Gano wannan abin mamakin da ke Ciudad Universitaria. Zaka sha mamaki ...
Wadanda suka ci nasara na farko sun dimauta yayin da suka yaba da wannan kyakkyawan lambun inda Moctezuma II ya noma wasu nau'o'in tsire-tsire masu asali zuwa ƙasashe masu nisa na wurare masu nisa, cikin hikima suka tattara kuma suka kula a cikin ƙarin rukuni biyu a kewaya a Oaxtepec, Morelos. Wannan ba shine kawai misalin ƙirƙirar lambun tsirrai ba a cikin zamanin Hispanic, kamar yadda akwai wasu, irin su wanda Nezahualcóyotl ya kafa a Texcoco, ko kuma wanda ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na girman Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
Mazaunan pre-Hispanic Mexico sun sami ci gaba na ban mamaki dangane da lura, ilimi da rabe-raben tsire-tsire, musamman waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman abinci, na mutum da dabba, tare da halaye na magani ko don kyawunsu; sun yi ƙoƙari don tara mafi kyau kuma mafi yawan tarin ta hanyar kasuwanci, diflomasiyya, ko ma amfani da ƙarfin soja.
Wannan yana nufin babbar gudummawa ga Turai, tunda an fitar da nau'ikan da yawa daga Amurka, wasu daga cikinsu sun sami mahimmanci da al'adu a cikin Tsohuwar Nahiyar kuma suna tasiri sosai ga al'adun ta, gami da fasahar girke-girke. Misali, samar da cakulan na Turai ba zai yiwu ba tare da koko, wanda aka shigo da shi kai tsaye daga Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya, haka kuma abincin Italiya ba zai zama abin da suke ba tare da tumatir daga Kudancin Amurka. Koyaya, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 ne aka kafa lambuna na farko na kayan lambu a ƙasashen Turai, waɗanda suka sami babban ci gaba, har sai sun samar da kyawawan abubuwan duniya, kamar na Kew Garden, Royal Botanical Garden of England.
Mexico ta yau ta gaji sha'awa, kauna da ilimi game da shuke-shuke, wanda ake iya gani a wuraren shakatawa da lambuna, har ma da manyan hanyoyin da ke baranda da baranda na gidajen birane. Baya ga sanannen al'adar, akwai wani yanki a cikin babban birni mai cike da hazo wanda ya cancanci al'adarmu mai kyau: Lambun Botanical na Cibiyar Ilimin Bioasa ta UNAM, a harabar Jami'ar Jami'ar, kudu maso yamma na Tarayyar Gundumar.
An kafa shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1959 saboda haɗakar ayyukan biyu - ɗayan da masanin ilimin tsirrai Dr. Faustino Miranda ya gabatar da ɗayan kuma daga Dokta Efrén del Pozo-, Lambun Botanical ya sami halaye waɗanda suka mai da shi wuri mai ban mamaki. Tana cikin tsakiyar Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve, babban mahimmin ƙarfi na ƙarshe na tsarin halittu na Senecionetum, wani nau'in goge na musamman a duniya wanda ya girma a wannan yanki bayan fashewar dutsen Xitle, kimanin shekaru 2,250 da suka wuce. da kuma cewa yana da mahimmancin ilimin halittu da muhalli, kamar yadda wasu nau'ikan halittu guda biyu suka nuna - ma’ana, suna girma ne kawai a cikin ajiyar-: orchid da murtsunguwa (Bletia biranen da Mammillaria san-angelensis, bi da bi). Wannan ya sanya Lambun Botanical ya zama wurin shakatawa na kyawawan dabi'u, aljanna, sarari na shuke shuke da shakatawa inda, kawai ta hanyar shiga, zaku iya numfasa yanayi daban, tsafta da sabo.
Lambun bai fi kawai yankin koren abu ba; Ta hanyar sa zaka iya yin yawon shakatawa mai matukar daɗi da ilimantarwa, kana mai shaawar shuke-shuke iri-iri da ake nunawa; Bugu da kari, cibiyar tana ba da rangadin yawon shakatawa, bitar bita, taro, audiovisuals, kwasa-kwasan har ma da kide kide da wake wake na gargajiya; Bugu da kari, tana da daki don nune-nunen wucin gadi, shago, filin ajiye motoci da kuma dakin karatu mai kayatarwa, wanda aka bude wa jama'a, inda za a iya samun bayanai kan kayan lambu da kayan lambu; duk wannan yana kewaye da kyakkyawan yanayin ƙasa.
Koyaya, Aljannar ba wai kawai wuri bane na tafiya da karatu ba; Ofungiyoyin masu bincike daga fannoni daban-daban suna aiki a ciki: masu ilimin tsirrai, masana kimiyyar halittu, masu binciken kayan lambu, masanan kan kimiyyar halittu da ma masana ilimin ɗan adam, don yaɗa nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗarin halaka, ko kuma waɗanda ke da mahimmancin mahimmanci, da ceton ilimin gargajiya na. herbalism da magani na al'ummomin asali na ƙasar mu.
Lambun Botanical yana da wurare daban-daban guda biyu: Faustino Miranda Greenhouse, wanda ke cikin yankin makaranta, da kuma lambun waje, a gefen kudu maso yamma, bayan Olympicasar Olympic ta Mexico ´68. An shirya lambun waje a yankuna daban-daban gwargwadon ciyawar da aka nuna a cikin su, don haka samun kyakkyawar fahimtar wurin. Akwai bangarorin busassun da bushe-bushe, Agaungiyar Agavaceae ta ,asa, Lambun Doctora Helia Bravo-Hollis Garden, tsire-tsire daga yanki mai sanyin yanayi, daga dajin da ke da danshi mai zafi, da sarari don tsire-tsire masu amfani da magunguna da kuma ajiyar muhalli.
Yankin yankuna masu bushewa da raƙuman ruwa suna da mahimmancin gaske, tunda kusan kashi 70% na yankin ƙasa suna da irin wannan ciyawar. An rarraba sashin zuwa tsibirin da ke kewaye da titinan da ke jagorantar mu zuwa ga gano kyawawan kayayyaki na rukunin tsirrai daban-daban wadanda suka dace da yankunan da ke da karancin ruwan sama, kamar yuccas, tare da furanninsu masu ban sha'awa da kuma kamshi, wadanda ake amfani da su don shirya kyawawan abinci; cacti, na asalin Ba'amurke ne kawai, suna nuna mana kyawawan siffofi iri-iri, launuka, kyawawan furanni da ƙwarewar abinci da magunguna; da Colleungiyar Agaváceas, waɗanda aka fi amfani da wakilansu don yin abubuwan sha guda biyu na Mexico: pulque da tequila, kodayake akwai wasu nau'ikan da yawa a cikin sifofi masu ban sha'awa.
Hankali na musamman ya cancanci lambun jejin Dr. Helia Bravo-Hollis, babban tarin cacti wanda aka lasafta shi bayan ɗayan membobin da suka kafa Aljanna kuma mai haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau, wanda muke bin sa, tare da Dr. Hernando Sánchez sun inganta, kyakkyawan aiki The Cactaceae na Mexico; An gina wannan ɓangaren tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Japan, a matsayin misalin musayar ƙasashen duniya. Irin wannan tarin ya kasance a garin Sendai, kilomita 300 arewa da Tokyo, Japan.
Wataƙila yanki mafi ban sha'awa shi ne yanayin yanayi, wanda arboretum ke wakilta (wanda ke nufin "tarin bishiyoyi masu rai"), wanda ya fara a 1962. A yau yana ɗauke da kyawawan samfura masu girman gaske, ɗauka da kuma ganye; yayin shigarta, suna haifar da kwanciyar hankali, jituwa da girma; Za mu iya yin farin ciki da yin tunani game da manyan bishiyoyi, waɗanda a Meziko suke da mahimmanci, ba wai kawai saboda samfuran da muke samu daga gare su ba, amma saboda ƙasar tana da kusan 40% na nau'in duniya. Hakanan zamu iya lura da itacen cypresses, oyameles, sweetgum, tsawa - wanda duk da kasancewar shi ba ɗan asalin Mexico bane, sun riga sun zama ɓangare na furen namu, da kuma wasu nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda suka mamaye babban fili inda zaku shaƙa ƙanshin gandun daji, saurari wakar tsuntsaye ka ji a hade da yanayi.
An tattara tarin tsirrai na asalin wurare masu zafi tsakanin Faustino Miranda Greenhouse da Manuel Ruiz Oronoz Greenhouse. Na biyun, wanda arboretum ya iyakance damar sa, aka gina shi a cikin 1966 tare da manufar samar da samfurin samfuran ban mamaki iri-iri na shuke-shuke da ke rayuwa a cikin gandun daji mai zafi. A ciki zamu iya samun dabino, ferns na iri daban-daban, piñanonas, orchids, bishiyoyin ceiba da sauran nau'ikan, waɗanda aka tsara ta da filaye masu daɗi, da lambuna da duwatsu. A cikin zurfin mun gano kandami tare da ƙaramin kogo; karar saukar ruwa, sa'ilin da zafi da zafi suna sanya mu ji a cikin dajin dumi mai ruwa rain a tsakiyar garin Mexico!
Shuke-shuke ba wai kawai suna da aikin faranta mana rai ba tare da kyawawan sifofinsu da furanninsu masu launuka masu ƙanshi da ƙamshi; Suna da matukar mahimmanci saboda sun zama sune mabuɗan cigaban muhalli, musamman a biranen; amma ban da haka, muna karɓar ɗimbin samfura daga gare su waɗanda ke ba mu damar rayuwa da kuma cewa, ƙari, inganta rayuwarmu. Saboda wannan, akwai yanki mai faɗi wanda aka keɓe don nuna mana wasu tsire-tsire tare da takamaiman amfani, kamar abinci, kayan ƙanshi, ainihin abubuwa, zaren halitta da kayan ado, da sauransu.
Ya kamata a ambaci yanki na musamman akan tsire-tsire masu magani, wanda ke da tarin samfuran samfuran, ba kawai daga zamanin yanzu ba, amma daga kafin cin nasara. A cikin wannan al'amari, Lambun Botanical ya kwashe shekaru da yawa yana aiwatar da mahimmancin ceton babban ilimin gargajiya na maganin herbalism a yankuna da yawa na ƙasarmu, don haka wannan sararin yana wakiltar kyakkyawan samfurin nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke da wasu kaddarorin magani.
Lambunan Botanical na da sama da shekaru talatin muhimmin aiki na ilimi da kuma yada ilimi game da albarkatun mu; Bugu da kari, tana aiwatar da aikin kimiyya don gano sabbin tsirrai da amfani mai matukar amfani da kuma tseratar da al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya. A takaice, yana wakiltar wurin nishadi mai kyau, wanda aka ba da shawarar sosai ga waɗanda muke zaune a cikin birni mafi yawan mutane a duniya.
GREENHOUSE FAUSTINO MIRANDA
A cikin yankin makarantar Ciudad Universitaria akwai wani gini wanda daga waje yake kama da babban dome mai rufin haske, wanda kyawawan bishiyoyi da lambuna suka tsara shi. Shine Faustino Miranda Greenhouse, wanda yake na Botanical Garden of Institute of Biology na Autasa mai zaman kanta ta Mexico.
Wannan katafaren gidan mai dauke da mamba 835 m2, wanda aka tsara kuma aka gina shi a shekarar 1959, an gina shi da kyakkyawan kallo akan rami na halitta, samfurin rarraba rarraba dutsen mai aman wuta daga fashewar Xitle, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don rarraba cikin gida na greenhouse. Amma wannan rami bai isa ba don cimma yanayin yanayin ɗumi-ɗumi; A saboda wannan dalili, ya zama dole a gina babban ƙarfe mai haske da dome fiberglass wanda ke rufe dukkan farfajiyar, kuma ya kai, a cikin mafi girman ɓangarensa, mita 16, ba tare da amfani da wani tallafi banda bangon ba. Ta hanyar samun rufin da zai ba da izinin wucewar haske kuma ya hana zafin rana, zai yuwu a kula da yanayin zafin jiki fiye da na waje, tare da rashin jujjuyawa tsakanin dare da rana, kuma bugu da theari ana kiyaye danshi mai kyau don tsire-tsire masu zafi. .
Faustino Mirada Greenhouse an lakafta shi ne bayan ɗayan membobin da suka kafa kuma darakta na farko na Lambun Botanical na UNAM. An haife shi a Gijón, Spain, bayan ya sami digiri na uku a Kimiyyar Halitta a Babban Jami'ar Madrid, ya isa gudun hijira zuwa Mexico a 1939, saboda yakin basasar Spain, kuma nan da nan ya shiga aikin bincike a Cibiyar Biology.
Babban aikinsa na kimiyya, sama da lakabi hamsin, ya haskaka ilimin flora namu sosai, tunda yayi aiki a wurare daban-daban a Jamhuriyar, kamar Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Yucatán, Nuevo León, Zacatecas da San Luis Potosí, da sauransu. Babban bincikensa ya ta'allaka ne a yankuna masu zafi na Mexico, musamman a cikin Lacandon Jungle.
Babban sha'awar sa ga shuke-shuke da mazaunin su na kasar mu ya kasance an fadada shi a cikin Lambunan Botanical, musamman a cikin greenhouse, cibiyar bincike da kiyayewa daga daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da ban sha'awa, amma kuma wadanda aka canza: gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.
Godiya ga keɓaɓɓun yanayi na yanayin zafi mai ɗumi da zafin jiki, wanda da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 18 ° C, gandun dajin da ke da ƙoshin lafiya shine mafi kyawun yanayin halittu na duniya a cikin biodiversity, tunda tana da kashi 40% na dukkanin sanannun halittu; duk da haka, ya kasance abin amfani da hankali. A yau yawan sare dazuzzuka ya kai hekta miliyan 10 a kowace shekara, ma’ana, hecta daya ana lalacewa duk bayan daƙiƙa uku a duniya! An kiyasta cewa a cikin shekaru arba'in ba za a sami wasu fannoni masu mahimmanci na wannan yanayin halittar ba, kuma ba wai kawai bambance-bambancen halittu da yawa za a rasa ba, har ila yau za a sanya hadadden iskar gas din yanayi, tunda dajin yana aiki ne a matsayin babban janareta na oxygen da mai tara dioxide carbon.
A cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata, a Meziko mun shaida yadda manyan bishiyun daji da dazuzzuka suka gushe.
Saboda wannan halin, Faustino Miranda Greenhouse ya ɗauki mahimmancin gaske don kasancewa matattarar samfurin duniya mai ban mamaki na gandun daji mai zafi, da kuma kasancewa ɓangare na cibiyar da ke kula da ceto da kiyaye halittu masu haɗari, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin tattalin arziki da magani. , abinci, da dai sauransu
Lokacin shiga Greenhouse mutum zai ji a wata duniyar, tunda shuke-shuke da suke girma a can ba safai ake ganinsu a tsaunuka ba: itatuwan ceiba, bishiyoyin kofi, ferns 10 m masu tsayi ko na siffofi da ba za a iya tsammani ba, hawa shuke-shuke kuma, ba zato ba tsammani, kyakkyawan tafki tare da nuni da ciyawar ruwa, tare da dawakai da kuma algae.
Zai yiwu a zagaya hanyoyi daban-daban; babbar hanyar tana kai mu zuwa ga tarin tarin tsire-tsire masu zafi; ta cikin na biyun sai mu shiga cikin ciyayi a saman duwatsun lawa, muna ganin cicadas da goro, dabino da lianas. Kusan a ƙarshen hanyar, a farfaji akwai wani ɓangare na tarin orchids, wanda, saboda yawan yin amfani da su ta hanyar haɓakar farashin da suke kaiwa cikin haramtacciyar kasuwa, suna ɓacewa da sauri daga wuraren rayuwarsu.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 250 / Disamba 1997
