Veracruz, ban da kasancewa tashar saduwa da baƙon abu da kuma babban birni na yanayi mai cike da farin ciki, koyaushe tana alfahari da kasancewa babban birni na kiɗa na Mexico. Ya kasance komai daga mafaka da yawa daga mawaƙa Cuban - cikin su Celia Cruz, Beny Moré da Pérez Prado-, zuwa wurin da aka fi so a dakatar da matuƙan jirgin ruwan Rasha da wajibin da ya wajaba ga kowane ɗan ƙasar Meziko wanda yake ɗokin dawowa gida a gajiye.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa kyawawan kiɗan gargajiya sun wanzu a nan; Tsawon shekaru na gasa tare da manyan kade-kade da raye raye, marimbas na kan titi da mariachis ba su yi nasarar kawar da kungiyoyin 'ya'yan jarocho ba. Sauti kamar La Bamba wanda ya samo asali a cikin karni na 18 ya ci gaba, wanda ƙarfinsa bai gushe ba yana tasiri ga masu lalata da kuma daraktocin Hollywood na zamani.
Shekaru arba'in da hamsin ana yin la'akari da shekarun zinare na dan jarocho, lokacin da mafi kyawun mawaƙa suka zo Mexico, daga mafi nesa na jihar Veracruz, don zama taurarin celluloid da vinyl, a cikin masu sanarwa a rediyo da maganadiso na mafi martaba matakai a Latin Amurka. Duk da ci gaban da aka samu na cigaban garin Mexico da sabon salon rayuwa, dandanon kiɗan da ake maimaitawa a cikin raye-raye da bukukuwa na gari bai ƙare ba.
Tare da zuwan sabon ƙarni masu mantawa, ɗan jarocho boom ya ƙare. Yawancin masu zane-zane kamar Nicolás Sosa da Pino Silva sun koma Veracruz; wasu sun kasance a cikin Mexico City, don su mutu ba tare da suna ko arziki ba, kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da babban mai nema Lino Chávez. Babban nasarar ɗan jarocho yayi daidai da ƙaramin ɓangare na tarihinta. Kololuwar nasara kawai ta ɗauki bakuncin 'yan kaɗan, musamman Chávez, Sosa, masu kaɗa garaya Andrés Huesca da Carlos Baradas da' yan'uwan Rosas; A cikin shekarun 1950, titunan Mexico sun kasance wuraren da yawa na jarochos soneros wanda babu wata kofa da ta buɗe sai cantina.
A yau, kodayake yana da wahala ga wasu mawaƙan mawaƙa daga ɗa jarocho su zama tauraruwa, amma kuma gaskiya ne cewa babu ƙarancin aiki a sanduna da gidajen cin abinci a tashar jiragen ruwa da bakin teku, ko kuma yin shagulgula a duk yankin.
Zuwa kudu na Veracruz, inda al'adun gargajiya suka narkar da kasancewar Afirka sosai tashar jiragen ruwa da sauran yankuna na jihar, har yanzu ana yin sones jarochos a cikin fandangos, shahararren bikin jarocha, inda ma'aurata ke canza juna a dandamalin katako, tare da rikitaccen rikitaccen rubutun sa sabon shafi zuwa rhythms mai tarin yawa wanda gita ta samar.
MAWAKA TARE DA TARIHI
A ƙarshen karnin da ya gabata, ɗan jarocho ba shi da abokin hamayya kuma ana yin bikin fandangueros a duk faɗin jihar. Daga baya, lokacin da salon wasan rawa ya shiga cikin tashar jirgin ruwa tare da danzones da guarachas daga Cuba da polkas da waltzes na arewa, soneros ya daidaita garayarsu da gita zuwa sabuwar repertoire, kuma ya ƙara wasu kayan kida kamar violin. Pino Silva ya tuna cewa, a cikin 1940s, lokacin da ya fara wasa a tashar jiragen ruwa, ba a ji sautunan ba har wayewar gari, lokacin da mutane, yanzu haka, suka buɗe rayukansu.
Wani abu makamancin haka ya faru da Nicolás Sosa. Baƙauye kuma mai koyar da kayan kaɗa-kaɗe, ya sake maimaitawa a ƙofar gidansa don kar ya damun mutanen da sauro ke kewaye da su, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara rayuwa yana wasa waltz da rawa. Wata rana, lokacin da ya dace ya kunna wasu sautuka na “pilón” a baje kolin Alvarado, wani mutum daga babban birnin ya gayyace shi zuwa Mexico City, yana ba shi shawarar ya yi tafiyar a watan Maris na shekara mai zuwa. Nisan kwanan ranar gayyatar ya sa Nicolás ya ƙi amincewa. Koyaya, jim kaɗan bayan haka, suka sanar da shi cewa mutumin ya bar masa kuɗin tafiyarsa zuwa Mexico. "Ya kasance a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1937 kuma a wannan ranar na kama jirgin daga nan, ba tare da sanin abin da zai je ba," in ji Sosa, kusan shekaru 60 daga baya.
Ya zama cewa majiɓincin sa shi ne Baqueiro Foster, sanannen mawaki, mai shiryawa, kuma masanin kida, haka kuma babban mashahuri: Sosa ya zauna tsawon watanni uku a gidansa da ke bayan Fadar Kasa. Baqueiro ya kwafa waƙar da ɗan asalin Veracruz ya sha tun yarintarsa kuma yana tunanin babu wanda yake da sha’awa. Daga baya ya yi amfani da waɗannan bayanan a cikin aikinsa tare da Jalapa Symphony Orchestra kuma ya inganta Sosa da ƙungiyarsa don yin, sau da yawa, a cikin fitattun muhallin Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Rashin kula da shawarwarin Baqueiro, Sosa ya koma babban birni a cikin 1940, inda ya kasance tsawon shekaru talatin. A wancan lokacin ya halarci fim da rediyo, gami da yin rawa a cikin gidajen rawa daban-daban na dare. Babban abokin hamayyarsa shine Andrés Huesca wanda ya sami nasarar samun babban suna da wadata fiye da Sosa saboda salon salo na fassara ɗan asali wanda Don Nicolás ya kasance mai aminci koyaushe.
Kamar yawancin soneros, Huesca an haife shi ne a cikin dangin manoma. abin da ya fahimta don inganta ɗa jarocho ya jagoranci shi don gabatar da gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci: babban garaya don kunna tsaye da kuma kade-kade na zamani tare da ƙananan wurare don ingantaccen murya ko kuma mawaƙa na kayan aiki wanda, yayin riƙe daɗin ƙanshin jarocho, sun fi "kama".
Gabaɗaya, mawaƙa waɗanda suka mamaye babban birni, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na haɓakar Jarocho, sannu a hankali sun dace da salo da kuma kyakkyawan salon da ya fi gamsar da jama'a a cikin biranen. A gefe guda, wannan saurin ma ya dace da mawaƙin, musamman ma a cikin canteens, inda abokin ciniki ya buge da yanki. Don haka, ɗa wanda ya ɗauki tsawon mintuna goma sha biyar a Veracruz za a iya aika shi a cikin uku, lokacin da ya zo saita wurin a cikin gidan abinci a cikin garin Mexico.
A yau, yawancin mawaƙan Jarocho suna fassara wannan salon na zamani ban da Graciana Silva, ɗayan shahararrun masu fasaha a yau. Graciana ƙwararren mawaƙa ce kuma mawaƙa daga Jarocha kuma tana fassara sonan da ke bin tsoffin hanyoyi tare da salon da ya girmi na Huesca. Wataƙila an bayyana wannan saboda, ba kamar yawancin abokan aikinta da 'yan ƙasa ba, Graciana ba ta bar Veracruz ba. Aiwatar da shi yana da hankali, kamar yadda kuma ake ji sosai, tare da rikitarwa da sifofin tsari fiye da sifofin zamani. La Negra Graciana, kamar yadda aka san ta a can, tana wasa kamar yadda ta koya daga tsohuwar malamin da ya ƙetara kogin don fara ɗan'uwanta Pino a kan garaya. Duk da kasancewa, kamar yadda Graciana ta ce, "makaho ne a idanun biyu," tsoho Don Rodrigo ya fahimci cewa yarinyar ce, wacce ke kallonsa a hankali daga wani ɓangare na ɗakin, wacce za ta zama babbar mawakiya ga mashahurin kiɗa.
Muryar Graciana da yadda take wasa, "tsohon yayi ne", ya dauki hankalin masanin kida da kuma furodusa Eduardo Llerenas, wanda ya ji ta na wasa a mashaya a mashigar Veracruz. Sun hadu ne don yin rakodi mai yawa tare da Graciana, suna wasa shi kadai, sannan kuma tare da dan uwanta Pino Silva a kan jarana tare da tsohuwar surukarsa María Elena Hurtado a garaya ta biyu. Sakamakon karami, wanda Llerenas ya samar, ya ɗauki hankalin yawancin furodusoshin Turai, waɗanda ba da daɗewa ba suka ɗauke ta aiki don yawon shakatawa na fasaha na farko zuwa Holland, Belgium da Ingila.
Ba Graciana ba ne kawai mai zane wanda ya fi son yin wasa shi kaɗai. Daniel Cabrera shi ma ya rayu a shekarunsa na ƙarshe yana ɗora abubuwan da ya dace da rera tsofaffin sautuka a duk cikin Boca del Río. Llerenas sun rubuta 21 daga cikin waɗannan kayan adon na kiɗa, an shayar dashi cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki cikin farin cikin Jarocha. Cabrera ya mutu a cikin 1993, jim kaɗan kafin ya cika shekara ɗari. Abin takaici, akwai 'yan zane-zane kaɗan da aka bari tare da irin wannan rubutun. Kasuwanci na dan jarocho ya tilasta mawaƙa na cantina don haɗawa da boleros, rancheras, cumbias da kuma nasarar kasuwanci na lokaci-lokaci a cikin kundin tarihin su.
Kodayake an rage waƙoƙin Jarocho, cantinas har yanzu suna da mahimmin ci gaba ga kiɗan gargajiya. Muddin kwastomomi suka fi son ingantaccen sauti na rayuwa zuwa abin da jukebox ko bidiyo ke bayarwa, yawancin mawaƙa har yanzu zasu sami damar yin rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ra'ayi na René Rosas, mawaƙi daga Jarocho, ɗakin abincin ya zama yanayi mai ƙira. A cewarsa, shekarun da ya yi yana aiki a wadannan wurare sun fi birgeshi, saboda, don ya tsira, gungun mahalarta sun mallaki wata babbar kasuwa. A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar Tlalixcoyan, kamar yadda aka ambaci ɗayan René Rosas da 'yan'uwansa, sun samar da faifan su na farko, bayan makonni da yawa na maimaitawa a cikin ɗakin baya na Haikalin Diana, cantina a Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl.
Ma'aikatan gidan cin abinci mai kyau sun yi hayar rukunin Tlalixcoyan, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A can ne Amalia Hernández, madugu na National Folkloric Ballet na Mexico ya gano su, wanda, tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewar fasaha, ya haɗu da brothersan uwan Rosas gaba ɗaya a cikin Taronta. Daga wannan lokacin, ga brothersan uwan Rosas, Ballet ya wakilci kyakkyawar albashi mai kyau da lafiya da kuma damar yin yawo a duniya (tare da abokan aiki 104), a madadin nitsewa cikin wani nau'I na waƙoƙi saboda maimaita aikin na ƙaramar litattafai, dare bayan dare da shekara shekara.
Gloryaukakar ɗa jarocho ya ta'allaka ne ga ƙwarewar kirkirar kowane aiki. Duk da cewa a halin yanzu mafi yawan littafin waƙoƙin jarocho yana ƙunshe da sautuka kusan talatin, lokacin da aka fassara kowane ɗayansu koyaushe yana haifar da girma da asali na asali a kan garaya, a cikin amsoshin da ba a inganta ba cikin maimaitawa da kuma ƙirƙira ayoyi kai tsaye. yawanci tare da ƙaƙƙarfan raha mai ban dariya.
Bayan shekaru goma sha uku, René Rosas ya bar Ballet na Folkloric don yin wasa a cikin manyan abubuwan haɗuwa. A halin yanzu René, tare da ɗan'uwansa mawaƙi Rafael Rosas, sanannen mai kaɗa-kaɗa Gregoriano Zamudio da Cresencio "Chencho" Cruz, wanda ya fi dacewa, suna wasa ne don masu sauraron yawon bude ido a cikin Otal ɗin Cancun. Salon ingantaccen salonsu da cikakkiyar jituwa akan guitar suna nuna babban tashi daga yanzu da suka kiyaye daga asalinsu. Koyaya, rashin ingancin garaya da martani mai cike da fushin amsawa, ya nuna jinin jarocha sonera mara karewa. Rafael Rosas, bayan shekaru 30 tare da rawa, bai yi hasara da ƙarancin murya da ƙararrawa ba ko tsohuwar muryar shekarun ƙuruciyarsa.
A cikin tsakiyar shekarun saba'in, René ya bar Ballet don yin wasa tare da Lino Chávez wanda, idan ba shi ne sanannen Jarocho requintistas ba, tabbas shi ne mafi kyau.
An haifi Chávez a Tierra Blanca kuma ya koma babban birni a farkon shekaru arba'in. A can, yana bin sawun Huesca da Sosa, ya yi aiki a cikin fim, rediyo da shirye-shiryen rakodi. Ya kasance daga cikin mahimman groupsungiyoyin jarochos uku: Los Costeños, Tierra Blanca da Conjunto Medellín.
Lino Chávez ya mutu yana da ɗan talauci a cikin 1994, amma yana wakiltar babban abin ƙarfafa ga ƙarni na Veracruz soneros, waɗanda suka saurari shirye-shiryensa, lokacin da suke ƙuruciya. Daga cikin waɗannan soneros, Conjunto de Cosamaloapan ya yi fice, a halin yanzu tauraron raye-raye ne na garin sukari. Juan Vergara ne ya jagorance shi, yana buga wata waka mai ban sha'awa ta Son La Iguana, a inda waka da murya suke bayyana asalin Afirka na wannan kidan.
SON JAROCHO YANA RAYE
Kodayake soneros masu kyau na yanzu, kamar Juan Vergara da Graciana Silva sun riga sun wuce shekaru 60, wannan ba yana nufin cewa ɗan Jarocho yana cikin rauni ba. Akwai adadi da yawa na mawaƙa matasa waɗanda suka fi son ɗana maimakon cumbia, merengue zuwa marimba. Kusan dukkansu sun fito ne daga wuraren kiwon dabbobi ko ƙauyukan Veracruz. Wani sanannen banda shine Gilberto Gutiérrez, co-kafa ƙungiyar Mono Blanco. An haifi Gilberto a cikin Tres Zapotes, garin da ya samar da kyawawan mawaƙa manoma, kodayake shi da danginsa masu mallakar ƙasa ne. Kakan Gilberto shi ne mamallakin gramafon farko a cikin gari kuma don haka ya kawo goge-goge da goge-goge zuwa Tres Zapotes, ya bar jikoki da babban aiki na dawo da wurin da suka cancanta a gare shi.
Daga cikin dukkanin ƙungiyoyin Veracruz na yanzu, Mono Blanco yana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan mawaƙa, yana gabatar da instrumentsan kayan aiki daban-daban ga ɗan jarocho kuma yana aiki a Amurka tare da mawaƙa Cuban da Senegal don samar da sauti na musamman. Koyaya, ya zuwa yanzu, an sami babbar nasarar sana'a tare da fassarar da aka saba da ita ta tsohuwar jarochos sones, wanda ke faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da dandano na yau da kullun ga wannan kiɗan.
Gutiérrez ba shine farkon wanda ya ba ɗan Jarocho ɗanɗano na duniya ba. Bayan bunkasar 1940s da 1950s, yawancin mawaƙan Mexico sun yi tafiya zuwa Amurka kuma ɗayan tsoffin jahocho sones ya sami nasarar mamaye gidajen miliyoyin Amurkawa: La Bamba, tare da fassarar Trini López da Richie Valens.
Abin farin ciki, ana iya jin La Bamba ta wata hanya ta asali, a muryar Negra Graciana da kuma ta wasu ƙungiyoyin daga kudancin jihar. Irin waɗannan wasan kwaikwayon suna nuna ruhun kiɗa wanda, kamar azaba da ƙazamar ƙaura, na iya fuskantar koma baya da yawa, amma da ƙyar ya ƙi mutuwa.
