A gabashin jihar Quintana Roo, kilomita 12 kudu da sansanin Tulum, wani muhimmin yanki ne na kayan tarihi da yawon bude ido a gabar tekun Caribbean na Mexico, akwai Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, daya daga cikin mafi girma na ƙasar kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin yankin Yucatan.
Sian Ka’an ya mamaye yanki mai girman hekta dubu 582 wanda a cikinsa akwai muhallai na duniya, kamar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da dausayi, da kuma wuraren zama na ruwa, kamar babban shinge na biyu a duniya (na farko shi ne a Ostiraliya).
Yankuna masu dausayi, wadanda suka hada da savannas, fadama, fadama, tasistales (wani yanki na dabinon tasiste da ke tsiro a cikin tekun da ke gabar teku), dunes na bakin teku da mangroves, sun mamaye kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na farfajiyar Reserve kuma sun zama tushen abinci da haifuwa na bakin teku.
A cikin wannan yankin akwai Bay na Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, zuwa arewa, da kuma na Espíritu Santo, a kudu; dukkansu sun hada da mabudai, tsibirai da gabar teku wadanda suke gida mai tarin yawa na tsuntsaye: sama da nau'ikan halittu 328, dayawa daga cikinsu halaye ne na gabar ruwa, wadanda nau'ikan su 86 sune tsuntsayen teku, agwagwa, marassa karfi, duwalai da sandpipers.
Kwanaki huɗu mun zaga cikin Kogin Ascención don ziyartar Gaytanes, Xhobón da ƙauyukan da ke cikin ƙauyuka, da kuma wuraren ciyarwa iri-iri.
Arewacin bakin ruwa, ta rafin gabar teku da aka fi sani da El Río, mun bi ta cikin ƙauyuka biyu na kiwo. Bayan isarmu tsibirai, silhouettes masu yawa da kololuwa masu girma dabam-dabam da siffofi, ƙafafu masu launin rawaya, kyawawan layu, da marassa ƙarfi marasa tarba sun yi mana maraba.
Kayayyakin barkono (Pelecanus occidentalis), cokalin ruwan hoda ko na cakulan (Platalea ajaja), farin ibis ko cocopathians (Eudocimus albus) da nau'ikan mahaukata daban-daban suna zaune a wadannan wuraren, inda za a ga tsuntsayen masu shekaru daban-daban: kaji, 'yan kananan yara da yara, dukkansu suna kuka suna neman abinci daga iyayensu.
A kudu, mun kasance a yankin ciyarwar La Glorieta. A can, 'yan plovers, storks da heron suna yin mosaic na silhouettes na raye-raye, halittun da ke motsawa ta cikin yankuna masu dausayi suna ciyar da mollusks, crustaceans, kwari, kifi da amphibians.
Gabaɗaya, tsuntsayen bakin teku sun kasu kashi uku: na ruwa, na ruwa da na ruwa, gwargwadon mazaunin da suke yawan bi da kuma abubuwan da suka gabatar na rayuwa a waɗannan mahallai. Koyaya, duk suna haifuwa a ƙasa, wanda ke sanya su cikin damuwa ga rikicewar ɗan adam.
Tsuntsayen da ke cikin ruwa sune rukuni mafi rinjaye a cikin yankunan bakin teku na Sian Ka’an; Suna yawanci ciyarwa a jikin ruwa mai tsafta kuma a layin tsuntsayen cikin ruwa a wannan yankin, masu ruwa da tsaki (Podicipedidae), anhingas (Anhingidae), heron da heron (Ardeidae da Cochleariidae), ibis (Threskiornitidae), suna wakiltar su. storks (Ciconnidae), flamingos (Phoenicoteridae), ducks (Anatidae), rallids (rallidae), caraos (Aramidae), da masu kamun kifi (Alcedinidae).
Ana ganin tsuntsayen da ke yin ƙaura kamar agwagwa da masu ruwa-ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfin ciki kuma abincinsu ciyayi ne na ruwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta; a gefe guda kuma, tsuntsayen da ke yawo kamar su heron, storks, flamingos da ibisi suna ciyar da jikin ruwa mara zurfi.
A duk duniya, rukunin tsuntsayen sun haɗu da iyalai goma sha biyu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mahalli masu dausayi, galibi na bakin teku kuma waɗanda ke ciyar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rairayin bakin teku, silts, marshes, ruwa mai zurfin santimita kaɗan, kuma a yankin. Tsaka-tsakin tekuna (yankin da tsawa da ƙananan ruwa suka keɓance). Yawancin waɗannan nau'in suna ƙaura sosai kuma sun haɗa da motsi na lokaci-lokaci.
A wannan wurin ajiyar na Quintana Roo, jacanas (Jacanidae), avocets (Recurvirostridae), oystercatchers (Haematopodidae), plovers (Charadriidae) da sandpipers (Scolopacidae) suna wakiltar bakin teku. Nau'ukan tsuntsayen teku guda huɗu ne kawai ke kiwo a cikin Sian Ka'an, yayin da sauran ke ba wa baƙin haure hunturu ko kuma masu wucewa.
'Yan ci-ranin sun dogara ne da wadatarwa da wadatar albarkatun da suke amfani da su ta hanyoyin da suke yin hijira. Wasu jinsunan suna amfani da makamashi mai yawa yayin dogon tafiye-tafiyensu, kuma suna rasa kusan rabin nauyin jikinsu, don haka suna buƙatar murmurewa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ƙarfin da ya ɓace a matakin ƙarshe na jirgin. Sabili da haka, yankin dausayi na Reserve wuri ne mai matukar mahimmanci hanyar wucewa zuwa tsuntsayen bakin teku masu ƙaura.
Tsuntsayen teku ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da teku don abincinsu, kuma suna da sauye-sauye na ilimin lissafi don rayuwa a cikin mahalli mai yawan gishiri. Duk tsuntsayen da ke Sian Ka’an suna cin abincin kifi (ichthyophages), wanda suke samu a cikin zurfafan ruwa kusa da gabar teku.
Ofungiyoyin waɗannan tsuntsayen da za a iya samu a wurin ajiyar sune pelicans (Pelecanidae), boobies (Sulidae), cormorants ko camachos (Phalacrocoracidae), anhingas (Anhingidae), tsuntsayen frigate ko tsuntsayen frigate (Fregatidae), seagulls, terns da skimmers. (Lariidae) da taki (Stercorariidae).
Daga garin Felipe Carrillo Puerto ya dauke mu awanni biyar kafin mu isa hasumiyar fitilar Punta Herrero, hanyar shiga bakin Kogin Espíritu Santo. A yayin rangadin mun tsaya don ganin wasu kite masu motsi (Harpagus bientatus), chachalacas da yawa na yau da kullun (Ortalis vetula), tiger heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum), caraos (Aramus guarauna), da nau'ikan tattabarai, aku da parakeets, da tsuntsaye.
A cikin wannan kogin, kodayake ya fi na na Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, mazaunan tsuntsaye suna ɓoye tsakanin raƙuman ruwa da ruwa mai zurfi. Wannan yana ba da damar shiga waɗannan yankuna yana da ɗan wahala kuma a wasu sassan dole ne mu tura jirgin ruwan.
A cikin wannan yankin akwai gurbi da yawa na osprey (Pandion haliaetus) wanda, kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, ciyar da kifin da aka samo shi da wata fasaha mai ban sha'awa. Wani nau'in gurbi shine ƙaho mai ƙaho (Bubo virginianus) wanda ke cin wasu tsuntsayen cikin ruwa waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yankuna.
Yawancin jinsunan tsuntsayen ruwa mazauna yankin ne waɗanda ke yin kiwo a cikin Sian Ka’an, kuma kusan koyaushe suna raba tsibirai da tsibirai da tsuntsayen teku. Coungiyoyin gabar tekun a wannan wurin sunkai kimanin 25, wanda goma sha huɗu suna cikin Hawan Yesu zuwa sama da goma sha ɗaya a cikin Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Wadannan yankuna zasu iya kasancewa daga jinsin daya (monospecific) ko kuma har zuwa goma sha biyar daban-daban (hade-hade); a cikin Maɗaukaki yawancin yankuna ne masu haɗuwa.
Tsuntsayen suna gida a cikin shuke-shuke ko ƙananan tsibiran da ake kira "mogotes"; ana iya samun abin haifuwa daga kusa da matakin ruwa zuwa saman mangrove. An cire waɗannan tsibiran daga cikin manyan ƙasashe da kuma ƙauyukan mutane. Tsayin ciyawar manyan daskararru na canzawa tsakanin mita uku zuwa goma, kuma galibi ya kasance ne da mangrove ja (Rizophora mangle).
Jinsunan basa yin bazuwar tsirrai dangane da ciyayi, amma tsarin rarraba sararin samaniya na nests zai dogara ne akan jinsunan da ke ciki: fifikonsu ga wasu rassa, tsayi, gefen ko ciki na ciyawar.
A cikin kowane yanki akwai rarraba kayan masarufi da lokacin n nau'in. Girman girman tsuntsu, tazarar da ke tsakanin nests na mutane da jinsuna kuma zai fi girma.
Dangane da ciyarwa, tsuntsayen bakin teku suna rayuwa tare ta hanyar rarraba halayensu na ciyarwa zuwa gida huɗu: nau'in ganima, amfani da dabarun neman abinci, mahalli don samun abincinsu da lokutan yini.
Hannun ƙarfe na iya zama kyakkyawan misali. Harshen ja mai ja (Egretta rufescens) yana ciyar da shi kadai a cikin ruwa masu ruwa, yayin da heron dusar ƙanƙara (Egretta thula) ya sami abincinsa a ƙungiya, a cikin ruwa mai tsabta kuma yana amfani da dabaru daban-daban na abinci. Cokalin-heron (Cochlearius cochlearius) da dare-herons coroniclara (Nycticorax violaceus) da kuma rawanin baki (Nycticorax nycticorax) abincinsu ya fi dacewa da daddare kuma suna da manyan idanu don hangen nesa na dare.
A cikin Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, ba komai rayuwa da launi ne a cikin tsuntsaye ba. Dole ne su fuskanci masu lalata iri-iri kamar tsuntsayen ganima, macizai da kada.
Tare da bakin ciki na tuna wani lokaci lokacin da muka ziyarci tsibirin kiwo na Least Swallow (Sterna antillarum), wani nau'in da ke barazanar bacewa, a cikin Bay of Espiritu Santo. Yayin da muka kusanci karamin tsibirin wanda kusan shi ba shi da tsayin 4 mita, ba mu ga wasu tsuntsaye sun tashi ba lokacin da muka matso.
Mun sauka daga jirgin ruwan kuma munyi mamaki da muka fahimci cewa babu kowa. Ba mu iya gaskatawa ba, tun kwanaki 25 kafin mu kasance a wannan wurin kuma mun sami gurbi goma sha biyu tare da ƙwai, waɗanda iyayensu suka kyankyashe. Amma abin mamakinmu ya fi girma lokacin da muka gano ragowar tsuntsayen a cikin abin da ke sheƙarsu. A bayyane yake, shiru ba dare ba rana na mutuwa akan waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsayen masu rauni.
Ba zai yiwu wannan ya faru daidai a ranar 5 ga Yuni, Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya ba. Ba tsuntsu ne na ganima ba, wataƙila wani mai shayarwa ne ko mai rarrafe; duk da haka, shakkun ya ci gaba kuma ba tare da kalmomi ba mun bar tsibirin don zuwa ƙarshen aikinmu.
Dausayi na yankin yankin Karebiya sun fi zama mafi barazanar a duk Tsakiyar Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, duk da kasancewarsu cikin mahimman wuraren da ba a san su ba.
Lalacewar da Caribbean ke fama da ita saboda yawaitar ɗumbin mutane ne a yankin da kuma matsin lambar da take yi a yankunan dausayi. Wannan yana haifar da barazanar kai tsaye ga tsuntsayen mazauna yankin wadanda suka dogara da dausayi duk tsawon shekara, duka don haihuwa da abinci, da kuma tsuntsayen masu ƙaura waɗanda nasararsu ta ta'allaka ne da wadatar abinci a yankin dausayi na yankin Caribbean. .
Adanawa da mutunta wannan sarari yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga waɗannan rayayyun halittun da suke tare da mu a wannan ɗan gajeren lokacin kasancewar.
