Abubuwan gado na ban mamaki na gabobin Mexico sune, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ɗayan ɗayan kyawawan maganganu a tarihin fasaha da ƙwayoyin duniya.
Zuwan Hernán Cortés a Meziko a karni na 16 ya nuna wani sabon matakin ci gaba da kiɗa da zane-zane gaba ɗaya, tare da bayyanar da sabon fasaha: mai shiryawa. Tun daga farkon Mulkin Mallaka, sabon tsarin kade-kade wanda Mutanen Espanya suka aiwatar kuma ya canza ta hankulan mutanen Mexico zai zama wani muhimmin bangare a cigaban kiɗan a Mexico. Bishop na farko na Meziko, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, shi ne mai ba da umarni madaidaiciya ga mishaneri don koyar da kiɗa da kuma amfani da shi a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tubar da ativesan ƙasar suka yi. Shekaru goma bayan faɗuwar Tenochtitlan, an shigo da wata ƙungiya daga Seville, a cikin 1530, don rakiyar mawaƙa da Fray Pedro de Cante, wanda wani ɗan uwan Carlos V ya kasance, ke kula da su a cikin Texcoco.
Bukatar sassan jiki ya karu zuwa karshen karni na 16, saboda kokarin da malaman addini suka yi na iyakance yawan masu kida. Wannan halayyar ta malamai ta zo daidai da muhimmiyar garambawul na kida a hidimar cocin Spain, sakamakon kudurorin Majalisar Trent (1543-1563) wanda ya haifar da Philip II ban da duk kayan kidan daga Royal Chapel ban da sashin jiki
Abin birgewa shi ne cewa gabanin a kafa New York, Boston da Philadelphia a matsayin yankuna, Sarkin Spain ya riga ya shelanta doka a 1561 da ke hana yawan mawaƙa 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a majami'un Mexico, "… in ba haka ba Coci zai tafi fatarar kuɗi… ”.
Gine-ginen gabobi sun bunkasa a Mexico tun daga farkon zamanin kuma tare da kyakkyawan inganci wajen kera shi. A cikin 1568, majalisar gari ta Mexico City ta ba da sanarwar dokar birni inda aka ce: “… mai ƙera kayan aiki dole ne ya nuna ta hanyar bincike cewa yana iya gina ƙwayoyin jiki, da kayan aiki, da manocordio, da laute, nau'ikan viola da garaya daban-daban ... duk bayan wata hudu jami'in zai bincika kayan aikin da aka gina tare da kwace duk wadanda basu da inganci a aikin ... ”Ta hanyar tarihin kidan na Meziko, yana yiwuwa a tabbatar da yadda Organ ya taka muhimmiyar rawa tun asalin Turawan mulkin mallaka, da kuma cewa darajar ofan Mexico ta ci gaba har ma a lokacin mafi yawan rikice rikice na tarihin Mexico, gami da lokacin samun ofancin kai a cikin karni na 19.
Nationalasar ƙasa tana da kayan tarihi masu yawa na gabobin Baroque waɗanda aka gina musamman a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, amma akwai kyawawan kayan kida tun daga ƙarni na 19 har ma a farkon 20, waɗanda aka ƙera su daidai da ƙa'idodin aikin gabobin da suka wanzu yayin mulkin Spain. . Yana da kyau a ambata a wannan lokacin daular Castro, dangin masu kirkirar gabobin Puebla waɗanda suka sami babban tasiri a yankin Puebla da Tlaxcala a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, tare da kera manyan gabobi masu inganci, kwatankwacin wanda aka zaɓa na Turai. na lokacinsa.
Ana iya faɗi, a matsayin ƙa'idar ƙa'ida, cewa gabobin Mexico sun kiyaye halaye na ɗabi'ar Sifen ta gargajiya na ƙarni na 17, suna wuce su tare da wata alama ta autochthonous wacce ke ganowa da kuma bayyanar da sananniyar Mexan Mexico a cikin mahallin duniya.
Wasu halaye na gabobin Baroque na Mexico za a iya bayanin su gaba ɗaya kamar haka:
Kayan aikin galibi suna da girman matsakaici kuma tare da keyboard guda ɗaya tare da octaves huɗu na tsawo, suna da rijista 8 zuwa 12 sun kasu kashi biyu: bass da treble. Rijistar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin waƙar sautin-waƙoƙin ta suna da nau'ikan iri-iri, don tabbatar da wasu tasirin tasirin sauti da bambancin ra'ayi.
Rijistar rikodin da aka sanya a kwance akan facin kusan ba za'a iya kiyaye shi ba kuma suna da launi mai kyau, ana samun waɗannan koda a ƙananan gabobi. Akwatinan gabobin suna da matukar sha'awar zane-zane da gine-gine, kuma ana amfani da sarewa ta façade akai-akai tare da abubuwan fure da masks masu ban sha'awa.
Waɗannan kayan aikin suna da wasu tasiri na musamman ko rajistar kayan haɗi, wanda ake kira ƙaramin tsuntsaye, ganguna, ƙararrawa, ƙararrawa, siren, da sauransu. Na farkon ya kunshi saiti kananun sarewa da aka nutsar a cikin kwantena da ruwa, lokacin da ya jawo hakan yana kwaikwayon chirin tsuntsaye. Rijistar kararrawar ta kunshi jerin kararrawa da kananan guduma suka buge a kan keken da ke juyawa.
Sanya sassan gabobi ya bambanta gwargwadon tsarin gine-ginen coci-coci, coci ko babban coci. Ta wata hanyar gabaɗaya, zamu iya yin magana akan lokaci uku a cikin ci gaban gine-ginen addini a lokacin mulkin mallaka, tsakanin 1521 da 1810. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan matakan ya rinjayi al'adun kide-kide kuma sakamakon sanya gabobi a cikin jirgin gine-ginen.
Lokacin farko ya fara ne daga 1530 zuwa 1580 kuma yayi daidai da gina wuraren bautar gumaka ko wuraren zuhudu, a cikin wannan yanayin mawaƙa tana cikin wani hoto da ke sama da ƙofar ƙofar haikalin, gabobin yana yawan kasancewa a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin da aka faɗaɗa gefe ɗaya. na mawaƙa, misali na yau da kullun zai kasance sanya kayan gaɓa a cikin Yanhuitlán, Oaxaca.
A lokacin karni na goma sha bakwai mun sami ci gaba a cikin ginin manyan coci-cocin (1630-1680), tare da mawaƙa ta tsakiya yawanci tare da gabobi biyu, ɗaya a gefen bishara kuma ɗayan a gefen wasiƙa, irin wannan shine yanayin katolika. daga Mexico City da Puebla. A cikin karni na 18 samuwar farillai da basilicas ya faru, a wannan yanayin mun sake samun gabobin a cikin mawaƙa ta sama sama da babbar ƙofar, gabaɗaya a haɗe da bangon arewa ko kudu. Wasu banda sune cocin Santa Prisca a cikin Taxco, Guerrero ko cocin Ikilisiya, a cikin garin Querétaro, a cikin wannan yanayin kwayar tana cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta sama, tana fuskantar bagaden.
A lokacin mulkin mallaka har ma a cikin karni na 19 an sami yaduwar kwayar halittar kwararru, gini da kuma bita a Mexico. Gyara kayan aiki aiki ne na yau da kullun. A ƙarshen karni na 19 kuma musamman a karni na 20, Mexico ta fara shigo da gabobi daga ƙasashe daban-daban, musamman daga Jamus da Italiya. A gefe guda kuma, daular gabobin lantarki (wayoyin lantarki) sun fara yaduwa, don haka fasahar kwayar halitta ta ragu matuka, kuma da ita ake kula da gabobin da ake dasu. Matsalar gabatarwa a cikin Mexico na gabobin lantarki (gabobin masana'antu) shine cewa ya haifar da dukkanin ƙarni na masana'antun masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da hutu tare da ayyuka da fasahohin zartarwa irin na gabobin baroque.
Sha'awa a cikin binciken da kuma kiyaye gabobin tarihi ya tashi ne sakamakon sanadiyyar sake gano kide-kide na farko a cikin Turai, ana iya sanya wannan motsi kusan tsakanin shekaru hamsin da sittin na wannan karnin, yana haifar da babbar sha'awa ga mawaƙa, ƙungiyoyi, masu fasaha da mawaƙa na duk duniya. Koyaya, a cikin Meziko har zuwa kwanan nan mun fara mai da hankalinmu kan matsaloli daban-daban da suka danganci amfani, adanawa da sake ƙimar wannan gadon.
A yau, yanayin duniya na adana tsohuwar kwaya ita ce kusanta ta da kayan tarihi, tsarguwar tarihi da kuma mayar da ita yadda take don a ceci kayan aiki na kwarai da na zamani, tunda kowane gabobi daya ne, mahalu ini a cikin kanta, sabili da haka, na musamman, yanki wanda ba za'a sake ba da labarinsa ba.
Kowane ɗayan gaɓoɓi muhimmin shaida ne na tarihi ta inda zai yiwu a sake gano wani muhimmin ɓangare na al'adunmu na baya da al'adu. Abin haushi a ce har yanzu muna fuskantar wasu maidowa wani lokaci ana kiranta haka, saboda an iyakance su da "sanya su su ringi", sun zama masu maido da gaske, ko kuma sau da yawa canje-canje da ba za a iya sauya su ba. Wajibi ne don hana masu sha'awar ƙwayoyin cuta, masu niyya mai kyau, amma ba tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa ba, daga ci gaba da tsoma baki cikin kayan aikin tarihi.
Tabbatacce ne cewa maido da tsoffin gabobi dole ne ya hada da maido da kayan aikin hannu, fasaha da kere-kere na mutanen Mexico a fagen kwayoyin halitta, wannan ita ce hanya daya tilo wacce za ta tabbatar da adanawa da kiyaye kayan aikin. Hakanan, dole ne a dawo da al'adar kiɗa da amfani da su yadda ya kamata. Batun kiyaye wannan kayan tarihi a Mexico kwanan nan ne kuma mai rikitarwa. Shekaru da yawa, waɗannan kayan aikin sun kasance ba a kula da su ba saboda ƙarancin sha'awa da albarkatu, wanda a wani matakin ya kasance mai kyau, tunda yawancinsu suna nan yadda suke. Gabobin sune takaddun ban sha'awa na fasaha da al'adun Mexico.
Kwalejin Makarantar Farko ta Meziko don Organ, wanda aka kafa a 1990, ƙungiya ce ta musamman a cikin binciken, adanawa da sake darajar kayan tarihin gabobin Mexico. A kowace shekara tana shirya makarantun sakandare na tsohuwar kiɗa don gabobi da kuma bikin Baroque Organ. Shi ke da alhakin mujallar farko game da yaduwar kwayoyin a Mexico. Membobinta suna da hannu cikin rawar kide-kide, taro, rakodi, da sauransu. na kiɗan mulkin mallaka na Mexico.
