Akwai nau'ikan cacti da yawa da ba su wanzu a Mexico; wasu suna gab da bacewa.
Kamar yadda yake tare da iyalai daban-daban na fure na Mexico, cacti shima ya ɓace kafin masana kimiyya suyi nazarin su kuma gano halayen su da yawa; da yawa nau'ikan sun daina wanzuwa ba tare da mun san irin arzikin da muka yi asara tare da ɓacewa ba. A game da cacti, wannan yana da mahimmanci, tunda ana zargin cewa ƙarfin tattalin arziƙinsu, har yanzu ba a yi karatu sosai ba, yana da yawa.
An sani, alal misali, cewa yawancin nau'ikan suna da wadataccen alkaloids. Peyote ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 53 alkaloids - mescaline amma ɗayansu. Waɗannan su ne sakamakon binciken kwanan nan da Dr. Raquel Mata da Dr. MacLaughling, waɗanda suka yi nazari game da tsire-tsire 150 na wannan iyalin. Thearfin magungunan wannan nau'in ya bayyana.
NOPAL, MAQIYIN MUTANE
Maganin mu na gargajiya yana yawan amfani da cacti. Misali: tsawon ƙarnika, masu warkarwa suna amfani da halayen hypoglycemic na nopal wajen kula da ciwon sukari; Koyaya, kawai a ɗan gajeren lokaci kaɗan da suka gabata, godiya ga jajircewar masu binciken Sashin Imss na Ci gaban Sababbin Magunguna da Magungunan Gargajiya, wannan dukiya ta cactus ta sami karbuwa a kimiyance. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Tsaro na Tsaro yana da sabon magani, mara cutarwa, mai rahusa kuma mafi inganci don yaƙi da ciwon sukari: ruwan 'ya'yan nopal mai laushi, mai narkewar foda. Wani misali: an yi imani cewa wasu gabobin a cikin hamadarmu ana amfani da su don yaƙi da cutar kansa; Tabbas, wannan nau'in kwayar halitta yana da wadataccen maganin rigakafi da triterpenes.
BANGARAN RADIYYA?
A wani fanni daban daban, Dr. Leia Scheinvar, daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na UNAM Cactology Laboratory, yayi nazarin yiwuwar amfani da cacti a matsayin masu kare karafa a karkashin kasa. Watau, binciken siffofi da launukan murtsunguwa na iya nuna ainihin wurin da aka ajiye ma'adanan ƙarfe. Asalin wannan binciken har yanzu yana da ban sha'awa. Dokta Scheinvar ya lura da necrosis da canza launi na musamman a cikin cacti da yawa a cikin Zona del Silencio da San Luis Potosí, wuraren da suka bayyana suna da wadataccen uranium. Conversationsarin tattaunawa tare da masu bincike daga Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Jamusawa, musamman mai sha'awar nazarin tsirrai masu nuna ƙyamar halitta, ya sanya ta kan wannan hanyar.
Sha'awar tattalin arziƙin nopal a bayyane take: ba'a iyakance ga amfani da shi azaman abincin ɗan adam ba (wannan littafin girke-girke ya ƙunshi ƙasa da girke-girke 70) amma har ma a matsayin abinci ana yaba shi sosai; Mun riga munyi magana game da wasu daga amfanin sa na magani; Hakanan shine asalin shamfu, mayuka da sauran kayan shafawa; Tsirrai ne mai daukar bakuncin cochineal na jan alharinin, wani kwari wanda aka ciro wani rini wanda maiyuwa sannu zai sami sabuwa ...
Duk wannan wadatar, galibi ba a san ta ba, ana asara. Halin ya zama mafi tsanani idan muka yi la’akari da cewa Mexico ita ce babbar cibiyar sarrafa cacti a duniya. Yawancin jinsinsa sun wanzu ne kawai, tunda kusan nau'ikan 1 000 ne ke rayuwa a nan (an kiyasta cewa duk dangin sun ƙunshi 2 000 a duk faɗin yankin Amurka).
"YAN yawon bude ido", sun fi akuya sharri
Dokta Leia Scheinvar ta yi nuni da manyan abubuwa uku da ke haifar da bacewar cacti: kiwo, galibi awaki, wanda a cewarta, “ya kamata a wargaza su daga Mexico; wasu dabbobin ma suna taimakawa yaduwar ganyayyaki na cacti: suna cire ƙaya, suna ɗan ɗanɗano ɓoho kuma su bar ragowar tsiron. Wani sabon toho ya tsiro daga wannan raunin. Jafananci suna amfani da irin wannan hanyar don yaduwar cacti na duniya: suna sashi sashin sama kuma suna dasa shi, yayin da ɓangaren ƙananan yake ninka ciyayi. Awaki, a gefe guda, suna cin shukar ne daga asalinsu ”.
Wani mahimmin dalili shi ne ayyukan noma, galibi sara da ƙone ƙasashen budurwa. Don rage tasirin waɗannan tushe biyu na lalata, Dokta Scheinvar ya yi tunanin aikin don ƙirƙirar murtsatattun wuraren ajiya. Ta ba da shawarar cewa a ware fili domin kula da cacti a wurare masu mahimmanci sannan kuma a lokaci guda “a yi yakin neman zabe a tsakanin manoma ta yadda kafin su fara share filayensu su sanar da manajojin wuraren ajiyar kudin kuma za su iya zuwa karbar samfuran barazana ”.
Magana ta uku da Dokta Scheinvar ya ambata ba ta da laifi kuma saboda haka ya fi zama abin kunya: sata.
"Lacters locters na gaske kwari ne." Mafi barna shine “wasu rukunin yawon bude ido da suka zo daga Switzerland, Jamus, Japan, California. , tare da kyakkyawar ma'ana: tattara cacti. Wadannan rukuni suna jagorantar mutane ne wadanda suka kawo jerin wurare daban-daban da jinsunan da zasu samu a cikin kowane daya. Kungiyar masu yawon bude ido sun isa wani wuri kuma sun dauki dubban cacti; yana fita ya isa wani shafin, inda yake maimaita aikinsa da sauransu. Abin takaici ne ".
Manuel Rivas, wani mai tsattsauran kwaya, ya gaya mana cewa “ba da daɗewa ba suka kama wani rukuni na masanan kimiyyar cactocin Japan waɗanda suka riga suka zo da taswira na wuraren da ke da matukar sha'awa. Sun riga sun tattara adadi mai yawa a wurare daban-daban a cikin ƙasar. An saka su a kurkuku kuma an rarraba tsire-tsire da aka kame zuwa cibiyoyin Mexico daban-daban ”. An shirya waɗannan balaguron ne a cikin wasu "al'ummomin ƙawancen abokai" na gama gari a Turai.
FITOWA TA BAKWAI, 'YAN BAYANMU.
Sauran masu satar dukiyar 'yan kasuwa ne na filawa: suna zuwa wuraren da cacti mai darajar kasuwanci mafi girma da kuma kawar da yawan jama'a. "A wani lokaci," in ji Dokta Scheinvar, "mun gano kusa da Tolimán, a cikin Querétaro, wani tsire-tsire na nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba a cika samunsu ba wanda aka yi imanin cewa sun bace a kasar. Abin farin ciki tare da bincikenmu, mun tattauna shi tare da sauran mutane. Wani lokaci daga baya, wani dalibina wanda ke zaune a yankin ya gaya mani cewa wata babbar mota ta zo wata rana ta ɗauki dukkan tsire-tsire. Na yi wata tafiya ta musamman don tabbatar da gaskiyar lamarin kuma gaskiya ne: ba mu sami samfurin guda daya ba ”.
Abin da kawai ke kiyaye nau'ikan cactus da yawa yanzu shi ne keɓancewa wanda har yanzu akwai manyan yankuna na ƙasar. Dole ne mu gane cewa wannan yanayin ma saboda, a cikin babban ɓangare, don rashin sha'awar cacti. Wasu nau'ikan Mexico sun kashe sama da $ 100 a ƙasashen waje; masu sana'ar floriculturists galibi suna biyan $ 10 don ofan itaciya iri 10 na itacen Mexico. Amma a nan, wataƙila saboda mun saba ganin su, mun fi so, kamar yadda Mr. Rivas ya ce, “violet na Afirka, saboda Afirka ne, don haɓaka kakkarfan marubuci”.
An nuna wannan rashin sha'awar a bayyane a cikin maganganun wasu maziyarta ga tarin Mista Rivas: “Sau da yawa mutanen da suka ziyarce ni suna mamakin yawan cacti da suke gani a nan kuma suna tambayata dalilin da yasa nake ajiye yawan nopales. "Ba su da nopales," Na amsa, "su shuke-shuke iri daban-daban." "Babu a'a," sun gaya mani, "a gare ni dukkansu nopales ne."
Manuel Rivas, CACTUS kare
Mista Manuel Rivas yana da cacti sama da 4,000 a kan rufin gidansa. a cikin San Ángel Inn unguwa. Tarihin tarin ku. Ofayan mahimmancin gaske a ƙasar shine na sha'awar da ta ɗauki kusan shekaru 20. Tarin sa abin mamaki ne ba kawai don yawan sa ba - ya hada da, misali, kashi biyu bisa uku na jinsin halittar Mammillaria, wanda ya kunshi, baki daya, kusan 300 - amma kuma don cikakken tsari da yanayin da ake samun kowace shuka, har zuwa mafi karancin misali. Sauran masu tarawa da malamai sun danƙa masa kulawa da samfurinsu. A cikin Lambunan Botanical na UNAM, Mista Rivas yakan shafe kwana biyu ko uku a kowane mako yana kula da inuwar gidan Laboratory Cactology.
Shi da kansa ya gaya mana labarin tarin nasa: “A Spain ina da wasu tsire-tsire kamar shuke-shuke masu wuya. Daga nan na zo Mexico na same su da yawa. Na sayi 'yan kaɗan. Lokacin da na yi ritaya, na ƙara tarin kuma na gina gidan haya: Na sanya ƙarin shuke-shuke a wurin kuma na sadaukar da kaina ga dasawa. Misali na farko a cikin tarin shine Opuntia sp., Wanda aka haifa ba zato ba tsammani a cikin gonata. Har yanzu ina da shi, ƙari don dalilai na motsin rai fiye da komai. Kusan kashi 40 na tattara; Na sayi sauran ko wasu masu tarawa sun bani.
“Abin da ya ja hankalina zuwa cacti shine yanayin su, yadda suke girma. Ina jin daɗin zuwa filin neman su kuma sami wasu da ba ni da su. Wannan shine abin da ke faruwa tare da kowane mai tarawa: koyaushe neman ƙarin, koda kuwa ba ta da wuri. Na kawo cacti daga Querétaro, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca… Ya fi sauƙi a faɗi inda ba daga; Ban je Tamaulipas, ko Sonora, ko Baja California ba. Ina tsammanin waɗannan su ne jihohin da har yanzu ban ziyarta ba.
"Na nemi tsire-tsire a Haiti, inda kawai na samo nau'i guda, Mammillaria prolifera, da kuma a cikin Peru, daga inda na kawo wani nau'in Lobivia daga gabar Tafkin Titicaca. Na kware a Mammillarias, saboda wannan shine mafi yawan halittu a Mexico. Ina kuma tattarawa daga wasu jinsi, kamar su Coryphanta, Ferocactus, Echinocactus; kusan komai banda Opuntia. Ina fatan tara nau'ikan Mammillaria guda 300, wanda ke nufin kusan dukkanin jinsin (wadanda za a cire daga Baja California, saboda saboda tsayin Mexico City suna da wahalar noma sosai).
“Na fi son tara tsaba, saboda na yi imanin cewa tsire-tsire da aka shuka a cikin gidan shuken na sun fi waɗanda aka riga aka shuka daga gona ƙarfi. Girman tsiron, mafi wahalar sa shine ta zauna a wani wuri. A lokuta da yawa na tara tsaba; wani lokacin hawa daya ko biyu. Ina son fita zuwa filin don kawai in burge su, saboda ina tattarawa ne kawai idan ba ni da wani nau'in, saboda ba ni da sararin sanya su. Ina kiyaye tsire-tsire daya ko biyu na kowane nau'in ”.
Tarin tsirrai masu girma kamar Mr. Rivas 'na buƙatar kulawa mai yawa: kowane tsire dole ne ya samu, misali, wani adadin ruwa; wasu sun fito ne daga wurare masu dausayi sosai, wasu kuma daga yankunan da ke da danshi mai zafi. Don shayar dasu, mai tarawar yakan dauki tsawon yini a sati, a dai-dai lokacin da yake basu takin, kodayake ba ayi akai akai ba, sau biyu kawai a shekara. Shirya ƙasar gabaɗaya tsari ne wanda zai fara da neman ƙasa a yankin Popocatépetl volcanic da kuma cikin Iturbide Dam, kilomita 60 daga garin Mexico. Sauran, gami da haifuwa, tuni ya shafi fasahar mai tarawa.
LOKUTAN BIYU
Daga cikin shuke-shuken da aka wawashe a yau sune Solicia pectinata da Turinicarpas lophophoroides, amma bari mu kalli lamura guda biyu da ake juyar da yanayin gabaɗaya. LaMammillaria sanangelensisera mai yawan gaske a cikin filayen lawa na kudancin Mexico City, saboda haka sunan sa. Abin takaici, wannan tsiren yana ba da kyakkyawan kambi na furanni a cikin Disamba (a da Mammillaria elegans). Ma'aikatan wata masana'anta ta takarda da sauran baƙi a yankin sun tattara shi don yin ado da al'amuran bikin Kirsimeti. Da zarar hutu sun kare, sai a jefa shuka. Hakan yana daga cikin abin da ya jawo bacewar sa. Ɗayan kuma shine tsarin biranen Pedregal; Mammillaria sanangelensis an kawar da shi; Koyaya, Dokta Rublo, daga Laboratory Unam Cactology, ya sadaukar da kansa don sake haifar da wannan shuka ta hanyar tsarin al'adun nama, wanda wasu kwayoyin halitta ke haifar da sabon mutum, tare da halaye iri daya da wadanda daga samfurin wanda ake ciro ƙwayoyin. A halin yanzu akwai fiye da 1,200 Mammillaria sanangelensis, waɗanda za a sake shigar da su cikin yanayin su na asali.
An dade ana neman Mammillaria herrera don ƙimar abin adonta, ta yadda har aka ɗauka cikin haɗarin halaka, tunda ba'a same ta ba tunda aka bayyana ta. An san shi saboda an adana wasu samfura a cikin wuraren ciyawar Turai - kuma wataƙila a cikin 'yan tarin Mexico - amma ba a san mazauninsu ba. Dokta Meyrán, kwararre a cacti mai hatsari kuma editan jaridar Revista Mexicana de Cactología, ya kwashe sama da shekara biyar yana nema. Wasu gungun daliban UNAM sun gano shi a daminar shekarar 1986. “Mazauna yankin sun ba mu labarin shuka; sun kira shi "ball of yarn." Mun gano shi a cikin hotunan. Wasu sun ce za su raka mu wurin da na girma. Bayan bincike na kwana biyu muna shirin daina yayin da yaro ya jagorance mu zuwa inda ya dace. Mun yi tafiyar awa shida. Kafin mu wuce kusa da wurin sosai, amma a wancan gefen tudun ”. Yawancin samfuran wannan tsire-tsire suna ƙarƙashin kulawar dakin gwaje-gwaje na jami'ar Cactology kuma ana sa ran sake shigar da su nan ba da daɗewa ba.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 130 / Disamba 1987
