A cikin Meziko, abin mamakin mutuwa ya kawo saitin imani, al'adu da al'adu.
A halin yanzu, kuma musamman a yankunan karkara da yankuna-birane, ana yin bikin ranar Matattu har yanzu. Ana yin bagadai kuma an kawata su a cikin gidaje kuma ana kai hadaya zuwa kaburbura a makabartu.
Tare da rashin wayewar al'adun Yammacin Turai, tsoffin abubuwan imani sun fara haɗuwa tare da ra'ayin rayuwar gaba, fassarar ruhin mamacin wanda zai jira ranar hukuncin ƙarshe, yayin da gawarwakinsu zai kasance a cikin kaburbura.
Saboda haka al'adar binnewa a cikin kaburbura, wanda kuma, ita ce, al'adar da ta samo asali tun daga lokacin da katuwar kabari ta kasance. Wannan al'adar funerary, wacce, a wani lokaci, za'a fara rufe ta da siffofin zane, za'a kula da ita a cikin wannan rubutun.
Fitowar fasahar kabari
A Meziko, da farko ana aiwatar da al'adar binne mamacin a cikin kabari a cikin manyan coci-coci.
Samfurin da za'a iya bugawa na wadannan kaburburan ana iya ganinsa a yau, sosai, a ɓangarorin babban rafin Katidral na Mérida. Akwai, a kan bene, dutsen marmara da onyx dutsen kabari tare da bayanan mutanen da aka binne a wurin. Wannan al'adar ta zama mahaukaci, wanda aka hana shi a lokacin mulkin Juarista, wanda ya haifar da makabartun jama'a.
A al'adun yamma kuma daga lokacin da aka gano kabari, kaburbura sun kasance wasu wurare ne masu wucewa inda mutum zai kasance cikin haƙuri yana jiran ranar hukunci. Abin da ya sa aka rufe kaburbura da nau'ikan zane-zane (sassaka, epitaphs tare da nau'ikan adabi daban-daban, zane-zane, da sauransu) waɗanda ke ɗauke da alama game da imani game da abin da ya faru da mutuwa da kuma game da ƙarshen makomar ran matattu. ya mutu. Wannan zane-zanen kabarin ya samo asali ne, tunda a cikin wasu siffofin "maguzawa" (ginshiƙai da obelisks, bishiyoyi - willows - da rassan da suka karye, urnar uri'a, masu makoki, kwanyar kawuna) yawan mala'iku da rayuka, gicciye da alamomin fansa. Kwanan nan siffofin zane-zane na zane-zane da na adabi na faruwa a makabartu na Meziko daga tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata zuwa shekarun farko na yanzu, a zamaninmu akwai keɓewa kawai, tun lokacin da jana'izar ta zama daidaitacciya kuma ta talauce ta fuskar maganganun filastik. .
Waɗannan wakilcin suna da darajar kyan gani, amma kuma su ma shaidun shaida ne waɗanda ke nuni da mu zuwa ga ra'ayoyi da imanin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da suka samar da su.
Babban ma'anar fasahar da aka nuna fasahar zane-zane da aka nuna a nan, a cikin zane-zane, dangane da siffofin kimiyyar halittar mutum (wasu daga cikin kalmomin da aka fi tsaftacewa a cikin wannan nau'ikan sun samo asali ne daga masu zanen Italiya, kamar Ponzanelli, a cikin Pantheon Francés de La Piedad, daga Mexico City da Biagi, a cikin Pantheon na Aguascalientes), na dabbobi, tsirrai da abubuwa - waɗanda a cikinsu akwai zane-zanen gine-ginen da misalai - A lamuran adabi, manyan siffofin sune '' shrouds '', guda kamar yadda Jesús Franco Carrasco ya fada a cikin aikinsa La Loza Funeraria de Puebla:
Figures na Anthropomorphic
Ofaya daga cikin siffofin wakilcin mamacin shine hoto, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hoto ko hoto yayin da, haɗe da dutsen kabarin ko a cikin ɗakin kabarin, akwai hoton mamacin.
Samfurin zane-zanen zane a cikin pantheon na Mérida shine sassaka ɗan yaro Gerardo de Jesús wanda, a gaban hoton Maryamu Budurwa, yana riƙe da gicciyen giciye da wasu furanni a kirjinsa, alama ce ta tsabtar ɗabi'ar ruhin mamacin.
Wakilcin masu zaman makoki
Adadin masu makoki ɗayan ɗayan abubuwa ne da ake maimaita su a lokacin ƙarni na 19.
Babban makasudin bayanin nasa shine wakiltar dorewar dangi kusa da katanga ta karshe na danginsu da suka mutu, a matsayin wata alama ta kauna da girmamawa ga tunawa da su.
Wadannan adadi suna samun nuances daban-daban: daga siffofin mata da suke yin sujada, waɗanda baƙinciki, a gaban akwatinan (Josefa Suárez de Rivas kabarin, 1902. Mérida Municipal Pantheon), ga waɗanda suka bayyana a durƙushe, suna addu'a, tare da abin da aka ba da gudummawa don hutawa rai madawwami. Babban sanannen misali, a tsarin fasali, shine kabarin Álvaro Medina R. (1905, Mérida Municipal Pantheon). Yakamata ya mutu, akan gadon mutuwarsa kuma an rufe shi da sutura, yayin da matarsa ta bayyana, ta ɗaga wani ɓangare na mayafin a fuskarsa don yin bankwana ta ƙarshe.
Wakilcin rayuka da siffofin mala'iku
Wakilcin mutumtaka na iya daukar nau'ikan filastik masu nasara, kamar yadda yake a cikin kabarin dangin Caturegli, a cikin La Piedad Pantheon, inda wata mace mai kamar alama ta tashi zuwa kan gicciye. Adadin mala'iku sun cika aikin taimakon mamaci a canjinsu zuwa lahira. Wannan shine batun adadi na psychopompos, mala'ika mai kula da rayuka zuwa aljanna (Kabarin Manuel Arias-1893 da Ma. Del Carmen Luján de A.-1896-Chapel na Master Master. Mérida, Yuc.).
Kyakkyawan wakilci shine kabarin Mrs. Ma. De la Luz Obregón da Don Francisco de Paula Castañeda (1898). Duk kaburburan suna da alaƙa a cikin Pantheon Municipal na Guanajuato, Gto. A nata, a gefenta za ka ga mutum-mutumi mai girman rai wanda ke nuni zuwa sama, yayin da kabarin Don Francisco ya nuna hoton wata kyakkyawar mace wacce har yanzu ta dogara kusa da gicciye, tare da kallon lumana shiryar zuwa sama. Gwanin mai ban mamaki ya samo asali ne daga mai zane J. Capetta y Ca. de Guadalajara.
Figures, dabbobi da shuke-shuke
Ofaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin misalai na misalai shine wanda yake wakiltar ƙwanƙolin kai da guntun giciye. Wannan kwatancen macabre ga mamacin wanda ya mutu, na wani tsari "arna" kuma daya daga cikin alamomin daya dace da mutuwa, yana da wani kasantuwa a cikin kaburburan kaburburan tsohuwar makabarta a Chilapa, Gro. Daga cikin kaburbura 172 (kashi 70% na jimillar) da aka yi a ƙarni na 19, kwanyar ta bayyana a cikin 11 daga cikinsu, tare da ranakun da suka fara daga 1864 zuwa 1889. A cikin farfajiyar Pofar Pantheon ta Gana na Guanajuato, a cikin ƙyamarta, akwai kuma kwanuka da yawa. Mai kama.
Manufofin da ke dauke da siffofin dabba da na rubuta sune kurciya, wanda ke wakiltar ran mamacin da ke tashi zuwa sama, da rago - sun haɗu da siffar Kristi ɗan, suna nan "a matsayin misalin Makiyayin Mai Kyau" - (Ramírez, op .cit.: 198).
Kayan lambu suna daukar nau'ikan daban-daban, daga cikinsu dole ne mu haskaka na bishiyoyi, rassan da tushe - ta fuskar kambi ko kan iyakoki - da na furanni, a cikin sigar ado, na furanni ko ita kaɗai. Wakilcin bishiyoyin da aka yanke suna da alaƙa da Bishiyar Rayuwa da rayayyun rayuka.
Abubuwan gine-ginen gine-gine da kuma alamu
Baya ga wasu nau'ikan kayan adon gargajiya akan kaburburan, akwai wasu wakilcin nau'in gine-ginen da ke nuni da wani alama. Siffar ƙofar kabarin a matsayin ƙofa ga lahira ko lahira, kamar Puerta deI Hades (Ibid: 203), ana samunta a cikin kabarin ɗan Humberto Losa T. (1920) na Pantheon na Mérida na Municipal da kuma a cikin kabarin Reyes Retana dangi, a cikin Pantheon na Faransa na Ia Piedad.
Rukunin da aka kakkarya suna nuni ne da "tunanin wani abu na kokarin rayuwa wanda mutuwa ta katse shi" (Ibid., Log. Cit.) (Kabarin Stenie Huguenin de Cravioto, Pachuca Municipal Pantheon, Hgo.), Yayin da a makabartu da dama ana iya samun sa Wakillan coci-coci a kan kaburbura (Mérida Municipal Pantheon), wataƙila don tunawa da rawar da waɗannan gine-ginen suka taka a farkon aikin binnewa a ƙasarmu.
Game da gwanaye na kwararru ko ƙungiyoyi da alamomi, waɗannan nau'ikan alamun, masu alaƙa da ayyukan duniya na mamacin, a cikin makabartar Mérida wani yanki da aka keɓe ga mambobin masaukin Masonic ana iya gani.
Abubuwa masu banƙyama da shrouds
Akwai abubuwa da yawa masu alamomin gumaka waɗanda ke nuni da alamomin da suka danganci mutuwa, rauni da raunin rayuwa, ƙarancin lokaci, da sauransu. Daga cikin su, yana da kyau a ambaci gilashin fuka-fukai masu fuka-fukai (irin su farfajiyar tsohuwar maƙabartar a cikin Taxco), da ɓarnata, wuraren ajiyar kayan tarihi, tocilan tocilan. Wasu wakilci suna da hali mai daɗi, tunda wasu samfuran kabarin ana yinsu akan kaburburan.
Babban filin jirgin kabari na gicciye, a cikin garin Aguascalientes, aikin maginin Refugio Reyes, babban misali ne na amfani da misalai don ƙarshen rayuwa: babban wasika omega, wanda ya nuna ƙarshen rayuwa. , (yayin da harafin alpha ke nufin farkon) wanda aka sassaka shi a cikin duwatsu masu launin ruwan hoda, yana ba da damar isa makabarta.
Jesús Franco Carrasco, wanda ya yi nazarin, a cikin aikin da aka ambata, halaye da ma'anonin da irin waɗannan abubuwan bayyanar da kyawawan dabi'un suka samu, suka kula da shi a matsayin kyakkyawar hanyar rubutu.
Ta wani abin mamakin, adadi na shroud ya motsa ni in fara bincike game da zane-zane kuma shroud din ne ya sa Franco ya fara nasa binciken. Rubutun da na kera shi kwanan wata 1903, yayin da wanda yake a Toxtepec, Pue., Wanda Franco yake ishara dashi, shekaru 4 ne kacal daga baya.
Na rubuta shroud na yore don kammala waɗannan layin:
Tsaya fasinja!
Me yasa zaka tafi ba tare da ka min magana ba?
Haka ne saboda daga ƙasa nake kuma ku daga nama
Kuna hanzarta matakinku da sauƙi
Ku saurare ni dan lokaci kadan
Neman da na yi gajeruwa ne kuma na son rai ne,
Ka yi mini addu'a babanmu da mayafinka
Kuma ci gaba da tafiyarka… Zan jira ku anan!
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 13 Yuni-Yuli 1996
