Abin mamaki ne kwarai da gaske cewa masana kimiyya sun san mafi yawan taurari da ke cikin galaxy fiye da nau'ikan halittu a Duniya.
Bambance-bambancen yau da kullun suna canzawa tsakanin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban miliyan bakwai zuwa 20, gwargwadon kimantawa gabaɗaya, kodayake zai iya kaiwa miliyan 80, kowannensu yana da bambancin bayanan halittar su, waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin al'ummomin halittu da dama. Koyaya, kusan miliyan ɗaya da rabi ne aka rarraba kuma aka bayyana su; sabili da haka, an ambaci wani yanki kaɗan daga cikin duka. Groupungiyoyin halittu, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, arthropods, fungi da nematodes, ba a ɗan nazarin su ba, yayin da yawancin nau'ikan teku da na bakin teku ba a san su da yawa.
Ana iya raba bambancin halittu zuwa gida uku: a) bambancin halittu, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin bambancin kwayoyin halittu a cikin jinsi; b) bambancin jinsi, wato nau'ikan da ke akwai a yanki - lamba, wato, "wadatarta" ma'auni ne wanda "ake yawan amfani dashi"; c) bambancin yanayin halittu, wanda za'a iya auna lambarsa da rarraba shi a cikin al'ummomin da ƙungiyoyin jinsin gaba ɗaya. Domin yalwata dukkan bangarorin halittu, ya zama dole a yi magana game da bambancin al'adu, wadanda suka hada da kabilun kowace kasa, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa.
RAGE JIKIN KWAYOYI
Sakamakon ci gaban mutum ne kai tsaye, saboda yawancin hanyoyin halittu sun canza zuwa tsarin talauci, ƙasa da ƙarancin tattalin arziƙi da ilimin ɗan adam. Amfani da abubuwanda basu dace ba, banda hargitsi da ayyukansu, shima yana haifar da tsada da asarar jinsuna.
Hakanan, mun dogara kacokam kan jari-hujja. Bambanci tsakanin da tsakanin jinsuna ya samar mana da abinci, itace, zare, kuzari, kayan masarufi, sinadarai, masana masana'antu, da magunguna.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa a ƙarshen 80s da farkon 90s an ƙirƙiri kalmar me-bambancin, wanda ke nufin ƙasashen da ke mai da hankali ga mafi yawan halittu masu rai a duniya, kuma duk da cewa kalmar ta wuce adadin nau'in, Fihirisa ne da za'a yi la'akari dashi, tunda duk al'umman duniya 17 ne kacal suka haɗa tsakanin 66 zuwa 75% ko fiye na bambancin halittu, a cikin duka 51 miliyan 189 396 km2.
DAYA CIKIN BABBAN
Mexico tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe biyar a cikin manyan abubuwa kuma tana da matsayi na bakwai ta yanki, tare da miliyan ɗaya 972 544 km2. Daga cikin halayen da ke bayanin wannan babban-bambancin shine: yanayin wurin da yake tsakanin yankuna biyu, Nearctic da Neotropical, saboda haka, zamu sami jinsuna daga arewa da kudu; ire-iren yanayi, daga bushe zuwa zafi, da yanayin zafi daga sanyi sosai zuwa dumi. Aƙarshe, akwai yanayin yanayin ƙasa, daga yankuna masu laushi zuwa mawuyatan yanayi.
Hakanan, a halin yanzu kasar Mexico gida ce tsakanin 10 zuwa 12% na dukkan nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi a doron kasa, tana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 439, 705 na dabbobi masu rarrafe, 289 na amphibians, 35 na dabbobi masu shayarwa da 1061 na tsuntsaye; amma fiye da rabi suna cikin hatsarin halaka.
Game da fauna, akwai misalai daga yankin Nearctic, kamar su kunkuru, kyawawan bishiyoyin masarauta, axolotls, geese, moles, bears, bison da tumaki. A gefe guda kuma, akwai samfurin dabbobin Neotropical, kamar su iguanas, nauyacas, macaws, gizo-gizo da birai masu bijiro, anteaters da tapirs, da sauransu, yayin da aka rarraba nau'ikan kamar hummingbirds, armadillos, opossums, da sauransu a cikin yankuna biyu.
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, dabbobin ruwa suna da mafi yawan halittu masu yawa, wanda yake a cikin yanki mai albarkatu na ɗabi'a kamar murjani na tekun Caribbean, wanda gabansa ya faɗi fiye da kilomita 200, soso, jellyfish, shrimp, cucumbers, urchins da adadi mai yawa. na launuka iri-iri. Fiye da nau'in 140 da 1300 na polychaetes ko tsutsotsi a teku an bayyana a cikin Tekun Kalifoniya.
Idan har za mu iya fadada hangen nesanmu mu kuma lura a duk fadin kasar tun daga kan tabo har zuwa mafi bayyane, bincika duwatsu, kogwanni da duwatsu, koguna, lagoons da tekuna, ma'ana, a dukkan hanyoyin halittu, Zamu iya tabbatar da cewa gabaɗaya komai ya mallake ta ta hanyar nau'ikan sifofin rayuwa daban-daban, kuma mafi yawansu sun iso gaban mutane. Koyaya, mun ƙaurace musu kuma sau da yawa ya kai ga halaka.
Inasashen da ke cikin ƙasa sune halittu masu bambancin ra'ayi da kuma tsaka-tsakin halittu waɗanda ke jagorantar lambobi, nau'ikan kwari irin su ƙwaro, butterflies, ƙudan zuma, mazari, tururuwa da arachnids kamar gizo-gizo ko kunama.
A Meziko, an san nau'in kudan zuma 1,589, 328 na mazari, fiye da malam buɗe ido 1,500 da yawancin dare, kuma akwai ƙwaro fiye da 12,000 ko gizo-gizo 1,600, yayin da aka ruwaito fiye da nau'in 2,122. na kifi a cikin ruwan teku da na nahiyoyi, wato, kusan kashi 10% na duk duniya, wanda aka rarraba nau'ikan 380 a cikin ruwan sabo, musamman a cikin tafkunan ruwa na yankuna masu yanayi, damuna da yankuna masu zafi.
Kasar tana da fiye da nau'ikan 290 na amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe 750, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 10% na jimlar a duniya. Caecilia, toads da frogs sun zama rukuni na amphibian, yayin da ƙasa da macizan ruwa, kamar su murjani, nauyacas, rattlesnakes da dutsen, ko saurians kamar ƙadangare, iguanas, guin aladu da tsofaffi, kamar kunkuru, kadoji, kada, kada wasu kuma sune kungiyar dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Kimanin 1,050 daga cikin 8,600 da aka ruwaito a duniya an san su game da tsuntsaye, kuma daga cikin jimlar nau'ikan Meziko 125 masu fama da cutar. Kashi 70% yana cikin wurare masu zafi, musamman a jihohin Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche da Quintana Roo. Wannan rukuni mai launuka iri-iri ya tabbatar da dimbin wadatar jinsin da aka samo a cikin kasar, daga cikinsu ne quetzals a Chiapas suka yi fice; farin kurciya wacce kawai ake samu a tsibirin Cozumel kuma a wasu makusanta; 'yan toka, pelicans, cormorants, boobies da frigates, flamingos, heron, storks, da sauransu. Waɗannan suna wakiltar wasu sanannun sunayen tsuntsaye waɗanda sauƙin samu a kudu maso gabashin Mexico.
MAGANA AKAN Kudu Maso Kudu
Chiapas yana da tsuntsaye kamar su quetzal da dawisu mai ƙaho, waɗanda mazauninsu ya ragu har ya zama keɓewa a ɓangarorin sama na Sierra Madre. Daga cikin masu farautar, an ba da rahoton fiye da nau'ikan sama da hamsin na falconiforms, kamar shaho, da shaho da gaggafa, da kuma 38 na goruba, kamar su mujiya da mujiya, amma rukunin da ya fi girma ya kunshi mutane masu wucewa, kamar magpies, hankaka da gwarare, da sauransu. , wato, 60% na nau'in da aka ruwaito don Mexico.
A ƙarshe, dabbobi masu shayarwa sune ƙwayoyin halittar da suka kai girman girma kuma suna daɗa jan hankali tare da tsuntsaye. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi masu rai na duniya guda 452, wanda kashi 33% daga cikinsu akwai masu yaduwa kuma kashi 50% na ruwa, wadanda aka rarraba su musamman a yankuna masu zafi. A cikin Lacandon Jungle akwai yalwar jinsunan Chiapas, musamman dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Distributedungiyar da aka fi rarrabawa ita ce rodents, tare da nau'in 220, daidai da 50% na ƙasa da 5% a duniya. Don jemage ko jemage, an ba da rahoton nau'ikan 132, ƙungiyar dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke mai da hankali a cikin adadi mai yawa - daga fewan ɗari zuwa miliyan - a cikin kogo a Campeche, Coahuila ko Sonora.
Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda ke da yawa a dajin Lacandon sune kayan fasaha: peccaries, deer, pronghorn da bighorn tumaki: rukuni ne da ke kafa yankuna, wasu suna da mutane kusan 50, kamar su farar fata masu baƙar fata. Hakanan, wakilin kawai na ƙungiyar perissodactyls da aka ba da rahoto game da Meziko shine na tapirs, mafi girman dabbobi masu shayarwa na yankin Amurka waɗanda ake samu a kudu maso gabas, a cikin dazukan Campeche da Chiapas. Kowane ɗayan wannan nau'in na iya ɗaukar nauyin kilogram 300.
Daga cikin mafi kyawun kwayar halitta saboda tarihinta da tushenta a cikin al'adun Mesoamerican saboda ƙarfin da take wakilta shine jaguar. Kamar pumas da ocelots, coyotes, foxes, bears, raccoons da badgers, da sauransu, ya kasance daga nau'ikan 35 na dabbobi masu cin nama a Mexico.
Bira gizo-gizo da birai masu sihiri nau'ikan birai ne guda biyu da ake iya samu a daji a cikin dazuzzuka na! kudu maso gabashin Mexico. Suna da matukar mahimmanci a cikin al'adun Mayan, tun daga zamanin pre-Columbian ana amfani da shi a cikin alamarsa.
A daya bangaren kuma, tsuntsayen dabbobi -whales da dolphins-, pinnipeds -seals da zakunan teku- da sirenids -manati-, misalai ne daga nau’ikan nau’ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 49 da ke zaune a kasar, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 40% na wadanda ke duniyar.
Wannan kawai samfurin arzikin Mexico ne, tare da misalan fauna. Samun cikakken hangen nesa yana buƙatar shekaru na ilimi da bincike mai yawa na kimiyya, amma abin takaici babu lokaci mai yawa, tunda yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da wuce gona da iri sun haifar da ƙarancin nau'ikan halittu kamar launin toka, bison, katako na sarki ko kwandastan California, da sauransu.
Ana bukatar wayar da kai don nuna wadatattun halittu masu yawa, amma saboda jahilci da rashin son zuciya mun rasa shi. A cikin Meziko, inda za'a iya samun ƙarin ƙwayoyi a cikin daji a inananan Yankuna na whichasa, wanda babu shakka ya zama kyakkyawan dabarun kiyayewa. Koyaya, muna buƙatar cikakkun shirye-shirye don samar da ci gaban al'ummomin yanki, don rage matsin lambar da ake yiwa ƙasashen da aka kiyaye.
Har zuwa 2000, akwai yankuna 89 da aka ayyana waɗanda suka wuce kusan 5% na ƙasar, daga cikinsu akwai wuraren ajiyar halittu, da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, da Yankunan Kariyar Dabbobin daji da na Fula da Fauna, har ma da abubuwan Tattalin Arziki.
Akwai kimanin hekta miliyan 10 da aka kiyaye. Kasancewarsa baya bada garantin adana halittu masu yawa ko ciyar da cigaba gaba da aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin, gami da binciken kimiyya. Abubuwa ne kawai na tsarin kiyaye kasa da za'ayi amfani dasu idan muna son kiyaye dukiyar mu.
Domin sanin matsayin jinsuna dangane da irin barazanar da suke yi, an kirkiri Red List na IUCN, mafi cikakken lissafin yanayin kiyayewar dabbobi da tsirrai a duk duniya, wanda ke amfani da wani tsari na tantance haɗarin bacewar dubban nau'ikan nau'ikan da ƙananan dabbobi.
Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun dace da dukkan nau'ikan da yankuna na duniya. Mai karfin ilimin kimiyya, IUCN Red List an amince dashi a matsayin mafi girman iko akan matsayin bambancin ilimin halittu, wanda babban burinsu shine isar da gaggawa da girman al'amurran kiyayewa ga jama'a da masu yanke shawara ko masu ƙarfafawa duniya tayi kokarin rage bacewar halittu. Sanin wannan yana da mahimmanci ga kiyaye halittu masu yawa.
