A lokacin ƙarshen mulkin mallaka a Meziko, yawancin matafiya daga tsohuwar nahiyar sun zo ƙasarmu don nazarin fure, fauna, yanayin birane, da nau'ikan da al'adun mutanen Meziko.
A wannan lokacin ne, lokacin da Baron Alejandro de Humboldt ya yi wata tafiya, daga 1799 zuwa 1804, ta cikin ƙasashen Amurka daban-daban, da sauransu Mexico, wanda ke nufin gudanar da karatun kimiyya da aka keɓe don lura da albarkatun ƙasa, yanayin ƙasa, kazalika da manyan cibiyoyin birane. Humboldt ya ba da muhimmanci na musamman kan nazarin kayayyakin tarihi da wurare daban-daban na wuraren da aka ziyarta, kuma a lokacin da ya koma Turai, sakamakonsa ya samar da aikin mai taken "Tafiya zuwa yankuna masu daidaita na Sabuwar Nahiyar." A gefe guda kuma, manyan litattafansa guda biyu: "Takaddun Siyasa kan Masarautar Sabon Spain" da "Ra'ayoyin Cordilleras da Monuments na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka", sun tayar da sha'awa sosai tsakanin jama'ar Turai. Don haka, kyawawan labaran Humboldt suka ja hankalinsa, yawancin masu fasahar zane-zane sun fara zuwa ƙasarmu, wanda ɗayan Bajamushe Karl Nebel ya fice.
Bayanan tarihin Nebel sun kasance ba su da yawa, kawai mun san cewa an haife shi ne a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1805, a cikin garin Altona, wanda ke yamma da Hamburg a kan kogin Elbe. Ya mutu shekaru 50 daga baya a Faris, a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1855. Ya kasance mai zanen gini, mai tsara zane da zane-zane, ya sami ilimi daidai da lokacinsa, wanda gabaɗaya ayyukan neoclassical suka rinjayi shi; Aikinsa yana daga cikin yanayin fasaha wanda aka sani da suna Romanism, wani motsi wanda ya kasance mafi tsayi a cikin ƙarni na 19 na Faransa kuma wanda yake yadu a cikin duk lithograph ɗin Nebel.
Aikin Karl Nebel mai taken: "Tafiya ta tarihi da ta kayan tarihi a kan mafi mahimmancin yankin Jamhuriyar Meziko, a tsakanin shekarun 1829 da 1834", ta ƙunshi lithograph 50 waɗanda aka zana, yawancinsu launuka ne kuma kaɗan ne a fara da baƙaƙe .. Waɗannan ayyukan Nebel ne da kansa ya tsara su, amma an gudanar da su ne a cikin bita daban-daban na Paris: Lithography Lemercier, Bernard da Kamfanin, waɗanda ke kan Rue de Seine SG gg., Da kuma na biyu, Lithography na Federico Mialhe da 'yan'uwa , 35 rue Saint Honoré. Wasu faranti sun cika litattafan Arnould wasu kuma ta Emile Lasalle, wanda ke aiki a taron bita na Bernard da Frey, kuma a wasu, har zuwa masu bayar da litattafan biyu sun shiga tsakani: Cuvillier, don Gine-gine da Lehnert, don lambobi.
An buga bugun Faransanci na aikin Nebel a cikin 1836 kuma bayan shekaru huɗu, fitowar ta Sifen ta bayyana. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, waɗanda aka rubuta tare da manufar bayanin cikakken kwatancin, an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin harshe mai sauƙi da sauƙi, da iliminsa na littattafan da Spanishan littafin tarihin Spain na farko da suka rubuta a ƙarni na 16 kamar Torquemada, da sauransu, da kuma matani mafi kusa lokacinsa, kamar rubutun Alejandro de Humboldt da Antonio de León y Gama.
Bayan sun yi balaguro zuwa yankunan bakin teku, arewacin ƙasar, Bajio, biranen Mexico da Puebla, Nebel ya koma Paris, can ya sadu da Baron de Humboldt, don roƙe shi ya gabatar da jawabinsa littafi, wanda ya cika da sa'a. A cikin rubutun nasa, Baron ya ba da haske game da mahimmancin ma'anar yanayin, yanayin kyawawan halaye da kuma masaniyar ilimin kimiyya na aikin Nebel. Ya kuma yaba da matuƙar kwazo na mai binciken Bajamushe, wanda ke bayyana a cikin kwatancen wuraren tarihi. Koyaya, abin da yafi ɗaukar hankalin Humboldt shine lithograph ɗin ban mamaki waɗanda suka haɓaka aikin.
Ga Nebel, mafi mahimmancin dalilin aikinsa, wanda ya shafi ɗimbin jama'a, shi ne ya sanar da jama'ar Turai bambancin yanayin ɗabi'a da fasaha na Meziko, wanda ya kira da "Amurka Atika." Don haka, ba tare da niyyar koya wa mai karatu ba, Nebel ya yi niyyar sake raha da nishaɗi.
Akwai batutuwa guda uku da wannan matafiyin ya ƙunsa a cikin litattafansa masu daraja: ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, birni da al'adun Mexico. Akwai faranti 20 waɗanda ke ɗauke da jigon archaeological, 20 an keɓe su ne zuwa birane, inda aka haɗa shimfidar wuri a cikin dukkanin yanayin kuma sauran 10 suna magana ne game da sutura, nau'ikan da al'adu.
A cikin lithographs da ke magana akan kayan tarihin Mexico, Nebel ya sake kirkirar wani dadadden muhalli mai kyau, inda ciyayi masu daɗi suka mamaye duk yanayin; Wannan shine batun hoton mai taken Monte Virgen, inda Nebel ya nuna mana manyan bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke wahalar da matafiya wucewa. A cikin wannan jerin, shi ne na farko da ya tallata dala na Niches na El Tajín, wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin mashaidi na ƙarshe na wayewar kan da ta ɓace. Ya kuma nuna mana cikakken ra'ayi game da Cholula dala, wanda ya gaya mana cewa shi ne mafi girma ginin tsohuwar Anábuac, yana ba mu ma'aunin tushe da tsayi, bisa ga rubutun da Torquemada, Betancourt da Clavijero suka rubuta . A ƙarshen bayanin bayanin hoton, ya ƙarasa da cewa tabbas an gina dala a matsayin wurin binne sarakuna da manyan sarakuna.
Abin mamakin fasahar zane-zane na Mexica, da komawa Don Antonio de León y Gama, Nebel ya ba mu cikakken bayani game da wannan sana'ar, da kuma kusanci a kan farantin wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda uku waɗanda aka samo a ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin (a ƙarshen karni na 18, a cikin 1790), dutsen Tizoc, Coatlicue (wanda aka zana shi da wasu abubuwan da ba daidai ba) da abin da ake kira Piedra del Sol. Hakanan yana nuna mana wasu kayan kida na pre-Hispanic, hada-busar bushe-bushe, sarewa da teponaztlis.
Daga rangadinsa na cikin ƙasar, ziyarar Nebel, zuwa arewacin Mexico, jihar Zacatecas da ke nuna a cikin faranti huɗu kangon La Quemada; zuwa kudu, a cikin jihar Morelos, ya yi lithograph hudu na Xochicalco, a ciki ya nuna mana sake gini, ba gaba daya kusanci ba, na Pyramid na Maciji Fararraki da babban saukinsa.
Amma batun jigo na biyu da Nebel ya yi jawabi, ya sami damar haɗuwa da yanayin birane da na ƙasa. Zane-zanen suna nuna manya da mahimman halaye na garuruwan da wannan mai zane, Puebla, San Luis Potosí da Zacatecas suka ziyarta, da sauransu.
An yi amfani da wasu daga cikinsu azaman asalin abin da aka tsara, wanda jigon taken shine kwari mai faɗi. A cikin cikakkun ra'ayoyi, muna ganin manyan wurare masu banƙyama tare da abubuwan tarihi da gine-ginen yanayi na addini. Har ila yau, mun yarda da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasar: Veracruz, Tampico da Acapulco, waɗanda aka nuna mana dangane da mahimmancinsu.
Nebel ya sadaukar da faranti guda biyar ga garin Mexico, tunda shine wurin da ya fi jan hankalinsa, kuma yana ɗaukar shi birni mafi girma kuma mafi kyau a cikin Sifen Amurka, kwatankwacin manyan biranen Turai. Mafi daukar hankali a cikin wannan jerin lithographs sune: Mexico da aka gani daga Archbishopric na Tacubaya, wanda tare da Vista de los volcanes de México, suna samar da cikakken tsari wanda zai bawa Nebel damar mamaye dukkan kwarin Mexico kuma ya nuna girman da kuma nuna halin wannan babban birni.
Kamar yadda ƙarin bayyani ra'ayoyi, wannan matafiyin yayi faranti biyu na zócalo babban birnin kasar na yanzu. Na farkonsu shine wanda ake kira da suna Internal de México, wanda a ciki aka nuna wani ɓangare na babban cocin Metropolitan a gefen hagu, a ɗaya gefen kuma, ginin da yake mallakar National Monte de Piedad kuma a bango muna ganin sanannen sanannen gini kamar El Parían, wurin da ake cinikin kowane irin kyawawan kayayyaki daga Asiya a cikin ƙarni na 19. Lithograph na biyu yana ɗauke da taken Plaza Mayor de México, a ciki muna nan a bakin titin plateros wanda yau shine Madero Avenue kuma babban jigon ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da ginin Cathedral da Sagrario, ban da ƙari daga kusurwar Fadar Kasa, waɗanda titunan titinan na Seminario da Moneda suka kafa yanzu suna da dome na cocin Santa Teresa.
Lithograph na ƙarshe na jerin abubuwan Mexico City, Nebel ya kira shi Paseo de la Viga a Mexico, wani yanki ne na gargajiya wanda Nebel ke nuna mana ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar mu daban daban, daga masu ƙasƙantar da kai har zuwa mafi kyawun waɗanda ke jin daɗi hutu da kyakkyawan shimfidar wuri kewaye da su. A cikin wannan farantin mun matsa zuwa tsohuwar hanyar hadawa tsakanin tabkunan Texcoco da Chalco A karshen rubutun, mai zanan ya wakilci irin ciyawar da ake kira chinampas: bishiyoyin da aka fi sani da ahuejotes. A bayan gari muna yabawa La Garita, inda mutane suke shirye su fara tafiya suna taruwa, ko dai a ƙafa, a kan dawakai, a cikin karusai masu kyau ko kwale-kwale, kuma gada mai launuka daban ta tsaya a bayan fage.
Daga biranen lardin, Nebel ya bar mana hangen nesa mai sauƙi na Puebla, tare da tsaunin tsaunin Iztaccíhuatl da Popocatépetl a matsayin tushen, hangen nesa na Guanajuato da wani Magajin Garin Plaza. Daga Zacatecas ya nuna mana hangen nesa, ciki da kuma ra'ayi na Veta Grande mine da Aguascalientes, bayanan birni da Magajin garin Plaza. Hakanan akwai Magajin Garin Plaza na Guadalajara, babban ra'ayi na Jalapa da wani na San Luis Potosí.
Sauran batun da Nebel ya dogara da shi shine costumbrista, wanda galibi aikin Claudio Linati na Italiya ya rinjayi shi, wanda shine mai gabatar da lithography a Mexico. A cikin wadannan hotunan, matafiyin ya nuna mazaunan aji daban-daban na zamantakewar al'umma wadanda suka kasance wani bangare ne na Jamhuriyar da ta fara shigowa sanye da manyan tufafinsu, wadanda ke nuna yanayin lokacin. Wannan abin ban mamaki ne. a cikin lithograph da ke nuna wasu gungun mata sanye da mantilla kuma sun yi ado irin ta Mutanen Espanya, ko kuma waccan inda wani mai wadata ƙasa ya bayyana tare da ɗiyarsa, bawa da mai shayarwa, dukansu cikin kyawawan kayan ado da hawa dawakai. Yana cikin waɗannan lithographs na jigogi na rayuwar yau da kullun, inda Nebel ya ba da haske game da salonsa wanda Romanism ya rinjayi shi, wanda nau'ikan nau'ikan haruffan da aka wakilta ba su dace da gaskiya ba, amma ga nau'ikan kayan gargajiya na zamanin Turai. Koyaya, waɗannan hotunan suna da amfani sosai don sani da sake gina fannoni daban daban na rayuwa a Meziko a cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19. Wannan ya zama mahimmancin wannan mai zane, ban da ƙimar ingancin ayyukansa.
