Kasarmu, tun kafin zamanin Hispania, ta koma ga aikin injiniya don warware matsalolin zamantakewar jama'a da inganta yanayin rayuwar jama'a. Kasancewa ba kawai an aiwatar da shi a fagen ƙirƙira abubuwa da gine-gine ba, har ma a cikin yanke shawara na siyasa da tattalin arziki.
Ra'ayoyin da suka danganci hankali, wadanda suka mamaye al'adun Turai da ilimin kimiyya na al'umar Turai a karni na 18, da sauri ya zama sananne a New Spain. Injiniya, musamman, ya sami canje-canje mai tsanani, ya daina kasancewa aikin sana'a don zama ilimin kimiyya. Ta wannan hanyar, horar da ilimin kimiyya na injiniyan ya zama abin da ake bukata a kowane yanki na duniya da ke da burin samun ci gaban da yadawa daga ra'ayoyin Haskakawa.
A cikin 1792, a karo na farko a tarihin ilimi a Mexico, wata cibiya wacce koyarwarta gaba ɗaya kimiyya ce aka kafa, Real Seminario de Minería. Nisa daga al'adar karatun, kwasa-kwasan ilimin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai da ilimin hakar ma'adinai an koyar da su ne bisa hukuma ga injiniyoyin farko da ke rike da taken kwararrun Ma'adanai na Zamani, tunda ba a fara amfani da kalmar Injiniya a wannan ma'aikatar ba har zuwa 1843.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa mutane biyu ne masu wayewa na Creoles - masu wakiltar ƙungiyar mafi ƙarfi a cikin Mulkin mallaka, eran Miner-, waɗanda suka ba da shawara a cikin 1774 ga Sarki Carlos III ƙirƙirar Kwalejin ƙarfe, da niyyar ƙara samar da ƙarfe masu daraja. Don wannan, sun ɗauka yana da mahimmanci a sami kwararru waɗanda zasu magance matsalolin ma'adanai, ba tare da hangen nesa ba, amma tare da tushen kimiyya.
Kwalejin Ma'adinai, ban da rarrabe kanta don ita ce gidan farko na kimiyya a Meziko, kamar yadda likita José Joaquín Izquierdo ya kira ta, ta yi fice don kasancewarta matattarar mahimman cibiyoyin kimiyya kamar Cibiyar Geophysics, Cibiyar Lissafi, Makarantar na Kimiyya, Cibiyar Geology, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Chemistry, Cibiyar Injiniya, da Kwalejin Injiniya, don ambaci kaɗan daga cikin Universityasa mai zaman kanta ta Mexico.
Wasu 'yan shekaru bayan da Al'ummarmu ta sami' yancinta, Kwalejin Ma'adinai ta shiga cikin Jiha, kuma a gefenta ta yi musayar yanayin canje-canje, rashin kwanciyar hankali, gazawa da gazawa, a tsakanin sauran rikice-rikice. Duk da wannan, injiniyoyin sun yarda da babban nauyin sadaukar da kansu ga kasar: don taimakawa a cikin tsari, gudanarwa da ci gaban al'ummar da ke fama da talauci da yake-yake ya raba su. Kasancewarsa ya wuce aikin injiniya kawai, tunda kuma ya hada da siyasa, al'adu, tattalin arziki har ma da bangarorin kimiyya. Misali, a cikin karni na 19, injiniyoyi sun rike mukamai a matsayin Ministocin Raya Kasa, Mulkin Mallaka, Masana'antu da Kasuwanci; Yaƙi da Navy; Dangantaka da Gudanarwa don ambaci wasu daga cikin manyan mashahurai. Sun kafa cibiyoyi kamar National Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Geography and Statistics, wanda a cikin 1851 zai zama Mexico na Mexungiyar Geoasa da isticsididdiga; da Hukumar Binciken Kasa, da National Geological Institute, da Mexico Scientific Commission da kuma Mexico Geodetic Commission, da sauransu. Bukatun Jiha sun tilasta Kwalejin faɗaɗa fannonin ta a matsayin injiniyan hakar ma'adanai, mai faɗa, mai cin gajiyar ƙarfe, da mai raba zinariya da azurfa ga na mai binciken, masanin ilimin ƙasa da, kodayake na ɗan gajeren lokaci, a matsayin masanin ƙasa. Daliban da suka kammala karatun sun halarci muhimman ayyukan jama'a kamar su binciken kasa da yankuna daban-daban, shirye-shiryen yanayin kasa da kuma kimantawa da kimar yankuna daban-daban na kasar, da kafa Kwalejin Soja, da sanin ma'adinai, da nazarin kasa da kuma magudanan ruwa na kwarin Mexico, nazarin ayyukan layin dogo, da sauransu. Kaɗan kaɗan, buƙatar samun digiri na injiniyan farar hula ya bayyana, wanda Sarki Maximilian na Habsburg ya so gabatarwa a cikin Kwalejin lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin canza shi zuwa Makarantar Fasaha.
Aikin zamani
Tare da nasarar da masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka samu a 1867, kasar ta fara wani sabon mataki a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Canje-canjen da sabon tsarin mulki ya gabatar, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da lokacin zaman lafiya da aka samu na shekaru da yawa sun haifar da sake tsara ƙasar da ta fi son injiniyan Mexico.
Benito Juárez ya gabatar da aikin injiniyan farar hula a 1867, a daidai lokacin da ya sauya Kwalejin Ma'adanai zuwa Makarantar Musamman ta Injiniyoyi. Wannan aikin, kamar na injiniyan injiniya, da kuma gyare-gyaren da aka aiwatar a cikin shirin karatun sauran malamai, suna daga cikin dabarun ilimantarwa na shugaban kasa don aiwatar da aikinsa na zamani, musamman a layin dogo da na masana'antu.
Wani ɓangare na ci gaba da aikin zamani ya haifar da ƙarfafa Makarantar Injiniyoyi. A cikin 1883, Shugaba Manuel González ya canza shi zuwa Makarantar Makarantar Injiniyoyi, sunan da zai ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Ya kirkiro aikin mai daukar hoto, kuma ya karfafa manhajar aikin injiniyan farar hula, ya sabunta manhajojin da ake dasu yanzu tare da gabatar da sababbi. Sunan shirin ya canza zuwa Injiniya na Hanyoyi, Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Ruwa, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1897. A cikin wannan shekarar, Shugaba Porfirio Díaz ya gabatar da Dokar Ilimin Kwarewa ta Makarantar Injiniyoyi, ta inda ya koma sunan injiniya na farar hula, iri ɗaya ake amfani da shi har wa yau.
Da lokaci ya wuce, dole ne a sabunta manhajar karatun injiniyan farar hula bisa ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da kuma bukatun kasar.
Kwalejin Injin Injiniya na Mexico
An yi amfani da kalmar injiniya a Renaissance Turai don nuna mutumin da ya keɓe ga kera makamai, gina katanga da ƙirƙirar kayayyakin tarihi don amfani da sojoji. Wadanda aka sadaukar domin gina ayyukan jama'a ana kiransu magini, magini, magini, gwani, shugaba da gwanin gini. Daga rabin rabin karni na 18, wasu mutanen da suka gudanar da ayyuka a wajen sojoji suka fara kiran kansu "injiniyan farar hula". Kuma, kamar injiniyoyin soji, sun koya - kamar yadda yake a cikin kowane kasuwanci - ta amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin koyarwa.
An kafa makarantar farko ta aikin injiniya a Faransa a 1747 kuma ana kiranta Makarantar Bridges da hanyoyi. Amma har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara ne wadancan cibiyoyin sadaukar da kai don bayar da cikakken horo a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi, wanda ya ba da digiri na injiniyan farar hula.
Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyin injiniyoyin gine-gine suka sami damar samun matsayi mai daraja a cikin al'umma: a cikin 1818 aka kafa Cibiyar Injiniyan Civilasa ta Burtaniya, a cikin 1848 kuma Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France, da kuma a 1852 the American Society na Injiniyoyi.
A cikin Mexico akwai kuma sha'awar kafa ofungiyar Injiniyoyi. A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1867, injiniyan kuma mai tsara gine-ginen Manuel F. arezlvarez ya tara duk injiniyoyin farar hula da masu zane-zanen gine-ginen da suke son shiga cikin ƙungiyar da aka ce taron. A wannan ranar an tattauna dokokin kuma an amince da su, kuma a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1868, an ƙaddamar da ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Civilasa da Aran Gine-gine na Meziko a Zauren Taro na Makarantar Fasaha ta Nationalasa. Abokan hulɗa 35 suka halarci kuma Francisco de Garay ya kasance a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Theungiyar ta fara girma; A cikin 1870 tuni ta sami abokai 52, da 255 a 1910.
Wannan rukunin ya zama ba kawai hanyar haɗi tsakanin injiniyoyin Meziko da gine-gine don cimma nasarar aikin su ba, har ma sun kasance hanyar sadarwa tare da injiniyoyi daga wasu ƙasashe. Tushenta ya kai ga zuwan wallafe-wallafe daga kamfanonin kasashen waje, da kuma aika musu da sanarwar hukuma ta kungiyar, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1886 kuma aka kira shi Annals of Association of Engineers and Architects of Mexico. Kasancewar, wannan ƙungiyar, ya ba injiniyoyin Meziko damar shiga cikin lamuran ilimin ƙasashen waje, ci gaba da sabunta yadda aka warware wasu matsaloli na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe, yaɗa bincike kan wasu ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a Mexico, tattaunawa da bayar da shawarwari. domin magance matsaloli daban-daban.
Zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, babu wadataccen aikin yi ga injiniyoyin da suka kammala karatu daga Makarantar Injiniyoyi ta ;asa; galibi baƙi ne da suka zo tare da kamfanonin kasashen waje waɗanda suka saka hannun jari a cikin su suka ƙaurace musu. Koyaya, aikin injiniyan farar hula ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai kayatarwa saboda yawancin ayyukan da masu digiri zasu iya yi. Irin wannan ambaliyar ce ta haifar da yawan ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin tseren da sauri fiye da na sauran. Misali, zuwa shekarar 1904, daga cikin daliban da suka yi rijista 203, 136 na cikin aikin injiniya ne. Zuwa shekarar 1945 injiniyoyin da suka yi rajista sun wuce dalibai dubu, kasancewar aikin injiniyan lantarki ne na gaba da ake nema, kodayake wannan bai kai ga dalibai 200 ba.
A zahiri, a cikin ofungiyar Injiniyan Civilasa da Gine-gine yawan abokan haɗin gwiwa a ɓangaren injiniyan farar hula da reshe na gine-gine ya karu, har ya zama a cikin 1911 sun fi yawa. Zuwa 1940s, lambar ta kasance hakan yana buƙatar kafa kamfanin sa. Wannan burin ya zama mai yuwuwa a cikin 1945 saboda ƙaddamar da Dokar Fasahohi, wanda ya ba da izinin kafa Professionalungiyoyin thatwararrun Masana'antu waɗanda zasu taimaka tsara ƙa'idar aikin ƙwarewa. Bayan tarurruka da yawa da aka gudanar a hedkwatar ofungiyar Injiniyoyi da Masu Gine-gine na Meziko, ranar 7 ga Maris, 1946, an kafa Kwalejin Injiniyan Civilasa ta Mexico. Kalubalen shi ne kare bukatun kungiyoyin kwadago na injiniyoyin farar hula, aiki a matsayin wani bangare na shawarwari da tattaunawa da Jiha da bin ka’idojin zamantakewar kwararru da sauran dokokin da dokar sana’o’i ta tanada.
Irƙirar Kwalejin Injiniyoyi yana da kyakkyawar amsa cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. A shekarar da aka kafa harsashin tana da injiniyoyin farar hula 158 da suka kammala karatu, bayan shekaru biyar tuni ta sami abokan hulda 659, a shekarar 1971 adadin ya kai 178, kuma a 1992 zuwa 12,256. A cikin 1949 aka fara buga mujallar Injiniyan Injiniya a matsayin sashen yada labarai, kuma ana ci gaba da buga shi a kai a kai har zuwa yau da sunan Injiniyan Injiniya / CICM.
Kodayake yawan injiniyoyin na da muhimmanci, goyan bayan da suka samu daga cibiyoyi kamar su Hukumar hanyoyi da ban ruwa, Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Tarayya da Petróleos Mexico. Waɗannan sun buɗe ƙofofi ga injiniyoyin Meziko da kamfanonin gine-gine don yin aiki a kan manyan ayyuka na ababen more rayuwa, waɗanda a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kamfanoni da injiniyoyi na waje suka gudanar da su.
Tare da kokarin membobinta, harsashin Kwalejin ya fara nuna fa'idarsa. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi hulɗa da ofisoshin gwamnati don magance matsaloli cikin ƙwarewar su; sun kare muradun kungiyar kwadago ta hanyar adawa da daukar bakin ma'aikata don wasu ayyuka; sun inganta matsayin injiniyan farar hula da kuma girman aikin a cikin al'umma; sun shirya taron kasa kuma, a cikin 1949 na I International Congress of Civil Engineering; sun yi aiki tare a kafuwar Pan American Union of Engineers Associations (1949) da Mexico na Union of Engineers Associations (1952); kafa lambar girmamawa ta Studentsalibai na shekara-shekara (1959); sun rike babban mukamin Sakatarori da yawa; Sun kirkiro Athenaeum na Al'adu na Dovalí Jaime (1965) don inganta yaduwar al'adu; shiga cikin kundin tsarin mulki na Federationungiyar ofungiyoyin Injiniyoyin Civilasa na Jamhuriyar Mexico ta Albarkatun Tekun (1969). Sun inganta tallafin karatu na dalibi a gaban Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, sun ba da kwasa-kwasan kwaskwarima da horo, sun sami damar kafa Ranar Injiniya (1 ga Yuli) da kulla yarjejeniyoyin hadin gwiwa da sauran al'ummomi, kuma sun kafa Kyautar Kasa ta Injin Injiniya (1986).
Ruhun sabis wanda ya kasance a cikin Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México da kuma ci gaba da ƙoƙari don haɓaka don samun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ya sa injiniyoyi shiga cikin manyan ayyukan jama'a, suna canza yanayin motsa jiki na wurare da yawa a ƙasarmu. Kasancewarsa cikin aiki, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ya sanya shi mai karɓar babban matsayi a tarihin Mexico a matsayin Nationasa.
