Coungiyar mulkin mallaka a cikin Oaxaca ba ta bambanta da ta sauran yankuna na Viceroyalty ba; Koyaya, tana da nata halaye, saboda bambancin kabila da yare da suka samar dashi daga asalinsa.
A cikin ƙarni na 16, tsoffin dangi na asali sun kasance suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar su; amma Croaramin da sannu-sannu, yana barin jin mamaya akan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar daban. A cikin ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas, ana ganin darajar indan asali ne kawai a cikin bukukuwan addini, wanda, kamar yanzu, yana ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa.
Tare da 'yan ƙasar da Spaniards, ƙungiyoyin mestizos da criollos sun fito; kuma kawai a wasu yankuna bakin teku mutane masu launi sun zauna. Koyaya, yawan mutanen Sifen - yankin teku da Creole - ba su da girma sosai a cikin jihar; kuma kusan koyaushe an fi maida hankali ne a cikin babban birni da manyan birane kamar Tehuantepec ko Villa Alta.
Hidimar sirri da 'yan asalin zasu yi wa Cocin, encomenderos da Crown, ya zama gama gari a cikin ƙarni na 16. Daga baya, hacienda ya zama rukunin samarwa da amfani wanda, tare da aikin ma'adinai, suka tabbatar da tsarin tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka. 'Yan asalin sun kasance mafi mahimmancin ƙarfi a cikin jihar, a cikin waɗannan ƙarnukan mulkin mallaka.
Tattalin arzikin Oaxacan, daga asalinsa, ya dogara ne akan amfani da ƙasar: noma da hakar ma'adinai, galibi. Daga farkon waɗannan ayyukan, yana da daraja a nuna noman janlazar, musamman a yankin Mixteca, da siliki da auduga. Cochineal (cocus cacti) wani kwaro ne mai tsinkaye wanda ke rayuwa a cikin nopales (dactylinpius cacti), wanda, idan aka mai da shi foda, ya samar da wani jan launi wanda ake amfani da shi don rina kayan masaku; An yaba da wannan tincture sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka na Hispanic.
Yin amfani da karafa da cochineal (Nocheztli) ya haifar da ci gaban wasu ayyukan tattalin arziki kamar noma da kiwo, amma sama da duka sun ba da babbar dama ga kasuwancin cikin gida da na yanki. Kayayyakin Oaxaca (gishiri, yadi, fata, indigo) sun isa Puebla, Mexico, Querétaro da Zacatecas. A dabi'ance, wannan tattalin arzikin ya kasance a karkashin abubuwan da zasu faru da canjin yanayi, wadanda bala'o'in halitta suka haifar - fari, annoba, girgizar kasa da ambaliyar ruwa - da kuma matakan tilastawa da masu iko da bakin ruwa suka sanya.
Tattalin arzikin Oaxaca ya kasance tare da samar da wasu kayayyaki don amfanin gida; misali tukwane, musamman a garuruwa a tsakiyar kwari (Atzompa, Coyotepec) da sarape ulu a yankuna na Tlaxiaco (Mixteca Alta) da Villa Alta; wannan ofishin na ƙarshe ya ba da suna ga wani gari: San Juan de la Lana. Duk da tsananin kulawar kasuwanci, samfuran Turai, Kudancin Amurka da Asiya suma sun isa Oaxaca ta tashar Huatulco da Tehuantepec.
