Gidan zuhudu na Tecali, wani gari ne da ke Puebla, wani samfuri ne na gine-ginen gidan zuhudu wanda ya nuna iyawar irin wannan onyx ɗin don gini.
Tecali, nau'in onyx
Tecali ya fito ne daga kalmar Nahuatl tecalli (daga tetl, dutse, da calli, gida), don haka ana iya fassara shi da "gidan dutse", kodayake wannan ma'anar ba ta dace da abin da ake kira tecali ba, onyx ko poblano alabaster, dutsen da ake amfani da shi sosai wajen amfani da shi Mexico daga karni na 16, tare da tezontle da chiluca.
Tun da babu kalmar Nahuatl ga irin wannan onyx, kalmar tecali ta kasance tana nufin wurin da wannan dutsen yake a yankin. Tecali anyi amfani dashi galibi a cikin kera faranti don bagadai da tagogi, kamar yadda aka yanka a cikin sirantu na sihiri ya kasance madaidaiciyar madubi ga gilashi saboda ƙarancinsa. Rawanin rawaya wanda ya hango a cikin majami'u ya haifar da yanayi na musamman wanda, tare da hasken alfarwar bagade, ya lulluɓe mai bautar a cikin ƙasa da sararin samaniya, inda zai ji wani ɓangare na girman Allah. Masu ginin da zane-zane sun fahimci wannan tasirin a fili, kamar su Mathías Goeritz lokacin da suke zana gilasan tagogin gilasai na manyan cocin Mexico da Cuernavaca. A yau ana amfani da tecali don ado da kayan haɗi, kamar bagade da ruwan rubutu mai tsarki a cikin majami'ar da ake ciki ko a maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, zane-zane ko kayan kwalliyar da masu sana'ar gida suka samar.
Kamar yawancin garuruwanmu, Tecali yana da ƙarancin martaba inda ginin Ikklesiya yake fitacce kuma abin da ya kasance babban firist na Franciscan a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A yau ta zama kango kuma, duk da haka, muna godiya da ɗaukakarsa kuma ba za mu iya jin jin wata sihiri da ke kewaye da wurin ba.
Gine-ginen gidajen zuhudu
Tsarin gine-ginen da ke cikin ɗakuna ya kasance sarari don yin bishara da yankin addini na yankin. Majami'un da Franciscans, Dominicans da Augustine suka gina sun ci gaba da al'adar zuhudu ta Turai, wanda tabbas ya dace da buƙatun da mamayar ta gabatar, wanda ya shafi tsarinta na asali. Nau'in ginin sabuwar majami'ar ta New Spain bai bi wani samfurin da aka dasa daga Spain ba. Da farko an kafa shi ne na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma kaɗan ya daidaita nau'in gine-gine wanda ya dace da yanayin gida, har sai ya zama samfurin da ake maimaitawa a mafi yawan waɗannan gine-ginen: babban atrium tare da ɗakunan bauta da ke a sasanninta, ɗakin sujada yana buɗewa a gefe ɗaya. na cocin da masu dogaro da gidan zuhudu da aka rarraba a kusa da wani ɗaki, gaba ɗaya a gefen kudu na cocin.
Santiago de Tecali
Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan rukunin shine na Santiago de Tecali. Franciscans sun fara aiki a can a cikin 1554 a kan ginin da ya gabata, kamar yadda na yanzu yake a ranar 1569, bisa ga taimakon dutse tare da haruffan Turai da na asali a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin cocin. Ayyukan ginin rukunin ya gudana tsakanin 1570 da 1580. A cewar Tecali Geographical List, wanda Uba Ponce ya zana a shekarar 1585, an kammala ginin abin tunawa a ranar 7 ga Satumbar 1579 kuma yana da ƙanana, babban mai ɗaukar hoto, sel da coci. duk "ciniki mai kyau." Wannan kyakkyawar kasuwancin tana bayyana ne a cikin ginin da ado na dukkanin hadadden kuma musamman a coci: haikalin ne mai ɗoki uku (basilical), halayyar da ta banbanta da mafi yawan waɗanda ke zamanin ta, wanda suna bin samfurin jirgi ɗaya ne. Yana da kyawawan façade wanda aka kiyaye shi kusan cikakke; yana da matukar banbanci ga lalataccen gidan zuhudu da kuma bude babbar hanyar sujada da aka sanya sama da ƙasa a gefen kudu na cocin.
Murfin yana ba da girmamawa sosai. Yana gabatar da hankali, tsari da kuma kyakkyawan tsari daidai gwargwado; wannan yana nuna cewa maginin ya san iyakokin zane-zanen gine-gine daga rubutun gargajiya na Vitruvius ko Serlio. Wannan zane har ma an danganta shi ga Claudio de Areiniega, maginin ginin Don Luis de Velasco, wanda ya zana shirin Katidral na Mexico. Halin Mannerist na murfin yana ba shi jituwa mai kyau, wanda aka tsara bisa abubuwa masu daidaito. Theofar tsakiyar bututun ruwa, wanda aka kafa ta baka mai sassauƙa, yana da sauƙin gyare-gyare da maye gurbin abubuwa na dala ko maki na lu'u-lu'u, da sikandi ko bawo da ke nuni da keɓewar haikalin: Santiago apóstol. A kan intrados ana maimaita maye gurbin maki lu'u-lu'u. Babban maɓallin tsakiya ya haskaka ta hanyar ɗan kwalliya kuma a cikin harbe-harben har yanzu akwai wasu zanen tare da mala'iku biyu da ke riƙe da ɗamarar da ke "riƙe" rawar. A cikin yanayin wa'azin bishara, mala'iku a ƙofar shiga majami'u jagorori ne kuma masu ƙaddamar da rayuwar Kirista; An sanya su a ƙofar, a matsayin alama ce ta wa’azi ko na Littattafai Masu Tsarki, wanda da kalmar sa yake buɗe ƙofar sababbin Kiristoci, don samun damar sanin Allah.
Yana da a bangarorin guda biyu ginshiƙai tare da abubuwa biyu da aka rufe tare da harsashi, wanda ke ɗauke da zane-zane guda huɗu: Saint Peter da Saint Paul, waɗanda suka kafa Cocin, Saint John da kuma waliyin wurin, Saint James. Ginshikan suna tallafawa kwalliyar kwalliyar da aka zana ta mai kusurwa uku da kuma dunƙule huɗu. Waɗannan abubuwa na gine-ginen suna ba da murfin yanayin Mannerist, wanda ake kira Renaissance mai tsabta. Wannan mashigin yana tare da mashigar shiga naves na gefen gefe, da kuma semicircular da kuma yin alamar ashlars da voussoirs tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi, sosai a cikin salon Fadannin Renaissance. Dukkanin saitin an sanya masa kambi ta gaban goge fuska ko santsi mai santsi wanda ginshiƙai ke haɗe dashi, wanda a ciki ake zato cewa garkuwar mulkin Spain ce. A gefe ɗaya kuma akwai babbar ƙararrawar ƙararrawa ta babban birni; akwai wataƙila akwai wata irin wannan hasumiyar a ƙarshen ƙarshen façade, kamar yadda aka nuna ta wani tushe wanda kuma wanda, a cikin maganganun haɗi, zai dace da fasalin dukkanin hadaddun.
A cikin cocin, tsakiyar tsakiyar ya fi fadi kuma ya fi tsayi, saboda yana gina babban bagade kuma an rabu da shi daga bangarorin ta hanyar jeri biyu na sasannin zagaye waɗanda ke gudana a cikin aikin gabaɗaya kuma ana tallafawa da ginshiƙai masu santsi tare da manyan birane. Tuscan. An yi ado da katanga da zanen bango. Alamun launuka waɗanda aka fi so da kyau suna cikin majami'ar sarauta a cikin ƙananan bishiyoyi, wanda ke adana wani ɓangare na iyaka ko tsiri tare da mala'iku da ganyaye, iyakance da igiyoyin Franciscan biyu a cikin ja. A cikin ɓangaren saman alkuki an zana sararin samaniya mai shuɗi tare da taurari, daidai muke gani a ƙofar shiga ƙofar arewa ta haikalin. Gidan zuhudun yana da mafi yawan zane-zane na bango, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin sacristy, inda aka zana jaket ɗin ƙura tana kwaikwayon tayal ɗin da ake kira adiko na goge baki ko kuma tare da alwatika masu faɗi, kuma da abubuwan fure a jikin taga. Sauran dakunan, kango ne kawai suka rage wadanda ke gayyatamu muyi tunanin yadda zasu kasance, wannan shine dalilin da yasa shimfidar tana da wasu shayari, kamar yadda mai ziyarar wurin yayi bayani.
A cikin dangantakar da ke sama da aka ambata a sama na Tecali an kuma nuna cewa cocin na da rufin katako a ƙarƙashin rufin ruɓaɓɓe tare da tiles, rufin da yake gama gari ne a wancan lokacin na mulkin mallaka na farko. A cikin Mexico mun riga mun sami misalai kaɗan na waɗannan kyawawan alfarjes na katako kuma Tecali na iya zama ɗayansu, idan ba wanda aka azabtar da wani janar mai suna Calixto Mendoza wanda ya gina ɓarna a can ba a cikin 1920. Duk da haka, wannan sararin samaniya yana ba da jin daɗin kwanciyar hankali da lumana, kuma yana gayyatar baƙi da mazauna zuwa gareshi a cikin lokacin hutu don su more tare da danginsu ko ƙaunatattun su lawn ɗin ban mamaki wanda yanzu shine bene na haikalin, ƙarƙashin hasken rana Puebla.
A bayan fage zaku iya ganin presbytery din tare da babban baka wanda ke goyan bayan kwalliya murabba'i kuma an haskaka shi da lu'ulu'u ko maki na pyramidal daidai da waɗanda ke gaba, yin kyakkyawar wasiƙar ado. A cikin ɗakin ajiyar da ke samar da baka akwai gutsuttsarin caissons polygonal wanda aka zana a shuɗi da ja, wanda ya dace da kayan ado na rufin katako. Wataƙila an gyara wannan a ƙarshen karni na 17, lokacin da aka haɗa babban bagade mai haske a cikin salon salo na baroque, wanda ya rufe zanen bangon na asali, wanda ɗan gutsuttsarin Kalvary ne kawai ya rage. A bangon zaka ga wasu katako na katako waɗanda ke goyan bayan bagade na zinariya.
Tushen bagadin da aka kiyaye ya zama kamar ba shi da kyau kuma ba a kula da shi ba, amma yana ɗauke da wani sanannen sanannen labari, a cewar Don Ramiro, mazaunin wurin. Ya tabbatar da cewa akwai ɓoyayyen ƙofar wasu ramuka waɗanda ke sadarwa tare da makwabtan gidan zuhudu na Tepeaca, ta inda friar ɗin ke bi ta asirce kuma inda suke ajiye kirji tare da ɓangarori masu mahimmanci na trousseau na cocin, waɗanda "suka ɓace" bayan sabuntawa na wurin, a cikin sittin.
A saman ƙofar akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa, waɗanda ke da goyan bayan baka uku da suka haɗu tare da siririn baka na naves, wanda ya sami saitin abubuwan jan hankali. Wannan wurin yana ba da amsa ga salon Sifen na ƙarshen karni na 15, wanda aka karɓa a majami'u na majami'u na New Spain.
Cikakkun bayanan asalin zamani
A cikin Tecali kuma muna samun wasu hanyoyin magance asalin zamanin da: abubuwan da ake kira zagaye na zagaye, waxanda suke da matattakan hanyoyi a cikin wasu ganuwar kuma wasu lokuta suna ba da damar zagayawa a wajen ginin. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun sami fa'ida don gyaran facade, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a zamanin Turai don tsabtace taga. A cikin New Spain babu gilashin gilashi masu launi, amma zane ko takaddun takardu waɗanda aka birgima ko yadawa don sarrafa iska da haske, kodayake anan akwai yiwuwar cewa an rufe wasu windows ɗin da zannuwan tecali. Wani ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin bangon shine tagogin da ke isar da cocin tare da kayan aikin kuma suka zama masu furci, inda firist ɗin ke jira a gidan zuhudu kuma mai tuba ya matso daga gidan. Irin wannan furcin ya daina amfani da shi bayan Majalisar Trent (1545-1563), wacce ta tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ya kamata su kasance a cikin haikalin, don haka ba mu da misalai kaɗan a Meziko.
Ba a san yawan bagade na zinariya da polychrome da cocin Tecali ya ba su ba, amma biyu sun tsira: babba ɗaya kuma ɗayan da za mu iya yabawa a cikin Ikklesiya ta yanzu, tare da wasu bagade na zinariya guda uku, waɗanda aka yi don sabon haikalin. . Wanda ke kan babban bagadin an sadaukar da shi ga Santiago Manzo, majiɓincin Tecali, wanda aka zana a cikin mai akan zane na tsakiya. Yana amfani da pilasters, wanda aka sani a cikin Mexico azaman churriguerescas, wanda aka gabatar a karni na goma sha bakwai, tare da zane-zanen tsarkakakku na tsarkaka, a cikin kayan ado masu fa'ida waɗanda ke nuna mutuncinsu na baroque. Bayanin wannan bagadin ya zama dole ne a aiwatar da shi jim kaɗan kafin a bar gidan zuhudu a shekarar 1728, lokacin da aka kammala gina cocin na yanzu kuma waɗanda aka kera a tsohuwar cocin suka motsa.
Akwai kuma har yanzu ana amfani da manyan rijiyoyi guda biyu waɗanda ke tarawa da adana ruwan sama ta hanyar tsarin hanyoyin ruwa na ƙasa don ɗaukar mahimmin ruwa kuma suna da shi a lokacin rani. Gabanin zamanin Hispanic na waɗannan rijiyoyin shine jagüeyes, waɗanda friars ɗin suka inganta ta rufe su da dutse. A Tecali akwai tankuna biyu: ɗayan an rufe shi don shan ruwa - a bayan cocin - ɗayan kuma don kiwon da kiwon kifi, nesa da girma.
Ziyartar Tecali gamuwa ce da jiya, ɗan hutu a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun mai cike da wahala. Yana tunatar da mu cewa a Meziko akwai wurare masu ban sha'awa da yawa; namu ne kuma sun cancanci sani.
IDAN KA ZO TECALI
Tecali de Herrera gari ne mai nisan kilomita 42 daga garin Puebla, tare da babbar hanyar tarayya ba. 150 wanda ke zuwa daga Tehuacán zuwa Tepeaca, inda zaku ɗauki karkatarwa zuwa can. An ambaci shi ne don girmama Kanal Ambrosio de Herrera mai sassaucin ra'ayi.
