A cikin wannan labarin, marubucin, Anatole Pohorilenko, ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai da sirrin sassakokin da masu fasahar Olmec suka kirkira ta idanun Piedra Mojada, wani matashin mai sana'ar sassaka ...
A ranar da ake ruwan sama a farkon rabin karni na 8 BC, Obsidian Eye, ƙwararren mai sassaka babbar cibiyar bikin Sayarwayanke shawarar cewa lokacin ya zo don koyarwa Rigar dutse, dansa mai shekaru goma sha hudu, wata sabuwar dabarar sassaka: yankan dutse mai wuya ta hanyar sara shi.
A zaman wani ɓangare na rukunin zamantakewar al'umma, shahararrun masu sassaka La Venta ya faɗi sama da tsaunukan Smoky zuwa yamma. A cikin La Venta, al'adar yin aiki da dutse, musamman ma fita daga waje, ana kishi da kishi kuma an mai da hankali daga uba zuwa ɗa. Masu sassaka Olmec ne kaɗai, aka ce, sun sanya dutse baƙin ciki.
Tsawon watanni mahaifinsa ya koyar da Wet Stone yadda ake gano duwatsu daban-daban dangane da launi da taurin. Ya riga ya san yadda ake kiran suna jade, quartz, stealite, obsidian, hematite, da kuma dutsen lu'ulu'u. Kodayake dukansu suna da irin wannan shuɗin kore, yaron ya riga ya iya rarrabe fita daga maciji, wanda shine dutsen mai laushi. Dutse da ya fi so shi ne ja saboda shi ne mafi wuya, mafi bayyane kuma ya ba da launuka daban-daban da ban mamaki, musamman zurfin ruwa mai shuɗi da avocado kore-rawaya.
Jade an dauke shi da matukar daraja, saboda an kawo shi daga tushe masu nisa da na sirri cikin tsada mai yawa, kuma da shi aka yi kayan adon gargajiya da na addini.
Mahaifin wani aboki nasa ya ɗauki waɗannan duwatsu masu daraja, kuma galibi baya nan don watanni da yawa.
Muhimmancin zubda ruwa akan dutse
Saboda kasancewar sa sau da yawa a cikin bitar, Piedra Mojada ya iya lura da cewa fasaha ta sassaka mai kyau ta ƙunshi ikon gani, kafin fara aikin, sassakar da aka gama, domin, kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya ce, fasahar sassakawa ta ƙunshi cirewa yadudduka na dutse don bayyana hoton da ke ɓoye a can. Da zarar an tsaga daga shingen ta hanyar bugawa, an zaɓi dutsen da aka zaba tare da kayan aiki don ba shi sifa ta farko, har yanzu yana da rauni. Bayan haka, tare da ko ba tare da abrasives ba, ya danganta da dutsen, an goge shi da ƙasa mai tauri kuma an shirya shi don karɓar ƙirar da ƙwararren maƙerin ya zana ta da kayan aiki mai ma'adini. Daga baya, ta amfani da baka mai katako tare da igiyar zaren zare wanda aka lulluɓe da yashi mai kyau ko hoda na yadi, mafi girman ɓangaren abin da zai zama sassaka ɗin an fara fara sarowa, yankakken, hudawa da gogewa, wanda, a cikin mafi yawan na sassan Olmec, sai ya zama yanki ne inda hancin hanci ya ta'allaka kan leben sama da ke sama, wanda ke bayyana wata kogon baki. A cewar Ojo de Obsidiana, yana da matukar mahimmanci a zuba ruwa a yankin da za a yanka, in ba haka ba dutsen zai yi zafi kuma zai iya fasawa. A wannan lokacin, Wet Stone ya fahimci ainihin ma'anar sunansa.
An yi ramuka kamar na bakin ta amfani da naushi na ɓoye wanda sassaƙa ya juya da baka ko kuma ta hanyar shafa hannuwansa. Postsananan ginshiƙan sandal waɗanda suka haifar da lalacewa kuma an daidaita yanayin. Tare da ƙwanƙwasa naushi wanda zai iya zama na dutse mai ƙarfi, ƙashi ko itace sun yi ramuka masu kyau na lobes da septum; a lokuta da yawa, ana yin ramuka a bayan yanki don su sami damar rataye shi. An yi zane-zane na sakandare kamar zoben da aka zana a kusa da bakin ko a gaban kunnuwa da kyakkyawar ma'anar ma'adini ta hannu da tabbaci kuma cikin aminci. Don bashi haske, an sake goge kayan tarihin akai-akai, ko dai da itace, dutse ko fata, kamar sandpaper. Tunda duwatsu daban-daban suna da digiri na haske daban-daban, an yi amfani da zaren mai daga wasu tsirrai, tare da ƙudan zuma da ƙoshin jemage. A lokuta da yawa Piedra Mojada ya ji mahaifinsa ya gargaɗi sauran masu sassaka a cikin bitar cewa duk abubuwan da ake gani na sassaka, musamman ma gatura masu zaɓe saboda yanayin kifin su, ya kamata su gudana cikin jituwa, tare da motsin kansu, suna motsawa bayan haske, sami babban bakin da ban tsoro.
Mako guda bayan haka, yayin da suke komawa gida, Piedra Mojada ya yi wa mahaifinsa sharhi cewa kasancewa mai sassaka, kodayake yana da matukar wahala, yana da matukar farin ciki saboda hakan yana haifar da babban ilimin dutse: matsin lambar da za a yi aiki da shi, yanayin mutum wanda ya amsa goge, Matsayin zafin da kowannensu ya jimre, da sauran bayanai waɗanda kawai aka bayyana su tare da shekaru na kusancin mu'amala. Amma abin da ya dame shi bai san addinin Olmec ba, wanda, a ganinsa, ya ba da rai ga waɗannan duwatsu. Don kwantar masa da hankali, mahaifinsa ya amsa cewa daidai ne a gare shi ya damu da hakan, kuma ya ce duk siffofin da aka bayyana gaskiyar Olmec, na bayyane da wadanda ba a gani, an hade su zuwa hotuna masu mahimmanci guda uku wadanda suke a bayyane kuma bayyane.
Hotuna guda uku masu mahimmanci na siffofin Olmec
Hoton farko, mai yiwuwa mafi tsufa, shi ne na saurian, ƙwararren ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙirar zuomorph, wanda an wakilta azaman kadangare mai ɗaurin ido, daddaɗɗiyar murabba'i mai duban ido ko ido mai siffar "L" da alamar "V" a kai. Ba shi da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, amma lebensa na sama koyaushe yana juye sama yana bayyana haƙoranta masu ɓoyayyuwa kuma wani lokacin haƙori na shark. Abu mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa galibi ana wakiltar ƙafafunsu kamar su hannayen mutane ne tare da yatsunsu a bayyane. A baya, kansa a cikin bayanan martaba yana tare da alamomin kamar sandunan da aka ƙetare, kagaggun littattafai ko hannaye tare da yatsun da ke gefe. A yau, muna adana kayayyakin tarihi kaɗan daga wannan hoton. Kasancewarsa a cikin babban mutum-mutumi sassaka yana faruwa galibi cikin tufafin fuskar jariri da kuma cikin rukunin sama na "bagadai".
Fuskar jariri, ko "fuskar yaro," ita ce siffa ta asali ta biyu ta fasahar Olmec. Kamar yadda tsufa ya kasance kamar zuƙoƙƙen zuriya; Fuskar jariri, a mahangar masu sassaka, ya fi wahalar samu saboda al'ada tana buƙatar mu yi ta daga tsarin rayuwa, kasancewar waɗannan mutane tsarkakakku ne a cikin addininmu kuma yana da mahimmanci a zahiri kame dukkan abubuwan da suka haifa: manyan kawuna. , idanu masu kamannin almond, muƙamuƙai, doguwar gangar jiki, da gajeru, gaɓɓuwa masu kauri. Kodayake dukkansu suna kama da juna, amma suna nuna bambancin ra'ayi na zahiri. Portaramin girma, mun sassaka fuskokinsu cikin masks, da kuma cikakkun mutane a tsaye ko waɗanda ke zaune. Wadanda suke tsaye gaba daya kawai suna sanya kayan ado ne kuma suna da halaye, ban da siffofinsu na musamman, ta yadda suke durkusar da gwiwowinsu. Waɗanda suke zaune galibi suna da adon tufafi na al'ada. A matsayin abubuwan tarihi, fuskokin jariri an sassaka su cikin manyan kawuna kuma suna ado da mutane zaune.
Hoton na uku, wanda muke aiki mafi yawa, shine hoto mai haɗaka abubuwa na zoomorph na reptiliankamar su "V" tsattsage da girare ko ƙusoshi tare da jikin fuskar jariri. Abin da ya banbanta wannan hoton da sauran shi shi ne fadin hancin da yake kan lebban sama ya juya zuwa sama. Kamar yadda yake a wasu hotuna masu rarrafe, wannan mahaɗan ɗan adam wani lokaci yakan sanya sanduna biyu a tsaye waɗanda ke gudana daga hancinsu zuwa ƙasan leɓan da aka juya. Wannan adadi na al'ada, wanda aka sassaka sau da yawa a girma, na girman ɗawainiyar ɗawainiya, sau da yawa yana ɗauke da tocila ko "mitten". "Yaron" ne wanda ya bayyana a hannun fuskokin jariri kuma, a matsayin saurayi ko saurayi, suna zaune a kogo. A cikin cikakken jiki ko a busts muna sassaka shi ko sassaka shi a cikin jaka, a cikin sauƙaƙewa akan abubuwan amfani na yau da kullun, al'ada da adonsu. Kan kansa a cikin martaba yana da rauni kamar ɓangaren ɓangaren kunnen da bakin.
Bayan dogon shiru wanda ya biyo bayan bayanin Eye na Obsidian, ɗan Olmec ya tambayi mahaifinsa: Shin kuna ganin wata rana zan zama babban mutum-mutumi? Ee, mahaifin ya amsa, ranar da zaka sami kyawawan hotuna ba daga kan ka ba, amma daga zuciyar dutse.
