A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1989, babban ruwan sama ya bayyana mummunan raunin Katidral kuma lamarin da ya haifar da damuwar kiyaye wannan abin tunawa, wanda ya haifar da ayyuka don ceton shi.
Sanin mahimmancin wannan abin tunawa da ma'anarsa, yasa muka himmatu kan bin ƙa'idoji da ƙa'idodin maidowa da ke gudana a ƙasarmu, waɗanda ƙungiyar masana ilimi suka amince da su kuma game da abin da suke buƙatar bin ta. Aikin gyarawa da kiyayewa na babban cocin Metropolitan shine, ba tare da wata shakka ba, shine wanda aka gabatar dashi kyauta don ra'ayin jama'a.
Hare-hare a kan wannan aikin ya haifar da halayen wasu abokan aiki. Hakanan an samo abubuwan lura na ilimi da shawarwarin fasaha na babban taimako ga aikinmu daga kwararru a cikin fannoni masu alaƙa. A karshen, zamu ga yiwuwar wasu kwararru da masana fasaha sun amince da wadannan ayyuka, kamar yadda aka nuna a Yarjejeniyar Venice; zai zama godiya ga wannan cewa wannan aikin zai zama muhimmin mataki a cikin hanyoyinmu da dabarun dawo da mu.
Theungiyar aiki waɗanda ke kula da ayyukan Katolika na Metropolitan ta yi ƙoƙari don amsawa ga abubuwan lura ko tambayoyi game da aikin kuma a hankali su bincika abubuwan da ke ciki da kuma tasirin aikin. A saboda wannan dalili, dole ne mu gyara da kuma jagorantar fannoni da yawa, tare da ba da lokaci da ƙoƙari don shawo kan kanmu game da rashin dacewar sauran gargaɗin. A cikin yanayin ilimi, an yarda da wannan a matsayin taimako na ainihi, nesa da tirades na wasu da yawa waɗanda, suna nuna kansu a matsayin masu kariya ga al'adun gargajiya, ba su bar ɓata suna da rashin kunya ba. A cikin yanayin gaggawa, ɗayan yana aiki a cikin tsarin nazarin ci gaba.
Aikin da ake kira Gyarawar Gwiwar Katolika na Birni, ya faro ne daga buƙatar fuskantar matsala mai ban mamaki game da abin da ƙarancin fasaha da ƙwarewa ke fuskanta. Don jagorantar aikin, wannan matsalar dole ne a ɗauka azaman magani mai ƙarfi, wanda ke buƙatar cikakken bincike - ba yawaita ba - game da dukkanin ƙwayoyin cuta na tsarin da shawarwari tare da shahararrun ƙungiyar ƙwararru. Nazarin farko na abin da ke faruwa ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu kuma an riga an buga shi. Dole ne muyi taƙaitawa anan.
An gina babban cocin Metropolitan daga kashi na uku na uku na ƙarni na 16 a kan kango na birnin kafin Hispanic; Don samun damar sanin yanayin ƙasar da aka kafa sabon abin tunawa, dole ne mutum ya yi tunanin yadda yanayin ƙasar ya kasance bayan shekaru talatin na motsi na kayan a yankin. Hakanan, sananne ne cewa, a farkon shekarunsa, gina garin Tenochtitlan ya buƙaci aikin kwantar da hankali a yankin tsibirai kuma yana buƙatar mahimmiyar gudummawa ta ƙasa don gina shinge da gine-ginen da ke biye da su, duk a kan lacysrin clays. , wanda aka kirkireshi daga hadari wanda a yankin ya haifar da babban shingen basalt wanda ya samar da Sierra de Chichinahutzi kuma hakan ya rufe hanyar wucewar ruwa zuwa bakin tekun, zuwa kudu na yankin da ke Yankin Tarayya a halin yanzu.
Wannan ambaton guda ɗaya ya tuna da halaye masu ma'ana waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin yankin; wataƙila, a ƙasa da su akwai kwazazzabai da ramuka a zurfafa iri-iri waɗanda ke haifar da cikawar ya zama na kauri daban-daban a wurare daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Doctors Marcos Mazari da Raúl Marsal sun magance wannan a cikin karatu daban-daban.
Ayyukan da aka gudanar a cikin babban cocin Metropolitan sun kuma ba da damar sanin cewa tarko na aikin ɗan adam a kan ɓawon burodi ya riga ya kai fiye da mita 15, kuma suna da tsarin pre-Hispanic sama da zurfin mita 11 (shaidar da ke buƙatar sake duba ranar 1325 a matsayin babban tushe na shafin). Kasancewar gine-ginen wata fasaha na magana game da ci gaba tun kafin shekaru ɗari biyu da ake dangantawa da garin pre-Hispanic.
Wannan tsari na tarihi yana jaddada rashin daidaito na ƙasa. Tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen da gine-ginen suna da bayyanannu a cikin halayen ƙananan matakan, ba wai kawai saboda an ɗora kayansu ga na ginin ba amma saboda suna da tarihin nakasawa da haɓakawa kafin ginin Katidral ɗin. Sakamakon shi ne cewa ƙasashen da aka ɗora su a matse ko kuma inganta su gaba ɗaya, ya sa su zama masu juriya ko rashin nakasa fiye da waɗanda ba su goyi bayan gini ba kafin Katidral ɗin. Kodayake daga baya an rusa wasu daga cikin waɗannan gine-ginen - kamar yadda muka san abin da ya faru - don sake amfani da kayan dutse, ƙasar da ta goyi bayanta ta kasance matse kuma ta haifar da wurare ko "wurare masu wuya".
Injiniya Enrique Tamez ya fayyace (ƙaramin tunawa da Farfesa Raúl I. Marsal, Sociedad Mexicana de Mecánica de Souelos, 1992) cewa wannan matsalar ta bambanta da ra'ayoyin gargajiya waɗanda aka yi tunanin cewa, a ɗarurruka masu zuwa, ya kamata nakasar ta haifar mafi girma. Lokacin da akwai tazara tsakanin tarihi tsakanin gine-gine daban-daban wadanda suka gajiyar da yankin, to akwai dama a gare ta ta karfafa tare da bayar da juriya mafi girma fiye da wuraren da ba a basu wannan tsarin karfafawa ba. Sabili da haka, a cikin ƙasa mai laushi, yankunan da a yau ba a ɗora kaya sosai ba a yau sun zama masu lalacewa sosai kuma sune waɗanda a yau suka fi saurin nutsuwa.
Sabili da haka, ya zama cewa saman da aka gina Cathedral yana ba da ƙarfi tare da bambancin bambancin ra'ayi kuma, sabili da haka, yana gabatar da ɓarna daban-daban a lodi ɗaya. A saboda wannan dalili, Cathedral ya sha wahala da nakasa yayin ginin sa da kuma tsawon shekarun. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.
Asali, an shirya ƙasar tare da gungumen azaba, a cikin hanyar pre-Hispanic, har zuwa 3.50 m tsawon ta kusan 20 cm a diamita, tare da rabuwa na 50 zuwa 60 cm; a kan wannan akwai wani shiri wanda ya kunshi siririn gawayi, wanda ba a san dalilinsa ba (yana iya samun dalilai na al'ada ko kuma wataƙila an yi niyya ne don rage ɗumi ko yanayin fadama a yankin); A kan wannan shimfidar kuma a matsayin samfuri, an yi wani babban dandamali, wanda muke kira zuwa ga «mai zurfin rubutu». Login wannan dandamali ya haifar da nakasa kuma, saboda wannan dalili, kaurinsa ya ƙaru, yana neman daidaita shi ta hanyar da ba daidai ba. A wani lokaci ana maganar kauri na 1.80 ko 1.90 m, amma an sami sassan ƙasa da m 1 kuma ana iya ganin cewa ƙaruwar na ƙaruwa, a dunƙule dai, daga arewa ko arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, tun da dandamalin ya nitse a cikin hakan hankali. Wannan ita ce farkon doguwar lamuran matsaloli da mutanen New Spain suka shawo kanta don kammala mafi muhimmin abin tunawa a Amurka, wanda al'ummomi masu zuwa suka yi dogon tarihi na gyare-gyare waɗanda a wannan karnin suka ninka ta karuwar yawan mutane da kuma karancin ruwa na gabar tekun Mexico.
Dukanmu munyi mamakin shin rashin zaman lafiya ne mai sauƙi wanda ya sa Katidral na Meziko ya ɗauki kowane lokaci na Mulkin da za a gina shi, lokacin da wasu mahimman ayyuka - kamar katolika na Puebla ko Morelia - suka ɗauki decadesan shekaru kaɗan kawai kafin a gina su. gama. A yau zamu iya cewa matsalolin fasaha sun kasance masu mahimmanci kuma an bayyana su a cikin tsarin mulki na ginin da kanta: hasumiyoyin suna da gyare-gyare da yawa, tun da ginin ya jingina yayin aikin ginin kuma bayan shekaru, don ci gaba da hasumiyoyi da ginshiƙai, dole ne a sake neman shi A tsaye; Lokacin da ganuwar da ginshikan suka isa tsayin aikin, magina sun gano cewa sun rushe kuma ya zama dole a kara girman su; Wasu ginshikan kudu sun fi 90 cm tsawo fiye da gajere, waɗanda suke kusa da arewa.
Inara girman ya zama dole don gina rumbunan, wanda dole ne a sanya shi cikin jirgin sama a kwance. Wannan yana nuna cewa nakasawar a matakin bene na majami'un sun fi na rumbun gini yawa kuma shi yasa har yanzu ake ci gaba da su. Don haka, nakasawa a farfajiyar Ikklesiya tsari ne na har zuwa 2.40 m dangane da maki na macijin, yayin da a cikin rumbuna, dangane da jiragen saman kwance, wannan karkatarwa tsari ne na 1.50 zuwa 1.60 m. An yi nazarin ginin, tare da lura da bangarorinsa daban-daban da kuma kafa daidaito dangane da nakasawar da ƙasa ta sha wahala.
Hakanan an bincika ta wace hanya da yadda wasu abubuwan na waje suke da tasiri, daga cikinsu akwai gina hanyar Metro, aikinta na yanzu, rami na Magajin garin Templo da kuma tasirin da mai tara zurfin ruwa wanda aka gabatar a gaban Cathedral da Tana tafiya ne a cikin titunan Moneda da 5 de Mayo, daidai don maye gurbin wanda za'a iya ganin gawarsa a wani gefen Magajin garin Templo kuma wanda gininsa ya ba da damar samun bayanan farko kan garin pre-Hispanic.
Don daidaita waɗannan abubuwan lura da ra'ayoyi, an yi amfani da bayanan tarihin, daga cikinsu an sami matakai daban-daban waɗanda injiniya Manuel González Flores ya cece su a kan Cathedral, wanda ya ba mu damar sanin, tun farkon ƙarni, matakin canje-canjen da ya sha wahala. tsarin.
Na farko daga cikin wadannan matakan ya yi daidai da shekarar 1907 kuma injiniya Roberto Gayol ne ya aiwatar da shi wanda, bayan ya gina Grand Canal del Desagüe, bayan wasu shekaru an zarge shi da aikata ba daidai ba, saboda ruwan baƙar ba ya malalewa da saurin da ake buƙata. ya sanya birni cikin haɗari. Ganin wannan kalubale mai ban tsoro, injiniya Gayol ya ci gaba da yin nazari mai ban mamaki game da tsarin da kwarin Mexico kuma shine farkon wanda ya nuna cewa garin yana nitsewa.
Kamar yadda ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da babbar matsalarsa, injiniya Gayol ya kuma kula da babban cocin Metropolitan, ya bar - don dukiyarmu - takaddar da muka sani cewa, a kusa da 1907, lalacewar ginin ya isa, tsakanin apse da hasumiyar yamma , 1.60 m a ƙasa. Yana nufin cewa daga nan zuwa yau, nakasawa ko rarar banbanci daidai da waɗannan maki biyu ya karu da kusan mita ɗaya.
Sauran nazarin kuma ya nuna cewa, a cikin wannan karnin kawai, rashi yanki a yankin da Cathedral yake ya fi 7.60 m. An ƙayyade wannan yana da matsayin ma'anar Aztec Caiendario, wanda aka sanya shi a ƙofar hasumiyar yamma ta babban cocin.
Batun da dukkan kwararru ke rike dashi a matsayin mafi mahimmanci a cikin birni shine batun TICA (Lowerananan Tangent na kalandar Aztec) wanda yayi daidai da layin da aka yiwa alama a wata alama a kan hasumiyar yamma ta babban cocin. Halin da ake ciki a wannan lokaci lokaci-lokaci ana magana ne zuwa bankin Atzacoalco, wanda ke arewacin birnin, a cikin sanannun duwatsu masu tauri waɗanda suka rage ba tare da tasirin tasirin tafkin ya shafe su ba. Hanyar lalacewa ta riga ta bayyana tun kafin shekarar 1907, amma babu shakka a karninmu lokacin da wannan tasirin ke kara sauri.
Daga abin da ya gabata, za a iya fahimtar cewa tsarin nakasawa yana faruwa tun farkon ginin kuma ya dace da yanayin ilimin ƙasa, amma kwanan nan ne lokacin da birni ke buƙatar ƙarin ruwa da ƙarin sabis, hakar ruwa daga ƙasa tana ƙaruwa kuma tsarin rashin ruwa yana ƙaruwa. saurin dunkulewar yumbu.
Ganin rashin wasu hanyoyin na daban, ana fitar da sama da kashi saba'in na ruwan da garin ke amfani da shi daga karkashin kasa; A saman tekun Mexico ba mu da ruwa kuma yana da matuƙar wahala da tsada don ɗaga shi da safarar shi daga rafuffukan da ke kusa: muna da 4 ko 5 m3 / sec ne kawai. del Lerma da kadan kasa da 20 m3 / sec. daga Cutzamala, cajin kawai yana cikin tsari na 8 zuwa 10 m3 / sec. kuma ragi ya kai, net, 40 m3 / sec., wanda, ya ninka ta 84 600 sec. kowace rana, yayi daidai da "wurin wanka" girman girman Zócalo kuma zurfin yakai 60 m (tsayin Tawon Cathedral). Wannan shine yawan ruwan da ake hakowa yau da kullun zuwa kasan da yake firgita.
Tasirin akan babban cocin shine cewa, lokacin da teburin ruwa ya faɗi, ƙananan filaye suna ganin kayan aikinsu ya karu da fiye da 1 t / m2 ga kowane mita na raguwa. A halin yanzu, rabon yanki shi ne tsari na 7.4 cm a kowace shekara, ana auna shi a cikin Cathedral tare da cikakken abin dogaro, saboda matakin benchin da aka sanya kuma yayi daidai da saurin daidaitawa na 6.3 mm / watan, wanda ya kasance na 1.8mm / watan a wajajen 1970, lokacin da aka yi imanin cewa an shawo kan lamarin nutsuwa ta hanyar rage farashin famfo da sanya firam a cikin Cathedral don sarrafa matsalolinsa. Wannan haɓaka bai riga ya kai mummunan saurin 1950 ba, lokacin da ya kai 33 mm / watan kuma ya haifar da faɗakarwar manyan malamai, kamar Nabor Carrillo da Raúl Marsal. Duk da haka, saurin nutsewa daban ya riga ya wuce cm 2 a kowace shekara, tsakanin hasumiyar yamma da apse, wanda ke gabatar da banbanci tsakanin mawuyacin yanayi da mafi laushi, wanda ke nufin cewa, a cikin shekaru goma rashin daidaituwa na yanzu (2.50 m) zai ƙaru 20 cm, kuma 2 m a cikin shekaru 100, wanda zai ƙara 4.50 m, nakasawa ba zai yiwu a goyi bayan tsarin Katolika ba. A zahiri, an lura cewa nan da shekara ta 2010 tuni akwai wasu shaidu da mahimmancin barazanar durkushewa, haɗarin da ke tattare da tasirin girgizar ƙasa.
Tarihin dalilin karfafa babban cocin yana ba da labarin ayyukan allura da yawa da ci gaba.
A cikin 1940, magina Manuel Ortiz Monasterio da Manuel Cortina sun cika harsashin ginin Cathedral, don gina ginshiƙai don ajiyar gawarwakin mutane, kuma kodayake sun sauke ƙasar da muhimmanci, tushe ya sami rauni ƙwarai da karyewa yin aiki a cikin dukkan hankula; girarafan ƙarfe da ƙarfafa ƙarfafawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da su suna da rauni ƙwarai kuma ba su da yawa don ba da tsarin ƙarfi.
Daga baya, Mista Manuel González Flores ya yi amfani da tarin iko wanda rashin alheri bai yi aiki ba bisa ga tunanin aikin, kamar yadda aka riga aka nuna a cikin binciken Tamez da Santoyo, wanda SEDESOL ya buga a 1992, (La Catedral Metropolítana y el Sagrario de Ia Mexico City, Gyara halayyar asalinta, SEDESOL, 1992, shafi na 23 da 24).
A wannan halin, karatuttukan da shawarwari sun bayyana cewa ba za a iya jinkirta wani katsalandan da zai sauya tsarin ba. A karshen wannan, an yi la’akari da wasu hanyoyin dabam: sanya ƙarin tara 1,500 waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar nauyin tan dubu 130,000 na Cathedral; sanya batura (ana tallafawa cikin ruwa mai zurfin gaske a mita 60) kuma sake shigar da akwatin ruwa; bayan sun watsar da wadannan karatuttukan, injiniyoyin Enrique Tamez da Enrique Santoyo suka ba da shawarar a haƙa ƙaramar ƙasa don fuskantar matsalar.
A tsari, wannan ra'ayin yana kunshe da ragin rarar banbanci daban-daban, digo ƙasa da waɗancan maki waɗanda suka sauka mafi ƙarancin, ma'ana, maki ko sassan da suka rage. A game da Cathedral, wannan hanyar ta ba da tsammanin ƙarfafawa, amma na mawuyacin hali. Idan kayi la'akari da hanyoyin sadarwar saman, wanda ke bayyana rashin tsari da siffofi, zaka iya fahimtar cewa canza yanayin zuwa wani abu mai kama da jirgin sama ko farfajiyar ƙasa kalubale ne.
Ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyu don gina abubuwan tsarin, wanda asali ya ƙunshi gina rijiyoyi 30 na mita 2.6 a cikin diamita, wasu a ƙasa wasu kuma a kewayen Cathedral da Tabentacle; Zurfin waɗannan rijiyoyin ya kamata ya isa ƙasa da duk abubuwan cikawa da gine-ginen da ya rage kuma ya kai yumɓun da ke ƙasa da ɓawon buzu na halitta, wannan a zurfin da ke tsakanin 18 zuwa 22 m. Waɗannan rijiyoyin an sanya su da bututun ƙarfe da bututun ƙarfe, 15 cm a faɗi, adadi na 50, 60 mm kuma kowane digiri shida na kewaya an sanya su a ƙasan su. A ƙasan, injin pneumatic da rotary, wanda aka bayar tare da abin gogewa, shine na'urar matsewa don aiwatar da ƙaramin rami. Injin din ya ratsa wani sashi na bututun da yakai mita 1.20 zuwa 10 cm a diamita ga kowane bututun bakin ciki, an ja baya kuma an saka wani sashi na bututun wanda mai turawa yake turawa, wanda a ayyukan da suka biyo baya yana baiwa wadannan bututun damar shiga har zuwa 6 o 7 m zurfin; sa'annan an mayar dasu kuma an katse su ta baya, ga sassan da a bayyane suke cike da laka. Sakamakon karshe shine ana yin rami ko ƙaramin rami mai tsawon mita 6 zuwa 7 tsawon 10 cm a diamita. A wannan zurfin, matsin lamba akan ramin ya zama kamar yadda dunkulewar yumbu ya karye kuma ramin ya ruguje cikin kankanin lokaci, yana mai nuna canjin abu daga sama zuwa kasa. Ayyuka masu gudana a cikin 40 ko 50 nozzles a kowace rijiya, suna ba da izinin yin ƙaramin rami a cikin da'irar kewaye da shi, daidai da lokacin da aka murƙushe shi yana haifar da rashi a farfajiyar. Tsarin mai sauƙin fassara, a cikin aikinsa, zuwa babban rikitarwa don sarrafa shi: yana nufin bayyana yankuna da ƙwanƙwasawa, tsayin ramuka da lokacin haƙa don rage rashin daidaituwar saman da tsarin tsarin. Abin sani kawai a yau za'a iya amfani dashi tare da taimakon tsarin komputa, wanda ke ba da damar daidaita hanyoyin da ƙayyade adadin haƙa da ake so.
A lokaci guda kuma don haifar da waɗannan motsi zuwa tsarin, ya zama dole don inganta yanayin kwanciyar hankali da yanayin juriya na ginin, tallafi naves na tafiya, arches waɗanda ke goyan bayan babban nave da dome, ban da ɗora ginshiƙai bakwai, waɗanda ke gabatar da laifofi a tsaye mai hatsari sosai, ta hanyar kayan ɗamara da ƙarfin ƙarfafawa. Yankin ya ƙare a cikin ƙananan raɗaɗɗu waɗanda aka tallafawa ta bututu biyu kawai, an ba su tare da jacks wanda zai ba da damar ɗaga ko saukar da mahaɗan don haka, lokacin da yake motsawa, baka ya canza fasali kuma ya daidaita zuwa na gabar, ba tare da mai da hankali ga lodi. Ya kamata a sani cewa wasu fasa da karaya, na adadi mai yawa da ganuwar da rumbunan suke da shi, ya kamata a bar su ba tare da kulawa ba a halin yanzu, saboda cika su zai hana halayen su rufe yayin aiwatar da tsaye.
Zan yi kokarin bayanin motsi wanda aka yi niyyar bayar da tsarin ta hanyar tono kasa. A farkon wuri, a tsaye, a ɓangare, na ginshiƙai da ganuwar; hasumiyoyi da façade, waɗanda rushewar su ta riga ta zama masu mahimmanci, dole ne su juya ta wannan hanyar; dole ne a rufe babbar vault lokacin da ake gyara rugujewar a gaban shugabanin masu goyan bayan - tuna cewa sun juya waje, inda kasa ta yi laushi. A saboda wannan dalili, babban burin da aka yi la’akari da shi shine: don dawo da yanayin lissafi, bisa kashi 40% na nakasar da babban cocin yake da shi a yau; Wato, kusan ɓarna wanda, bisa ga matakin, yana da shekaru 60 da suka gabata. Ka tuna cewa a cikin matakin 1907 yana da ɗan fiye da 1.60 m tsakanin apse da hasumiya, kasancewar ba su da yawa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya, tunda an gina su a cikin jirgin sama lokacin da tushe ya riga ya sami nakasa da fiye da mita ɗaya. Wannan zai iya nuna rami tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 4,000 m3 a karkashin Cathedral kuma hakan zai haifar da juzu'i biyu a tsarin, daya zuwa gabas dayan kuma zuwa arewa, wanda zai haifar da wani motsi na SW-NE, akasin gurbacewar yanayin. Dole ne a gudanar da alfarwar babban birni ta hanyar da ta dace kuma dole ne a cimma wasu ƙungiyoyi na gida, wanda zai ba da damar gyara takamaiman maki, ya bambanta da yanayin yau da kullun.
Duk wannan, a sauƙaƙe, ba za a iya tunani ba ba tare da wata hanya mai ƙarfi ta sarrafa dukkan sassan ginin yayin aikin ba. Ka yi tunanin matakan kariya a cikin motsi na Hasumiyar Pisa. Anan, tunda falon yayi laushi kuma tsarin yana da sassauƙa, sarrafa motsi ya zama ainihin ɓangaren aikin. Wannan saka idanu yana kunshe da daidaitattun ma'auni, matakan, da sauransu, waɗanda ana ci gaba da aiwatarwa kuma ana tabbatar dasu tare da taimakon kwamfutoci.
Don haka, kowane wata ana auna son abin da ke cikin ganuwar da ginshiƙai, a cikin maki uku na ƙirarta, maki 351 da karatu 702; kayan aikin da aka yi amfani dasu layin lantarki ne wanda yake yin rajista har zuwa 8 ”na baka (karkatar mita). Ta yin amfani da bobs na bogi, sanye take da hanzari don daidaito mafi girma, ana yin rikodin bambancin a tsaye a maki 184 kowane wata. Ana karanta tsayayyen hasumiyoyin tare da madaidaicin mita, a maki 20 kwata-kwata.
Masu sanya kayan kwalliya da Cibiyar du Globe da École Polytechnique de Paris ke bayarwa suma suna aiki, suna samar da karatun ci gaba. A matakin plinth, ana aiwatar da daidaitattun daidaito kowane bayan kwanaki goma sha huɗu kuma wani a matakin vault; a batun farko na maki 210 kuma na biyu na dari shida da arba'in. Ana bincika kaurin fasa a cikin bango, facades da vaults kowane wata, tare da karanta 954 da aka yi da vernier. Tare da madaidaicin ma'aunin awo, ana yin ma'aunin intrados da extrados na ɗakunan ajiya, da baka da babba, matsakaici da ƙananan rabuwa na ginshikan, a cikin karatun 138 kowane wata.
Ana aiwatar da madaidaiciyar tuntuɓar bakin tekun da bakunan kowane bayan kwanaki goma sha huɗu, ana daidaita jackon 320 ta amfani da maƙallan maƙura. Matsin lamba a kowane wuri dole ne ya wuce ko rage ƙarfin da aka kafa don mai ɗaukar hoto ya ɗauki fasalin lalacewar da aka jawo zuwa baka. Tsarin da aka sanya wa nauyi da tsayayyar abubuwa an bincika shi ta hanya mai iyaka, gyare-gyare ta motsawar motsi kuma, a ƙarshe, an gudanar da nazarin endoscopy a cikin ginshikan.
Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ana yin su ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan duk wata girgizar ƙasa da ta wuce 3.5 a ma'aunin Richter. Sassan tsakiya, nave da transept, an kiyaye su da laushi da raga a kan zaizayar ƙasa da tsari mai girma uku wanda zai ba da damar sanya ma'auni da sauri zuwa kowane yanki na rumbun ajiyar, don gyara shi idan akwai gaggawa. Bayan fiye da shekaru biyu na karatu da kammala shiri, rijiyoyi da aikin banki, ayyukan aikin haƙa ƙasa sun fara daidai a watan Satumba 1993.
Waɗannan sun fara ne a cikin ɓangaren tsakiya, zuwa kudancin apse, kuma an daidaita su zuwa arewa har zuwa farkon; A watan Afrilu, an kunna kananan labaran da ke kudu da transept kuma sakamakon yana karfafawa musamman, alal misali, hasumiyar yamma ta juya .072%, hasumiyar gabas 0.1%, tsakanin 4 cm na farko da 6 cm na biyu (Pisa ta juya 1.5 cm) ; ginshiƙai na transept sun rufe baka ta fiye da 2 cm, yanayin gaba ɗaya na ginin yana nuna daidaituwa tsakanin ƙananan rami da motsinsu. Wasu fasa a yankin kudu suna nan har yanzu suna budewa, saboda duk da motsi na gaba daya, rashin karfin hasumiyoyin na rage tafiyar su. Akwai matsaloli a wurare kamar mahaɗin Tabernacle da mahimmin haɗin kan yankin apse, wanda ba ya rufe ramuka tare da saurin da yake daidai da sauran yankuna, yana mai da wuya a cire kayan. Muna, duk da haka, a farkon aikin, wanda muka kiyasta zai wuce tsakanin ranakun aiki 1,000 zuwa 1,200, rami 3 ko 4 m3 kowace rana. Zuwa wannan lokacin, kusurwar arewa maso gabas na babban cocin ya kamata ya sauka zuwa mita 1.35 dangane da hasumiyar yamma, da hasumiyar gabas, dangane da hakan, mita daya.
Babban cocin ba zai zama "madaidaiciya" - saboda bai taɓa kasancewa ba-, amma za a kawo tsayuwarsa zuwa yanayi mai kyau, don tsayayya da abubuwan girgizar ƙasa kamar mafi ƙarfi da ya faru a cikin mashigar Meziko; rashin daidaituwa ya sake komawa kusan 35% na tarihinsa. Za'a iya sake kunna tsarin bayan shekaru 20 ko 30, idan lura ya bada shawara, kuma zamu sami - daga yau da kuma nan gaba - muyi aiki sosai kan maido da kayan adon, ƙofofi, ƙofofi, zane-zane da kuma, a ciki, a kan bagade , zane-zane, da sauransu, na tarin arziƙin wannan birni.
A ƙarshe, Ina so in jaddada cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun dace da aiki na musamman, wanda daga gare shi mashahuri da keɓaɓɓun ƙwarewar fasaha da kimiyya ke fitowa.
Wani zai iya nuna min cewa rashin girman kai ne a gare ni in daukaka ayyuka da nake ciki. Tabbas, yabon kanmu zai zama banza kuma a cikin ɗanɗano mara kyau, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba saboda ni da kaina na haɓaka aikin; Ni ne, ee, wanda a matsayina na mai alhakin abin tunawa da kuma ɗaurewa da himma da himma ga waɗanda suka sa waɗannan ayyukan suka yuwu, dole ne ya buƙaci a yarda da su.
Wannan ba wani aiki bane wanda yake bin sa, a matakin farko kuma sakamakon haka, tsarkakakkiyar sha'awa - ba zata inganta kanta ba - don inganta al'adunmu, aiki ne da aka haɓaka gaba ta fuskar manyan halayen gazawar ginin, don kauce wa masifa ta ɗan gajeren lokaci , yana buƙatar gaggawa.
Matsalar fasaha ce wacce ba ta dace da injiniyanci da maido da adabin ba. A zahiri, matsala ce irinta kuma ta musamman ga yanayin ƙasan garin Mexico City, wanda ba zai iya samun kwatankwacin wani wuri a sauƙin ba. Wata matsala ce, a ƙarshe, wacce ta dace da yankin geotechnics da injiniyoyin ƙasa.
Su injiniyoyi ne Enrique Tamez, Enrique Santoyo da kuma marubuta, waɗanda, bisa la'akari da masaniyar su ta musamman, sun bincika wannan matsalar kuma sun yi tunanin maganinta, wanda ya zama dole su ci gaba a kimiyyance duk wata hanyar ƙa'ida da ta haɗa da ƙirar injuna, kayan aiki Tabbacin gwaji na ayyukan, azaman aikin kwatankwacin aiwatar da matakan kariya, saboda an kunna abin da ke faruwa: Babban Cocin ya ci gaba da ɓarkewa. Tare da su akwai Dokta Roberto Meli, Kyautar Injiniya ta Kasa, Dokta Fernando López Carmona da wasu abokai daga Cibiyar Injiniya ta UNAM, wadanda ke lura da yanayin kwanciyar hankali na abin tunawa, yanayin kasawarsa da matakan kariya don haka, ta hanyar haifar da motsi zuwa tsarin, tsarin ba ya rikicewa a cikin yanayin da ke ƙara haɗarin. A nasa bangaren, injiniya Hilario Prieto shi ne ke kula da samar da tsayayyen tsayayyen shinge da matakan karfafa tsarin don ba da aminci ga aikin. Duk waɗannan ayyukan ana aiwatar dasu tare da abin buɗe buɗewa don yin sujada kuma ba tare da an rufe shi ga jama'a ba a duk waɗannan shekarun.
Tare da wasu kwararru, wannan rukunin masu aikin suna haduwa kowane mako, ba don tattauna cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin gine-gine ba amma don nazarin saurin lalacewa, halayyar tashin hankali, daidaitattun abubuwa da tabbatar da ikon tafiyar da motsi wanda aka jawo zuwa Cathedral: fiye da 1.35 m na zuriya zuwa ga yankin arewa maso gabas kuma ya juya kamar 40 cm a cikin hasumiya, 25 cm a cikin manyan ginshiƙai. Wannan saboda dogon zaman ne, idan baku yarda da wasu ra'ayoyi ba.
A matsayin cikamakin aiki kuma na yau da kullun, mun tuntubi mashahuran ƙwararrun masanan ƙasa waɗanda gargaɗinsu, shawarwari da shawarwari suka taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙoƙarinmu; An bincika abubuwan da suka lura kuma a lokuta da dama sun jagoranci mahimman hanyoyin samar da hanyoyin. Daga cikin su, dole ne in ambaci likitoci Raúl Marsal da Emilio Rosenblueth, waɗanda rashi da suka yi mana kwanan nan.
A matakan farko na aikin, an shawarci kungiyar IECA, daga kasar Japan kuma aka tura ta zuwa Mexico wasu kwararrun kwararru wadanda suka hada da injiniyoyin Mikitake Ishisuka, Tatsuo Kawagoe, Akira Ishido da Satoshi Nakamura, wadanda suka kammala muhimmancin ci gaban fasahar, zuwa wanda suke ganin ba shi da abin da zai bayar. Koyaya, saboda bayanan da aka basu, sun nuna babban haɗarin yanayin ɗabi'a da canjin da ke faruwa a ƙasan garin Mexico City, kuma sun gayyaci aikin sa ido da bincike don faɗaɗa zuwa wasu yankuna. dan tabbatar da cigaban garin mu. Wannan matsala ce da ta wuce mu.
An kuma ƙaddamar da aikin ga ilimin wani rukuni na fitattun masana daga ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya waɗanda, duk da cewa ba sa yin aikinsu a cikin yanayi mai kama da na ƙasar Mexico City, ƙarfin nazarinsu da fahimtar matsalar da aka yi Mai yiyuwa ne an warware mahimmancin maganin; Daga cikin su, zamu ambaci masu zuwa: Dr. Michele Jamilkowski, shugabar Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Ceto Hasumiyar Pisa; Dr. John E. Eurland, na Kwalejin Imperial, London; injiniya Giorgio Macchi, daga Jami'ar Pavia; Dokta Gholamreza Mesri, daga Jami'ar Illinois da Dokta Pietro de Porcellinis, Mataimakin Daraktan Gidaje na Musamman, Rodio, daga Spain.
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 1 Yuni zuwa Yulin 1994
