Wanene zai iya musun cewa hotunan Hugo Brehme yana magana da batutuwan Mexico sosai? A cikin su an nuna yanayin ƙasa a cikin dutsen mai aman wuta da filayen; gine-gine a cikin kayan tarihi da garuruwan mulkin mallaka; da mutanen, a cikin karusar, asan China Poblanas da Indiyawa cikin fararen kaya.
Shekarar 2004 ta cika shekaru 50 da haihuwar Hugo Brehme, marubucin waɗannan hotunan. Duk da cewa asalinsa Bajamushe ne, ya yi aikin daukar hoto ne a Meziko, inda ya yi rayuwa daga 1906 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1954. A yau ya mallaki wani muhimmin wuri a tarihin daukar hotonmu saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a harkar da ake kira Pictorialism, don haka aka tozarta shi kuma aka manta da shi na dogon lokaci. , amma wannan yana sake kimantawa a zamaninmu.
Daga hotunan, waɗanda suka tashi daga San Luis Potosí zuwa Quintana Roo, mun san cewa Brehme ya yi kusan kusan duk ƙasar. Ya fara buga hotunanshi a cikin shekaru goman farko na karni na 20, a cikin El Mundo Ilustrado da sauran sanannun mako-mako a cikin Meziko na wancan lokacin. Ya kuma fara sayar da shahararrun kardunan daukar hoto a kusan shekaru goma na biyu kuma zuwa shekarar 1917 National Geographic ya nemi abu don kwatanta mujallar tasu. A cikin 1920s, ya buga littafin Mexico Picturesque a cikin harsuna uku, wani abu wanda ya kebanta da littafin daukar hoto wanda ke dauke da babban aiki don inganta kasar sa ta riko, amma wanda a matakin farko ya tabbatar masa da kwanciyar hankalin tattalin arzikin kasuwancin sa na daukar hoto. Ya karɓi ɗayan lambobin yabo a baje kolin masu ɗaukar hoto na Meziko a shekarar 1928. Shekaru goma masu zuwa sun zo daidai da ƙarfafa shi a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da bayyanar hotunansa a Mapa. Mujallar Yawon Bude Ido, jagora ce wacce ta gayyaci direban ya zama matafiyi kuma ya shiga cikin hanyoyin lardin Mexico. Hakanan, tasirin da yake da shi a kan masu ɗaukar hoto daga baya, daga cikinsu Manuel Álvarez Bravo, sananne ne.
LADAN SHA'AWA DA RANAN KYAUTA
Fiye da rabin yawan hotunan da muka sani game da Brehme a yau an sadaukar da shi ne ga shimfidar wuri, na nau'ikan soyayyar da ke kama manyan yankuna da sararin sama, magaji ne ga tarihin hoto na ƙarni na 19, kuma wannan yana nuna kyawawan halaye, musamman na tsaunuka, wanda yana tsaye mai ɗaukaka da girman kai.
Lokacin da mutum ya bayyana a cikin waɗannan al'amuran, zamu ga yana raguwa da yawan adadin ruwan sama ko kuma lokacin da yake tunanin girman kololuwar tsaunika.
Hakanan yanayin shimfidar wuri yana matsayin tsari don yin rikodin abubuwan tarihi da abubuwan tarihi na mulkin mallaka, a matsayin shaidun abubuwan da suka gabata wanda ya zama mai ɗaukaka kuma koyaushe ana ɗaukaka shi da tabarau mai ɗaukar hoto.
WAKILAI KO TURAI
Hoton ɗan ƙaramin ɓangare ne na ƙirar sa kuma ya karɓi rinjaye a lardin Mexico; Fiye da hotunan gaskiya, sun ƙunshi wakilci ko ra'ayoyi. A nasu bangaren, yaran da suka bayyana koyaushe suna daga yankunan karkara kuma suna nan a matsayin ragowar tsoffin wayewar ƙasa, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa wannan lokacin. Hotunan rayuwar lumana, inda suke aiwatar da ayyukanda da yau da kullun a matsayin mazaunin mazaunin su, kamar ɗaukar ruwa, kiwon shanu ko wanki; babu wani abu daban da abinda C.B. Waite da W. Scott, masu daukar hoto waɗanda suka gabace shi, waɗanda aka bayyana hotunan 'yan asalin ƙasar a wuri mai kyau.
A cikin Brehme, maza da mata, su kaɗai ko cikin ƙungiyoyi, sun bayyana sau da yawa fiye da yadda ba a bayyana su a sararin samaniya ba kuma tare da wani abu da ake ganin galibi ɗan Mexico ne kamar cactus, nopal, marmalar mulkin mallaka ko doki. 'Yan asalin ƙasar da mestizos sun bayyana a gare mu a matsayin masu siyarwa a cikin kasuwanni, makiyaya ko masu tafiya a ƙafa waɗanda ke yawo a titunan biranen biranen da biranen lardin, amma mafi ban sha'awa shi ne mestizo waɗanda ke alfahari da suturar sutura.
WANI IRIN NAU'IN KARNUN ASHIRIN
Matan kusan koyaushe suna bayyana ne sanye da tufafi irin na China Puebla. A yau da wuya wani ya san cewa tufafin “poblana”, kamar yadda Madame Calderón de la Barca ta kira shi a shekarar 1840, yana da ma'ana mara kyau a cikin ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ake ɗaukarsa irin na mata masu “ƙazamar suna”. A karni na ashirin, matan Sinawa na Puebla sun zama alamomin asalin ƙasa, ta yadda a cikin hotunan Brehme suna wakiltar ƙasar Meziko, duka kyawawa da lalata.
Kayan adon china poblana da charro wani ɓangare ne na “halin” na ƙarni na 20, na abin da ya kamata mu cancanta a matsayin “ɗan Mexico” kuma har ma a makarantun firamare amfani da su ya zama abin dogaro na tilas don raye-rayen bukukuwan yara. . Magabata sun koma karni na sha tara, amma an ɗauke shi a lokacin 20s da 30 lokacin da aka nemi ainihi a cikin asalin Hispanic da mulkin mallaka, kuma sama da duka, a haɗuwa da al'adun biyu, don ɗaukaka mestizo, wanda zai zama wakilinsa china poblana.
ALAMOMIN KASA
Idan muka kalli hoton mai taken Amorous Colloquium, zamu ga wasu ma'aurata masu kama da juna wadanda ke kewaye da abubuwa wanda tun daga shekaru goma na biyu na karnin da ya gabata suke da daraja a matsayin dan Mexico. Karuwa ne, wanda ba ya rasa gashin baki, tare da halaye masu rinjaye amma na yabo game da matar, wacce ke sanye da shahararriyar sutturar, wacce ta hau kan cactus. Amma, ko yaya yawan yabon da ya samu, wa ya zaɓi ya hau kansa ko ya jingina da kanmu? Sau nawa muka ga wannan yanayin ko makamancin haka? Wataƙila a cikin fina-finai, tallace-tallace da hotunan da ke gina wannan hangen nesa na "ɗan Mexico", wanda a yau ɓangare ne na tunaninmu.
Idan muka dawo zuwa daukar hoto, zamu sami wasu abubuwan da zasu karfafa gina hoton duk da cewa basu yarda da rayuwar yau da kullun ba, na kauyuka da na birni: kan mata, a yanayin shekarun 20 kuma hakan yana da goyon baya karyar karya wacce bata gama sakar ba; wasu takalman fata?; yin wando da takalmin da ake tsammani charro ne ... kuma don haka zamu iya ci gaba.
ZAMANIN ZINARI
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, daga cikin tunaninmu muna da ɗan hoto mai launin fari da fari na keɓaɓɓen kaya daga zamanin finafinan zinariya na Mexico, da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a wuraren waje inda muke fahimtar yanayin Brehme a cikin motsi, wanda ruwan tabarau na Gabriel Figueroa ya kama don kyakkyawa yawan kaset da suke kula da karfafa asalin kasa a ciki da wajen yankin na Meziko, kuma wadanda suke da hotuna a baya kamar wadannan.
Zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa Hugo Brehme ya dauki hoto a cikin shekaru talatin na farko na karni na 20 sama da hotunan archetypal guda dari a yau, wanda ake ci gaba da amincewa da shi a matsayin mashahuri a matsayin wakilin "dan Mexico". Dukansu suna dacewa da Suave Patria, na Ramón López Velarde, wanda a cikin 1921 ya fara da furtawa zan faɗi tare da almara mai mutunci, asalin ƙasar ba shi da kyau kuma lu'ulu'u ne ...
Source: Mexico da ba a sani ba A'a. 329 / Yuli 2004
