A cikin ƙanana, babba, busasshe da gandun daji na Meziko akwai ƙungiyoyin dabbobin zamantakewar kamar su tururuwa, tururuwa ko wasps da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, a kan rassa ko bishiyar bishiya; jinsuna ne wadanda suka dace da zama na musamman.
Duniya ce da ke da yawan jama'a a kowane mataki, inda muhallin ke kafa tsauraran yanayi, gasa tayi tsauri, miliyoyin dabbobi da tsirrai suna rayuwa tare, kuma alaƙar alaƙa da dabarun rayuwa suna ci gaba har zuwa haifar da nau'ikan rayuwa daban-daban. A cikin ƙanana, babba, busasshe da gandun daji na Meziko akwai ƙungiyoyin dabbobin zamantakewar jama'a kamar su tururuwa, tururuwa ko wasps da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, a kan rassa ko a cikin kututturan itace; jinsuna ne wadanda suka dace da zama na musamman. Duniya ce da ke da yawan jama'a a kowane mataki, inda muhallin ke kafa tsauraran yanayi, gasa tayi tsauri, miliyoyin dabbobi da shuke-shuke suna rayuwa tare, kuma alaƙar alaƙa da dabarun rayuwa suna ci gaba har zuwa haifar da nau'ikan rayuwa.
A cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda a yau kawai suka rage ƙasa da 5% na duniyar, kusan rabin nau'in da aka bayyana suna rayuwa; yanayin zafi da zafi mai ɗumi suna haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin halittu don kusan komai ya wanzu. Anan, komai yana tallafawa tsarin rayuwa kuma yana ƙunshe da mafi girman tarin nau'ikan halittu a duniya.
DOMIN KAYAN KWARAI
A cikin Mexico kungiyoyin kwari sun bunkasa cewa yayin da suka fi kwarewa sosai game da rarraba ayyukansu, suka kasu kashi uku: masu haihuwa, ma'aikata da sojoji, kowannensu ya sadaukar da kansa don dorewar jinsin, karewa da neman abinci. Anyi nazarin halaye na waɗannan alumomin da yawan ma'amala ta halitta akan matakin juyin halitta, kamar waɗanda jinsi ɗaya ke amfanar su, duka suna samun fa'ida ko kuma sun dogara da juna. Don haka, haɗin kai ko kyakkyawar dangantaka mara kyau suna ba da lada a cikin dogon lokaci kuma suna da mahimmanci ga juyin halittar jinsuna da daidaita yanayin. A nan ana haɓaka alaƙar gama gari kuma a cikin fiye da rabin ƙasar ana iya samun farin cikin zama tare; a matsayin misali wani tsiro ne wanda aka rufe shi da ƙayoyi kuma dubban tururuwa ke kiyaye shi.
Ourasarmu tana haɗuwa kuma tana da nau'ikan itaciya da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa mai rikitarwa tare da tururuwa. Acacia, ergot ko ƙahon bijimin (Acacia cornigera) yana tsirowa a cikin dazuzzuka, shrub mai tsayin mita biyar kuma an rufe shi da dogayen raƙuman daji, inda jajayen tururuwa daga ɗaya zuwa 1.5 cm suke rayuwa, mazaunan yankuna daban-daban suna ɗaukarta masu cin nama. . A cikin wannan kyakkyawar alaƙar tsakanin tsire-tsire da tururuwa (Pseudomyrmex ferrugunea), duk spines suna da mulkin mallaka wanda yake da ƙofar shiga bakin ƙirar kuma cikin ciki wanda matsakaitan larvae 30 da ma'aikata 15 ke zaune. Wannan tsiron mai ƙaya daga Meziko da Amurka ta Tsakiya yana ba da abinci da wurin kwana, kuma tururuwa suna ba da kayan aikin tsaro mai kyau.
IDAN HAR KWADAYI NE
Ba duk acacia bane (Acacia spp.), Wanda yawansu yakai nau'ikan 700 a cikin yankuna masu zafi, sun dogara da wadannan kwari, kuma suma fiye da nau'in 180 na tururuwa (Pseudomyrmex spp.) A duniya sun dogara da su. 'Yan tururuwa kaɗan sun nuna ikon kawar da waɗanda suka mallaki sarari. Wasu nau'ikan da ke dauke da wadannan layukan ba za su iya zama a wani wuri ba: A. cornigera, mai santsi da fari zuwa launin ruwan kasa, ya dogara da tururuwa P. ferrugunea, wanda ke kiyaye ta, tunda tun shekaru aru-aru sun samu ci gaba a cikin wani yanayi na tunani kuma yanzu waɗannan tururuwa sun gaji jigilar kwayoyin "masu kariya" Hakanan, duk al'ummomi an tsara su cikin rukunin yanar gizon abinci dangane da wanda ya ci wane.
Acacia tana samar da ganye duk tsawon shekara, koda a lokacin rani, lokacin da wasu shuke-shuke suka rasa mafi yawan ganyensu. Don haka tururuwa ke da wadataccen abinci saboda haka suna sintiri a cikin rassan, don afkawa duk wani ƙwarin da ya kusanci yankin su, kuma da shi suke ciyar da younga youngan su. Suna kuma cizon abin da ya sadu da "tsire-tsirensu", suna lalata iri da ciyawar da ke kusa da tushe ta yadda babu wanda zai yi gasa game da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki, saboda haka acacia tana da sarari kusan babu ciyayi kuma maharan suna da damar zuwa tushe kawai. babba, inda masu kare su da sauri suka kangareshi na gaba. Tsarin tsaro ne mai rai.
A cikin bayanan da aka yi akan bishiyoyin acacia (Acacia collinsii) na mita biyar waɗanda ke girma a cikin makiyaya da ƙasashe masu rikicewa na Amurka ta Tsakiya, mulkin mallaka yana da ma'aikata dubu 15. A can wani masani, Dokta Janzen, ya yi nazarin wannan haɓakar haɗin gwiwa dalla-dalla tun daga 1966 kuma yana nuna yiwuwar cewa zaɓin jinsin wani ɓangare ne na dangantaka mai fa'ida. Mai binciken ya nuna cewa idan aka kawar da tururuwa, daji mai saurin kai hari ne ta hanyar kwari mai lalata shi ko kuma wasu tsirrai sun shafa shi, yana girma a hankali har ma ana iya kashe shi; haka nan, inuwar ciyawar da ke fafatawa tana iya sauya shi a cikin shekara guda. A cewar masanan ilimin halittu, wannan nau’in spiny a bayyane yake ya rasa - ko bai taɓa kasancewa ba - kariya ta sinadarai kan ciyawar ciyawar dajinmu.
Lokacin da kumbura da dogon spines suka kai ga balaga, za su iya auna tsakanin santimita biyar zuwa goma a tsayi, kuma daga taushi ana yi musu alama a daidai wurin da kawai hanyar shiga ciki za a gina; tururuwa huda su kuma shiga cikin abin da zai zama gidansu har abada; suna zaune a ciki, suna kula da tsutsa kuma suna yawan fita don yawo bishiyar su. A sakamakon haka, sun sami tushen farko na furotin da kitse daga rubutattun ƙasidu, waɗanda ake kira jikin Belt ko Beltian, waɗanda suke kamar “fruitsa fruitsan itace” na mil uku zuwa biyar na launi mai launi ja, wanda yake a saman ganye; Hakanan sun dogara ga wani abu mai ɗanɗano da manyan glandon glandon ke samarwa a gindin rassan.
KARYA MAI TSANANI
Babu wanda zai iya taɓa wannan tsiron, kawai wasu tsuntsaye ne kamar su kalan alawa da andan cirawar suna gina gida kuma suna yin kwan su; tururuwa a hankali suna haƙuri da waɗannan masu haya. Amma kin amincewarsa da sauran dabbobin ba zai tafi ba. Wata safiyar ranar bazara na hango wani abu wanda ba safai ake gani ba a arewacin jihar Veracruz, lokacin da wani babban bakin dako ya zo ya dauki zumar da ake ajiyewa a gindin reshe, ya shanye ta, amma a cikin 'yan dakiku kaɗan jajayen mayaƙa sun fito don kare abincin ta; dodo, sau da yawa ya fi girma, ya buge su kuma ya tashi ba tare da cutarwa ba. Ana iya maimaita wannan aikin sau da yawa a rana kuma irin wannan yana faruwa tare da wasu kwari, wanda yawanci galibi a cikin wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kusan kusan duk Mexico.
A cikin duniyar halitta, tsirrai da dabbobi suna haɓaka alaƙar rayuwa mai rikitarwa waɗanda suka haifar da sifofin rayuwa marasa iyaka. Tsirarun halittu sun samo asali ta wannan hanyar a tsararraki da yawa. A yau, lokaci na kurewa ga kowa da kowa, kowace kwayar halitta wacce ta samu karbuwa ga muhalli tana fama da mummunan sakamako da dindindin: bacewar halittu. Kowace rana bayanan ɓoyayyen bayanan gado suna ɓacewa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu amfani a gare mu, yayin da muke ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da saurin canje-canjen muhalli don gujewa ɓarwarmu.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 337 / Maris 2005
