itace, shara ko reshe, galibi kadan kyawawa azaman abinci.
Baya ga kayan aiki, caterpillars suna da wasu abubuwa na kariya, kamar gabobi masu kamshi da kuma maganganun waje wadanda ke tsoratar da abokan gaba, kamar kwarkwata wadanda ake samarwa da dogayen dogayen fuka-fukai ko na gefe, wadanda wasu lokuta suke da yawa kuma da girma har suka maida su ainihin dodanni. Wasu, kamar masarauta, suna ciyar da shuke-shuke da abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ba sa cutar da su, amma suna sa su ɗanɗana daɗi; don haka, tsuntsayen da ke cinsu suna shan azaba mai ban haushi kuma ba da daɗewa ba za su koya girmama su. Yawancin caterpillars masu ɗanɗano marasa kyau kuma suna nuna launuka masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ake kira “launuka masu faɗakarwa,” waɗanda ke nisanta abokan gaba; hanya ce ta nuna cewa sun dandana dadi ko kuma suna da guba. Wasu, yayin fuskantar haɗari, sun bar kansu sun faɗi, suna rataye da igiya, don daga baya hawa zuwa mafakarsu.
Caterpillars suna rayuwa cikin haɗari koyaushe: abinci ne ga dabbobi da yawa kuma saboda haka dole ne su sami isasshen abinci don tara kuzari, kiyaye kan masu farauta da tsira daga mummunan yanayi; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a duk matakan su ana fama da guba iri daban-daban, wanda ya shafi mutanen su sosai.
A bangare mai fa'ida, ƙwai, caterpillars, pupae da butterflies suna wakiltar tushen abinci mai maye gurbin namun daji. A gefe guda kuma, suna cika aikin tsabtace muhalli na daidaita yanayinsu na asali, saboda bi da bi suna cinye sauran kwari, aphids, aphids, crickets, tururuwa da ƙananan kwari, waɗanda ke zama cutarwa ko zama kwari.
ABIN MAMAKI
Caterpillar na rayuwa tsawon watanni, ban da wanda tsawon rayuwar ya wuce shekara guda; Don wannan, yana buƙatar zubar da fatarsa sau da yawa kamar yadda ci gabanta ke buƙata, kuma gwargwadon abinci mai yalwa, yana iya zama chrysalis da sauri. Alamomin farko na wannan canjin da zasu kusanto shine cikakken azumi, wanda zai baka damar tsabtace ciki; a lokaci guda, tare da tsananin natsuwa yana ta yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan, har sai ya sami wurin da ya dace ya bi kuma aiwatar da canji. Bayan haka, a cikin kwakwa, canji na hankali yana ci gaba. Wata rana, a ƙarshe, yana hangowa ya fito, yanzu ya zama kyakkyawar malam buɗe ido: muhimmin kwari a cikin ƙirar rayuwa fiye da shekaru miliyan 50.
Duk da komai, a yau rayuwar namun daji tana cikin haɗari kuma mun sani cewa lokacin da dabba ko tsiro suka ɓace zai kasance har abada. Gurbatawa yana damuwa da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, gobara, albarkatun gona, kayayyakin mai guba, gine-gine, da ƙididdigar mutane. Dole ne mu hana jinsin kwari da malam buɗe ido ɓacewa, tun daga farkon zamani ana jin daɗin su saboda ƙazamar tashi da kyawun su, kuma sun kasance ɓangare na al'adu, fasaha da ilimin mutane marasa adadi, waɗanda suka sassaka su, fentin kuma an haɗa shi cikin labarai, shayari da raye-raye. Malam buɗe baki shine abin al'ajabi wanda yake ƙara kyawun gani da ban mamaki ga duniyarmu, kuma tasirinsa ya kasance alama mai canza rayuwa cikin tarihin ɗan adam.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 276 / Fabrairu 2000
