Kimanin tan 300,000 na zuma ake cinikinsu a kasuwannin duniya a kowace shekara, Mexico tana shiga tsakaninta da matsakaicin kashi goma, saboda haka ta zama ta uku a matsayin ƙasar da ke fitar da kayayyaki, bayan China da Argentina.
Babban yankin da ke samarwa shine Yankin Yucatan, wanda ke da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samar da ƙasa kuma ana fitar da zumar shi zuwa ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai.
Ana fitar da zumar Mexico zuwa Jamus, Kingdomasar Ingila, da Amurka. A yau ana samar da zuma sama da tan miliyan a duniya. Europeanasashen Turai, kodayake suna da mahimman kayayyaki, amma kuma sune manyan masu shigo da kayayyaki saboda babbar karɓar da zuma ke da ita a wannan yankin.
Mafi shahararren sananne a duniya shine Apis mellifera ke samar dashi, jinsin da ake amfani dashi kusan a duk duniya don yawan haɓakar sa da kuma karfin dacewa da yanayi daban-daban.
Saƙar zuma zuwa saƙar zuma
Yucatán Peninsula yana kudu maso gabashin Mexico kuma kewaye da ruwan Tekun Caribbean da Gulf of Mexico, Yankin Peninsula na Yucatán an rufe shi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu ƙanƙan da ƙanƙan da ƙasa, kamar su tsire-tsire masu zafi, ƙananan bishiyoyi da bishiyun bishiyoyi, tare da wurare masu mahimmanci tare da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire zuwa yankunan bakin teku. An rarraba ire-iren tsire-tsire da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar ɗan tudu wanda ya fara daga 400 mm na matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a arewa zuwa 2,000 mm wanda aka rubuta a kudu na Yankin. Kimanin nau'in 2,300 na shuke-shuke jijiyoyin jini ne aka bayyana a yankin.
Sweetaunar daji, zuma da kasuwanci
An gabatar da Apis mellifera zuwa Yucatan Peninsula a farkon karnin da ya gabata, a wajajen 1911. Zai yuwu cewa na farko shi ne nau'ikan A. mellifera mellifera, wanda aka sani da baƙar fata ko Baƙin Jamusawa. Daga baya sai ƙudan Italiyanci, A. mellifera ligustica, wani yanki ne da ake karɓa da sauri saboda yana da fa'ida sosai kuma yana da amfani.
Kula da zuma a cikin teku wani aiki ne wanda ƙananan masu samarwa suke aiwatarwa wanda a cikin tsarin samar da kayan masarufi, sayar da zuma yana wakiltar shigar da kuɗin shiga mai kamawa.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su suna da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tare da ƙaramin saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki da horar da fasaha da amfani da aikin iyali. An kafa amya a cikin tsaunukan apiaries a wurare masu mahimmanci don cin gajiyar furanni daban-daban, ba kamar sauran yankuna ba inda masu kiwon zuma ke tattara kwarkwatarsu gwargwadon kololuwar furanni a cikin halittu daban-daban. Samun zuma yana yiwuwa ta wannan hanyar albarkacin wadataccen fure na yankin.
Xuna’an kab, da Mayan kudan
Beudan zuma kwari ne waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin yankuna tare da babban tsarin zamantakewar jama'a. Sarauniya daya tak ke zaune a cikin kowane yanki kuma babban aikinta shine kwai kwai, wanda zai iya kaiwa 1,500 a kowace rana yayin ci gaban mulkin mallaka. Beudan zumar mulkin mallaka daya ana gane shi kuma ana banbanta shi da wani ta hanyar abubuwanda yake samarwa wanda sarauniyar su take samarwa. Drones mutane ne na maza. Aikinta shine yiwa matar sarki ciki; bayan tashin jirgin sai su mutu. Suna rayuwa ne kawai na tsawon wata guda kuma waɗanda suka kasa yin abokai suna korar su daga cikin hayar ta ma'aikata. Ma'aikatan ƙudan zuma ne na mata, amma gabobin haihuwarsu ba su ci gaba ba. Dangane da shekarunsu da ci gaban su, suna yin ayyuka daban-daban. Suna tsabtace sel, suna kula da ciyar da larvae da sarauniya, suna yin da adana zuma da fulawa, suna kuma yin jelly na sarauta wanda suke ciyar da sarauniyar da kakin da suke gina gabobinsa dashi, kuma suna tara ruwan dare. , pollen, ruwa da propolis. Rayuwar mai aiki ta bambanta dangane da aikin da take yi, a lokacin girbi suna rayuwa ne kawai makonni shida, a waje da wannan zasu iya rayuwa wata shida. Daga cikin wadannan kwari na jikin kwalliyar gashi wadanda ke ciyar da danshi da fulawar da ake samu a cikin furannin. Daga cikin iyalai goma sha ɗayan da aka raba su, takwas suna cikin Meziko, yawancinsu ba su da kowa kuma suna rayuwa a yankunan busassun ƙasar. Wasu daga cikin dangin Apidae ne kawai ke da ma'amala ta gaske, suna rayuwa cikin tsari kuma suna yin haɗin gwiwa inda suke adana abincinsu.
Girbi da rikice-rikice
Tsarin kiwon zuma yana da alaƙa da yanayin ruwan sama. Babban lokacin girbi na faruwa ne a lokacin rani, daga Fabrairu zuwa Mayu ko Yuni, dangane da farkon damina. A wannan lokacin, babban ɓangaren ƙwayoyin nectariferous suna girma kuma ƙudan zuma suna samar da zuma cikin isassun adadi don kiyaye yawan su da tara rarar kuɗi don lokacin ƙaranci; ita wannan zumar da aka adana ita ce mai kiwon kudan zuma ba tare da kasadar lalata yawan kudan zuma ba. A farkon lokacin damina, kodayake furanni yana kan ganiyarsa, yawan yanayin danshi baya barin kudan zuma suyi aiki yadda yakamata, zumar da ake girba a wannan dan karamin lokaci tana da yawan danshi, wasu masu kiwon zuma suna siyar dashi a farashi mai rahusa wasu kuma suna adana shi don ciyar da ƙudan zuma a lokutan rikici.
Dogon lokacin ruwan sama, daga watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba, yana wakiltar lokacin rikici ga ƙudan zuma. A wannan lokacin 'yan jinsunan melliferous suna girma, duk da haka, waɗannan suna da mahimmancin gaske don kiyaye yankuna; da yawa daga masu kiwon kudan zuma ma dole ne su samar da karin abinci ga kudan zumar su. A lokacin miƙa mulki daga damina zuwa rani raƙuman lambobi da yawa sun fara yabanya, suna samar wa ƙudan zuma laushin laushi don ƙarfafa yawan jama'arsu da shirya lokacin wadata, lokaci ne na murmurewa.
Sauran abubuwa kamar su ma'adanai, bitamin da sauransu sune ke da alhakin halaye daban-daban na launi, dandano da ƙanshi na wannan kayan Yucatecan da aka sani ko'ina cikin duniya.
Fadakarwa
Ayyukan ɗan adam ya canza sosai daga ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman a arewa, inda sare dazuzzuka da shigar da noma da kiwo mai yawa suka bar manyan yankuna suka lalace. Nazarin daban-daban sun ba da rahoton fiye da nau'ikan 200 waɗanda ƙudan zuma ke amfani da su, gami da bishiyoyi, shrubs, masu hawa hawa da tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara waɗanda ake rarraba su a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban, daga wuraren da aka rikice kwanan nan zuwa gandun dajin da aka fi kiyayewa.
Inda zan zauna…
Idan kuna tafiya zuwa Mérida, muna ba da shawarar sabon Hotel Indigo, Hacienda Misné.
An gama gyara shi gaba daya, wannan tsohon haneenda yake mafarki ne ga dukkan azanci. Faɗuwar sa, tsarin gine-gine, wuraren buɗe ido, lambuna, kyawawan bayanai kamar tiles da aka shigo dasu daga Faransa, gilashin gilashinta masu haske, fitilu, wurin wanka, fitilun ruwa da madubin ruwa zasu lulluɓe ku a cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano. Kyautatawa da maikatanta zasuyi shine zai kammala maka zama a wannan gonar. Muna ba da shawarar ɗakunan. Gaskiya suna da ban mamaki.
