Tsohuwar gidan zuhutun Augustiniya na San Nicolás de Tolentino de Actopan ita ce mafi mahimmin abin tarihi a jihar Hidalgo. Kun san shi?
Daga tsarin gine-gine da hoto, da tsohon gidan zuhudu na San Nicolás de Tolentino Ya zama ɗayan manyan misalai na fasahar New Spain ta ƙarni na 16, wanda aka ayyana ta a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi da ofa'idar Kasa, ta hanyar Dokar Fabrairu 2, 1933 da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar ta bayar. Tushen ginin gidan zuhudun ya fara ne daga 1546, kodayake an sanya shi bisa doka shekara biyu daga baya, mai martaba Fray Alonso de la Veracruz ya kasance lardin umarni kuma a lokacin babi da jama'ar Augustiniya suka yi bikin a garin Mexico.
A cewar George Kubler, an yi ginin ne tsakanin 1550 da 1570. Marubucin tarihin 'yan Agustina a New Spain, Fray Juan de Grijalva, ya danganta jagorancin aikin ga Fray Andrés de Mata, shi ma wanda ya gina gidan maƙwabtan Ixmiquilpan ( wurin da ya mutu a 1574).
An yi ta jita-jita da yawa game da aikin ginin wannan friar, amma har sai akasin haka ya tabbata, dole ne mu ba shi cancantar yin wannan kyakkyawan ginin, inda siffofin gine-gine masu nau'ikan daban-daban suke haɗe da keɓaɓɓiyar ƙawa. Don haka, a cikin kayan aiki na Actopan ana iya nuna godiya ga haɗin Gothic tare da Renaissance; a cikin haikalin haikalinta, haƙarƙarin Gothic da rabin ganga na Romanesque; hasumiyarta ta kararrawa, tare da alamar ƙimar Moorish; murfin ta, a cewar Toussaint, "na Plateresque ne na musamman"; Zanen zane-zane irin na Renaissance ya kawata bangarorinsa da yawa, kuma bude ɗakin sujada tare da sanya babbar ganga rabinsa yana kuma nuna zane-zanen bango na daidaitattun al'amuran addini.
Martín de Acevedo wani friar ne, mai yiwuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da tarihin ginin gidan zuhudu. Ya kasance a kusan 1600 kuma hotonsa yana zaune a sanannen wuri a ƙasa da babban matakala, kusa da ayyukan Pedro lxcuincuitlapilco da Juan lnica Atocpan, shugabannin garuruwan lxcuincuitlapilco da Actopan bi da bi. Dangane da kasancewar Fray Martín a wannan wurin, mai zanen gidan Luis Mac Gregor ya ɗaga yiwuwar cewa shi ne ya ba da umarnin a zana bango da rumbuna da aiwatar da ayyuka da sauye-sauye a cikin kadarorin.
Bayanai kawai da sanannun kwanan wata aka sani game da tarihin gidan zuhudu. An ba da izini a ranar Nuwamba 16, 1750, babban firist ɗinta shi ne limami Juan de la Barreda. Tare da aiwatar da Dokokin gyarawa ya sha wahala yankewa da amfani iri-iri. An raba babban lambuna da atrium ɗinsa zuwa manyan tubala huɗu kuma an siyar da shi ga yan kasuwa daban-daban daga garin Actopan na lokacin; Makamancin hakan ya faru ne a bude kofar dakin sujada a lokacin da aka raba shi da Mista Carlos Mayorga a shekara ta 1873 daga shugaban baitul malin na jihar Hidalgo a cikin adadin pesos 369.
Daga cikin fa'idodi daban-daban na tsohuwar gidan zuhudu akwai: gidan al'adu, asibiti, bariki da makarantun firamare da Normal Rural del Mexe tare da haɗaɗɗiyar makarantar kwana. Wannan rukuni na ƙarshe ya mamaye shi har zuwa Yuni 27, 1933, lokacin da ginin ya shiga hannun Directorate of Colonial Monuments da Republic, cibiyar da tare da kadarorin za su kasance ƙarƙashin INAH a cikin 1939, shekarar da ta kasance kafa Cibiyar. Effortsoƙarin farko don kiyaye ginin ya dace da wannan lokacin. Tsakanin 1933 da 1934 mai zanan gidan Luis Mac Gregor ya inganta bakunan manyan kayan kwalliya kuma ya cire duk wasu abubuwan kari da aka yi amfani dasu don daidaita sararin samaniya da bukatun dakunan daban-daban. Ya ci gaba tare da cire manyan lemukan lemun tsami wanda ya rufe zanen bangon, aikin da aka fara a kusan 1927 a cikin matakalar mai zane Roberto Montenegro. A halin yanzu haikalin kawai ana rufe shi da zane-zane daga farkon wannan karni, kuma cikin haƙuri yana jiran dawo da kayan ado na asali.
Bayan ayyukan Mac Gregor, haikalin da tsohon gidan zuhudun na Actopan ba su da wani kulawa, kiyayewa da maidowa kamar wanda aka ɗauka - daga Disamba 1992 zuwa Afrilu 1994- ta Cibiyar INAH Hidalgo da Coungiyar Kula da Tarihi ta Nationalasa. Tsakanin tsoma baki daya da kuma wani - kimanin shekaru 50 - kananan ayyuka ne kawai aka gudanar a wasu wurare na musamman (ban da maido da zanen bangon majami'ar da aka bude tsakanin 1977 da 1979), ba tare da tallafin wani babban aikin kiyayewa da dawo da tsarin gine-ginenta da zane-zane.
Kodayake ginin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsari - ba tare da matsaloli masu tsanani da ke jefa mutuncinsa cikin haɗari ba, rashin wadataccen kulawa ya haifar da mummunan lalacewa wanda ya ba shi bayyanar da watsi gaba ɗaya. A saboda wannan dalili, ayyukan da INAH ta tsara, waɗanda aka gudanar a cikin watanni 17 na ƙarshe, an yi niyya ne don ƙarfafa tsarinta da ɗaukar matakan da za su taimaka wajen dawo da kasancewarta da ba da damar kiyaye ƙimomin filastik. Ayyukan sun fara ne a cikin watan da ya gabata na 1992 tare da tsari na goyan bayan kararrawa. A watan Fabrairu na shekara mai zuwa, an tsoma baki a cikin cocin da kuma buɗe ɗakin sujada, tare da cirewa da mayar da manyan lamuranta guda uku na sutura ko ɓarna, da kuma allura na ɓarkewar gida a wuraren biyu. Anyi wani abu makamancin haka a kan rufin tsohuwar gidan zuhudun. A cikin baranda na gabas da yamma, an maye gurbin katako da allon don filayen. Hakanan, an gyara gangaren don fitarwa mai kyau daga ruwan sama. Hakanan an halarci bangon da aka shimfida na hasumiyar kararrawa, garitones, buɗe ɗakin sujada, shinge kewaye da facades na tsohuwar gidan zuhudun, an kammala tare da amfani da fenti na farar lemun tsami. Hakanan, an sake sake hawa hawa na hawa biyu na ginin, tare da kammalawa kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin ramin hakowa.
An rufe farfajiyar dakin cin abinci da duwatsu kuma aka dawo da magudanan ruwa na mulkin mallaka wanda ya haifar da gonar ruwan sama mai zuwa daga wani ɓangare na taskar cocin da rufin tsohuwar gidan zuhudun. Amfani da ruwan sama a wurare masu bushe-bushe (kamar yankin Actopan) ya zama ainihin larura, saboda haka 'yan Augustinia suka kirkiro da wata cikakkiyar hanyar ruwa don kamawa da adana mahimmin ruwa ga majami'unsu. A ƙarshe, bayyanar lambun ta kasance mai mutunci ta hanyar yawo, da kuma tsakiyar inda aka tsara shi don kafa lambun tsirrai tare da fure irin na yankin.
Ayyukan dalla-dalla sun kasance da yawa, amma za mu ambaci waɗanda suka fi fice: daga bayanan da aka samo ta hanyar kwalliya, an sake dawo da matattarar ma'adinan gidan antechoir zuwa ainihin inda suke; Takaddun hannu da matakan isa ga hanyar binciken sun ƙone, har da balustrades a wannan yankin da waɗanda ke kan tudun kudu; An sauya kayan kwalliyar kwalliya don dakatar da kwararar ruwan sama a bangon, kokarin hana yashewar gidajen da dakatar da yaduwar fungi da lichens. A gefe guda kuma, an gudanar da aiki a kan kiyaye 1,541 m2 na bango na asali da zane zane daga ƙarni na 16 da 18, ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga ɗakunan da ke adana zane-zanen manyan fasaha da jigo: sacristy, ɗakin babi, refectory , dakin zurfafawa, mashigar mahajjata, matakalar bene da kuma bude dakin sujada. Wannan aikin ya kunshi ƙarfafa fulotin tallafi na fenti, tsabtace hannu da na inji, kawar da jiyya na baya, da maye gurbin faci da filastar a falo na asali da wuraren da aka kawata.
Ayyukan da aka gudanar bi da bi sun samar da bayanai wanda ya ba da ƙarin bayani game da tsarin gine-ginen tsohuwar gidan zuhudu, yana ba da damar ceton wasu abubuwa da wuraren asali. Zamu ambaci misalai guda biyu ne kawai: na farko shine lokacin da ake yin kwalliya don mayar da benaye, an sami farin bene mai ƙone (a bayyane daga ƙarni na 16) a mahadar ɗayan motar ɗaukar kaya tare da antechoir. Wannan ya ba da jagora don sake dawowa-a matsayinsu da kuma halayen asali - benaye na kayan ciki na ciki uku na babban rufin sama, samun wutar lantarki mafi girma da haɗin chromatic na benaye, bango da rumbuna. Na biyu shine tsarin tsabtace bangon kicin, wanda ya bayyana ragowar zane-zanen bango wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na kan iyaka mai faɗi tare da maganganu masu banƙyama, wanda tabbas ya gudana a dukkan ɓangarorin huɗu na wannan yankin.
Ayyukan da aka yi a cikin tsohuwar majami'ar ta Actopan an gudanar da su a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sabuntawa dangane da ƙa'idodin da ke kan batun, kuma daga bayanai da hanyoyin fasahar da abin tunawa ke bayarwa kanta. Muhimmin aiki kuma cikakke na kiyaye kadarorin ya kasance mai kula da gine-gine da kuma maido da ma'aikatan Cibiyar INAH Hidalgo, tare da kula da ƙa'idoji na Coungiyar Tarihin Tarihi na andasa da Maido da Al'adun Al'adu na Cibiyar.
Ba tare da la'akari da nasarorin da aka samu a kiyaye tsohuwar gidan zuhudu na Actopan ba, INAH ta farfado da aikin da ba ta aiwatar ba tsawon shekaru: maido da albarkatun ɗan adam na abubuwan tarihin da ke ƙarƙashinta. Capacityarfin aiki da ƙwarewar ƙwararrun rukunin gine-ginen da maidowa sun ba da kyakkyawan sakamako, kuma a matsayin misali, kawai kalli aikin da aka gudanar a tsohuwar gidan zuhudun San Nicolás de Tolentino de Actopan, Hidalgo.
