Lokacin ziyartar Magajin Garin Museo del Templo a cikin Garin Mexico ba za mu iya yin mamakin karɓar baƙuwar baƙuwar mutum biyu masu girman jiki, waɗanda suka burge mu da kyawawan halayensu da kuma wakilcinsu.
Wasu daga cikin tambayoyin waɗanda, ba tare da wata shakka ba, waɗannan zane-zanen da aka ɗaga a cikin zuciyar baƙi zuwa Gidan Tarihi dole ne su kasance: Wanene waɗannan mutanen suke wakilta? Menene tufafinsa yake nufi? Menene aka yi da su? To an same su? A wane wuri? Yaushe? Ta yaya zasu yi? Da sauransu. Nan gaba zan yi kokarin amsa wasu daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da ba a san su ba; Da yawa daga cikinsu sun bayyana ta hanyar masanan, wasu, ta hanyar lura da abubuwan.
Suna daidai da tsari guda biyu amma ba siffofin yumbu iri ɗaya ba; kowannensu yana wakiltar Jarumin Mikiya ”(sojoji na rana, membobin ɗayan mahimman umarnin soja a cikin Aztec), kuma an same su a cikin Disamba 1981 yayin hakar Magajin gari na Templo, a cikin leakin Eagle Warriors.
Abu ne mai wuya a ce an kirkiro waɗannan abubuwa ne da nufin ba wa shafin cikakken bayani. Babu shakka, dole ne mai zane ya ɗauke su a matsayin wakilcin ba na mayaƙa ba, amma game da ainihin su: maza cike da alfahari da kasancewa cikin wannan rukunin zaɓaɓɓun, cike da kuzari da ƙarfin hali da ake buƙata don kasancewa jarumai na manyan matakan soja, kuma tare da ƙarfin hali isa yanayin hankali da hikima don kiyaye ƙarfin masarautar. Sanin mahimmancin waɗannan haruffa, mai zane bai damu da kammala a ƙananan ƙananan bayanan su ba: ya bar hannunsa kyauta don wakiltar ƙarfi, ba kyakkyawa ba; Ya tsara kuma ya daidaita yumɓu a hidimar wakiltar halaye, ba tare da darajar dabarar ba, amma ba tare da yin watsi da ita ba. Abubuwan da kansu suna gaya mana game da wanda ya san aikinsu, saboda ingancin bayanin su da kuma hanyoyin da aikin wannan girman yake buƙata.
Wuri
Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, an samo zane-zanen duka a cikin Eagle Warriors Enclosure, hedkwatar keɓaɓɓen wannan rukuni na manyan mayaƙa. Don ba da ra'ayi game da wurin, yana da mahimmanci a san yadda wannan ingantaccen rukunin keɓaɓɓen tsari. Carshen ya ƙunshi ɗakuna da yawa, yawancinsu suna da fentin bango da wani irin dutse “benci” (tare da tsayin 60 cm) wanda ya fito kusan 1 m daga gare su; a gaban wannan "bencin" akwai jerin gwanon mayaƙan polychrome. A cikin hanyar shiga ɗakin farko, a tsaye a kan hanyoyin da ke kallon ƙofar, waɗannan gwarzayen Mikiya ne masu girman rai.
Gabatarwarsa
Tare da tsayi na 1.70 m da matsakaicin kauri na 1.20 a tsawan hannayen, an ƙawata waɗannan haruffa da halayen umarnin jarumi. Sutturar jikinsu, matsattsu ga jiki, wakiltar gaggafa ce wacce take rufe hannaye da ƙafafu, na biyun har ƙasa da gwiwoyi, inda farcen tsuntsu yake bayyana. Afafun suna sanye da takalmi. Ayyukan makamai masu lanƙwasa zuwa gaba, tare da haɓakawa zuwa ga ɓangarorin da ke wakiltar fuka-fuki, waɗanda ke ɗauke da gashin tsuntsu masu salo a gaba ɗaya. Babban tufafinsa ya ƙare da kyakkyawan hular kwano mai siffar kan gaggafa tare da buɗe baki, daga inda fuskar jarumi take fitowa; tana da rami a hanci da kuma cikin kunnuwan kunne.
Bayanin
Dukkanin jikin da fuskar duk anyi su kwaskwarima, domin a ciki zamu iya ganin yatsan mai zane wanda yayi amfani da yumbu ta matsin lamba don cimma wani lokacin farin ciki da daidaito. Don hannayen hannayen ya yada yumbu kuma ya mirgine su don su sifanta su kuma daga baya ya hade su zuwa jiki. An sanya “hular kwanon”, fuka-fukan, salo na kayan labulen da ƙafafun dabam dabam dabam kuma an ƙara su a jiki. Wadannan bangarorin ba su da laushi mai kyau, sabanin sassan jiki, kamar fuska, hannaye da kafafu. Saboda girmanta, dole ne a gudanar da aikin a wasu bangarori, wadanda aka hada su ta hanyar "kaikayi" da aka yi da yumbu iri daya: daya a kugu, wani a kowace kafa a gwiwa kuma na karshe a kai. yana da dogon wuya sosai
Wadannan alkaluman sun kasance a tsaye, kamar yadda muka fada a baya, amma ba mu san zuwa yanzu yadda aka rike su a wannan matsayin ba; Ba su jingina da komai da cikin ƙafafu - duk da cewa rami ne kuma tare da wasu huɗu a tafin ƙafa - ba a sami alamar abu da za ta yi magana game da tsarin ciki ba. Daga yanayin hannayensu, zan iya yin tunanin cewa suna riƙe da kayan yaƙi - kamar mashi - waɗanda suka taimaka wajen riƙe matsayi.
Da zarar an gasa kowane ɓangarenta kuma an haɗa ta tare, ana sanya siffofin kai tsaye a wurin da za su zauna a cikin cakin. Bayan isa wuyan, ya zama dole a cika kirjin da duwatsu don ba shi matattarar tallafi a ciki, sannan kuma aka shigar da karin dutse a cikin ramuka a tsayin kafada don tabbatar da shi a daidai wurin.
Don kamannin leken gaggafa, an yi amfani da danshi mai kauri na stucco (cakuda lemun tsami da yashi) a cikin kwat da wando, yana ba kowane “gashin tsuntsu” siffar mutum, kuma haka aka yi don rufe duwatsun da ke goyan bayan wuya kuma su ba shi kamannin mutum. . Mun kuma samo ragowar wannan kayan a kan 'hular kwano' da ƙafa. Game da sassan jikin da aka fallasa, ba mu gano ragowar da za ta ba mu damar tabbatar da cewa shin an rufe su ne ko kuma polychrome ne kai tsaye kan lakar ba. Jarumi a gefen arewa kusan ya gama kiyaye stucco ɗin kwat da wando, ba haka wanda yake gefen kudu ba, wanda kawai ke da wasu alamomin wannan ado.
Babu shakka, cikar bayanin wadannan ayyuka shine polychrome dinsu, amma kash yanayin yanayin kabarinsu bai dace da kiyaye shi ba. Kodayake a halin yanzu zamu iya yin la'akari da mataki na menene cikakken tunanin mai zane, waɗannan ɓangarorin suna da kyau sosai.
Ceto
Tun lokacin da aka gano shi, a cikin watan Disambar 1981, masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da maidowa sun fara aikin ceton hadin gwiwa, tunda dole ne a yi amfani da maganin kiyayewa daga lokacin da aka tono wani yanki, don adana duka abin a cikin mutuncin kayanta azaman kayan aiki masu haɗi da shi.
Siffofin sun kasance a cikin matsayinsu na asali, tunda an rufe su da ƙasa mai cikawa don kare su yayin aiwatar da matakin na gaba. Abun takaici shine, nauyin ginin da akayi akan guda, tare da cewa sun gabatar da karancin harbe-harbe (wanda ke dauke da taurin yumbu), ya sa suka fasa, suka wahala da yawa a cikin dukkan tsarinsu. Saboda nau'in karaya (wasu daga cikinsu ta hanyar zane), an bar ƙananan "flakes", wanda-don samun cikakken dawo da kayan da ya haɗa su- ya buƙaci magani kafin a ci gaba zuwa ɗagawa. Sassan da abin yafi shafa sune kawunan, wadanda suka nitse kuma suka rasa surar su kwata-kwata.
Dukkanin danshi da cikawar duwatsu da Iodine da kuma harbi mara kyau, yasa yumbu ya zama kayan laushi. A tsawon kwanaki da yawa an cika ciko a hankali, ana kulawa a kowane lokaci don kula da yanayin laima, saboda bushewar kwatsam na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Don haka, an yanke gutsuren yayin da aka sake su, hoton da rikodin wurin sanya su kafin kowane aiki. Wasu daga cikinsu, waɗanda suke kan yanayin ɗagawa, an saka su a cikin kwalaye a kan gadon auduga kuma an ɗauke su zuwa taron maidowa. A mafi mawuyacin rauni, kamar waɗanda suke da ƙananan "slabs", ya wajaba a rufe, santimita da santimita, wasu yankuna da mayafin gauze waɗanda aka haɗa da emulsion acrylic. Da zarar wannan sashin ya bushe za mu iya motsa su ba tare da asarar abu ba. Partsananan sassa, kamar jiki da ƙafafu, an ɗaure su da bandeji don tallafa musu kuma ta haka ne ke hana ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin hutu da yawa.
Babbar matsalar da muke da ita a cikin ado na jarumi a gefen arewa, wanda ke adana yawancin gashin fuka-fuka wanda, lokacin da aka jike, suna da daidaito na laushi mai laushi wanda ba za'a taɓa shi ba tare da rasa fasalinsa ba. An tsabtace shi kuma an inganta shi tare da emulsion acrylic yayin da matakin ƙasa ya ragu. Da zarar stucco ta sami taushi lokacin bushewa, idan ta kasance a wurin kuma yanayin yumbu ya kyale shi, zai shiga cikin sa, amma wannan ba koyaushe yake yiwuwa ba saboda yawancinsu ba su da lokaci kuma suna da kauri mai kauri datti a tsakanin su, don haka ya fi kyau a fara sanya dodo a wuri sannan a bare shi don sake sanya shi yayin aikin maidowa.
Aikin ceton wani yanki a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan yana nuna kula da kowane daki-daki don adana duk bayanan da aikin ke bayarwa a ɓangarensa a matsayin takaddar tarihi, da kuma dawo da duk abubuwan da suka dace da ita da cimma burin sake gina ta. Abin da ya sa wasu lokuta dole ne a gudanar da wannan aikin a hankali, amfani da jiyya a cikin ƙananan yankuna don ba da damar kayan don dawo da daidaitattun da suka dace da tsoma baki a ciki ba tare da haɗari ba kuma canja shi zuwa shafin inda za a yi amfani da hanyoyin kiyayewa da sabuntawa masu dacewa.
Maidowa
Dangane da girman aikin da kuma yadda yake gutsurewa, an yi aiki gutsuttsura daidai da aikin ceto, yayin da suka iso taron. Kafin bushe danshi da aka samo, kowane yanki an wanke shi da ruwa da abu mai tsaka tsaki; daga baya aka cire tabon da fungi ya bari.
Tare da dukkan kayan mai tsabta, duka yumbu da stucco, ya zama dole ayi amfani da mai ƙarfafawa don haɓaka ƙwarin injininta, ma'ana, don gabatarwa cikin tsarinta farar fure wanda lokacin bushewa ya ba da ƙarfi fiye da asalin, wanda, kamar yadda ya riga Shin, mun ambaci, an rasa. Anyi hakan ne ta hanyar nitsar da dukkan gutsutsuren a cikin wani bayani na Ir na acrylic copolymer a ƙananan haɗuwa, ana barin su a cikin wankan na tsawon kwanaki - dangane da kaurinsu daban - don ba da damar shiga ko'ina. Sa'annan an bar su bushe a cikin yanayin rufaffiyar yanayi don kaucewa saurin ƙafewar narkewar sinadarin, wanda da zai jawo kayan haɗakarwa zuwa saman, ya bar ainihin mai rauni. Wannan aikin yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda da zarar an haɗu, ɓangaren yana da nauyi sosai, kuma tunda babu shi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na asali ya fi sauƙi. Daga baya, dole ne a sake nazarin kowane guntu saboda da yawa suna da fasa, wanda aka sanya abin ɗorawa a cikin abubuwa daban-daban don samun cikakken haɗin kai.
Da zarar an kawar da dukkan raunin maki na kayan, an rarraba sassan akan teburin gwargwadon sashin da suka dace da shi kuma sake gina fasalinsu ya fara, hade da gutsuttsarin tare da polyvinyl acetate kamar yadda mannewa. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan tsari ne mai matukar kyau, tunda kowane yanki dole ne a haɗe shi daidai gwargwadon juriyarsa da matsayinsa, saboda wannan yana da tasiri yayin haɗa ɓangarorin na ƙarshe. Yayin da aikin ya ci gaba, ya zama mai rikitarwa saboda nauyi da girman da yake samu: yana da matukar wahala a cimma daidaitaccen matsayi yayin bushewar manne, wanda ba nan da nan ba. Saboda nauyin nauyi na makamai da zato, dole ne a haɗa waɗannan zuwa ga akwati tare da bambance-bambancen, tunda an yi amfani da ƙarfi wanda ya hana su haɗuwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ganuwar yankin haɗin haɗin da ya dace da akwati ya kasance sirara sosai, don haka akwai haɗarin cewa za su ba da hanya lokacin da aka haɗa makamai. Saboda wadannan dalilai, an yi ramuka a bangarorin biyu kuma a kowane bangare na mahaɗan, kuma yin amfani da gaskiyar cewa hannayen suna da rami tare da tsawonsu duka, an gabatar da sandunan ƙarfe don rarraba ƙarfin. An yi amfani da manne mai ƙarfi a kan waɗannan haɗin don a tabbatar, ta hanyoyi da yawa, dorewar dorewa.
Da zarar an dawo da fasalin fasalin sassan jikin mutum-mutumi, sai aka maye gurbin sassan da suka bace - wadanda suka fi karancin- kuma aka gyara dukkan mahaɗan tare da mannawa dangane da zaren yumbu, kaolin da polyetyl acetal. An gudanar da wannan aikin tare da dalilai guda biyu na haɓaka haɓakar tsari kuma a lokaci guda yana da tushe don aikace-aikacen launi mai zuwa a cikin waɗannan layukan hutu, don haka cimma nasarar haɗin gani na dukkan gutsure lokacin da aka lura daga nesa mai nisa. Aƙarshe, an sanya diyar da aka raba a lokacin ceto.
Kamar yadda ɓangarorin ba sa tsayawa da kansu, don a nuna wani tsari na ciki na sandunan ƙarfe da zanin ƙarfe waɗanda aka sanya a wuraren haɗin mahaɗan igiyoyin an tsara su, ta yadda za a iya yin amfani da kaɗa-kaɗa-kafa don tallafawa tsarin rarraba manyan nauyi da kuma gyara shi zuwa tushe.
A ƙarshe, godiya ga aikin da aka yi, an nuna siffofin a cikin Gidan Tarihi. Yanzu zamu iya yabawa, ta hanyar ilimin fasaha da sanin yakamata, menene yaƙi, iko, da girman kai na babbar masarauta da ake nufi da Aztec.
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 5 na Fabrairu-Maris 1995
