Mixtecos sun zauna a yamma da yankin Oaxacan, a daidai lokacin da Zapotecs suka yi a kwarin. Nemi ƙarin game da wannan al'ada.
Daga binciken archaeological mun sani cewa garuruwan Mixtec sun wanzu a wurare kamar Monte Negro da Etlatongo, kuma a Yucuita a cikin Mixteca Alta, kusan 1500 BC. har zuwa 500 BC
A wannan lokacin, Mixtecs sun kulla hulɗa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi ba kawai ta hanyar musayar kayayyaki ba, har ma ta hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha, waɗanda za a iya lura da su a cikin salo da sifofin da suke rabawa tare da al'adun da aka haɓaka a wurare masu nisa kamar tafkin Mexico. yankin Puebla da kwarin Oaxaca.
Villagesauyukan Mixtec suma suna da tsarin sasantawa dangane da rukunin gidaje waɗanda suka haɗu da iyalai da yawa na nukiliya, waɗanda tattalin arzikinsu ya dogara da aikin gona. Ci gaban fasahohi don ajiyar abinci ya haifar da ƙaruwar nau'ikan da nau'ikan abubuwan yumbu, da kuma ginawa a cikin rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Yucuita wani ɗayan mahimman garuruwan Mixtec ne na wannan lokacin, wataƙila suna ƙarƙashin Yucuñadahui kilomita 5 nesa. na. Tana cikin Kwarin Nochixtlán a kan tsauni mai tsayi kuma zuwa shekara ta 200 BC. ya kai yawan mutane da yawan mutane dubu da yawa.
Cibiyoyin garin Mixtec na farko sun kasance ƙananan, tare da yawan mutane tsakanin 500 zuwa 3,000 mazauna. Ba kamar abin da ya faru a tsakiyar kwarin Oaxaca ba, a cikin Mixteca babu wani birni mafi fifiko a cikin dogon lokaci kamar na Monte Albán, haka kuma ba a kai ga girmansa da yawan jama'a ba.
KWADAYOYIN HADADDE AL'UMMA
Communitiesungiyoyin Mixtec sun ci gaba da gasa koyaushe, alaƙar su da ƙawancen na ɗan lokaci ne kuma ba su da ƙarfi, tare da rikice-rikice don iko da daraja. Har ila yau, cibiyoyin biranen sun yi aiki don tara jama'a a ranakun kasuwa kuma a matsayin wurin taro tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta.
Manyan dandamali da wasannin ƙwallo sun fi yawa a cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon Mixtec. A wannan lokacin akwai bayyananniyar kasancewar rubutu ta hanyar glyphs da wakilcin da aka yi aiki a cikin dutse da yumbu, duka takamaiman adadi da wurare, da kuma kwanakin kalanda.
Game da ƙungiyar zamantakewar Mixtec, ana lura da bambanci a cikin yanayin zamantakewar, gwargwadon nau'ikan gidaje da abubuwan da aka samo a cikinsu, halayyar kaburburan da sadakokinsu waɗanda lalle ya bambanta gwargwadon yanayin zamantakewar mutum.
Domin mataki na gaba, wanda zamu iya kiran sa na shugabancin, masarautu da masarautu, al'umma ta rigaya ta rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu yawa daban-daban: masu mulki da manya. macehuales ko comuneros tare da ƙasashensu, baƙauran ƙasa da bayi; Wannan lamarin ba kawai yana faruwa a cikin Mixteca ba, irin wannan yana faruwa a mafi yawan yankin Oaxacan.
A cikin Mixteca Alta, wuri mafi mahimmanci ga lokacin Postclassic (750 zuwa 1521 AD) shi ne Tilantongo, wanda ake kira Nuu Tnoo Huahui Andehui, Temple of Heaven, masarautar sanannen shugaba Eight Deer Jaguar Claw. Sauran manyan gidajen man sune Yanhuitlán da Apoala.
Ofaya daga cikin fitattun sifofin wannan matakin shine babban ci gaban fasaha da fasaha wanda Mixtecs ya samu; kyawawan abubuwa na polychrome yumbu, adadi da kayan aikin da aka yi su da inganci, zane-zanen da aka yi da ƙashi tare da wakilcin nau'in codex, kayan adon zinare, azurfa, turquoise, jade, harsashi da wani abu wanda ya yi fice ta wata hanya mai mahimmanci: rubutun hoto ko rubutun darajar kyawawan halaye da kima, sama da duka, don abubuwan tarihi da na addini da suka samo asali daga gare su.
Wannan lokacin ya kasance ɗayan babban motsi na alƙaluma don Mixtecs, saboda dalilai daban-daban, daga cikinsu zuwan Aztec a wajajen 1250 AD, da hare-haren Mexico da mamayar da ta faru ƙarni biyu bayan haka, ya cancanci ambaton musamman. Wasu kungiyoyin Mixtec suma sun mamaye kwarin Oaxaca, suka ci Zaachila, kuma suka kafa mulki a Cuilapan.
An rarraba Mixteca zuwa cibiyar sadarwar manoma wacce ta kunshi kowane birni da yankuna kewaye da su. Wasu an haɗa su cikin jerin larduna yayin da wasu suka kasance masu cin gashin kansu.
Daga cikin manya akwai Coixtlahuaca, Tilantongo, Tlaxiaco da Tututepec. Ana kiran waɗannan manoma na Mixtec masarautu kuma suna da hedkwatar su a cikin manyan biranen wancan lokacin.
A cewar daban-daban kafofin ethnohistoric, Tuttepec ita ce masarauta mafi ƙarfi a cikin Mixteca de la Costa. Ya miƙa sama da kilomita 200. tare da gabar tekun Pacific, daga jihar Guerrero ta yanzu zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa ta Huatulco.
Ya yi mulkin mallaka akan mutane da yawa waɗanda ƙabilar su ta bambanta, kamar Amuzgos, Mexica da Zapotecs. A saman kowane garin akwai wani dan iska wanda ya gaji mulki a matsayin babbar hukuma.
