Aan shekaru kaɗan, Mexico ta sami tsarin kare farar hula tare da haɗin kai tare da rukuni na masu ba da shawara na kimiyya waɗanda ke sa ido kan munanan aman wuta da ke kusa da manyan cibiyoyin jama'a kamar Fuego de Colima da Popocatépetl.
Cibiyar Rigakafin Bala'i ta Kasa (Cenapred), cibiyar da aka haifa sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta 1985, ita ce ke kula da hanyar sadarwa na Popocatépetl Monitoring Network. Godiya ga wannan, an shigar da kayan aiki kuma ana karɓar cikakken bayani don gudanar da karatu tare da masu bincike daga Cibiyoyin binciken ƙasa da Geophysics na UNAM tsakanin sauran kwararru. Wannan gaskiyar ta sanya wannan dutsen mai fitad da wuta daga cikin mafi kyawun sa ido a duniya
Ta yaya kuke lura da dutsen mai fitad da wuta?
Kallon dutsen mai fitad da wuta yana nuna kiyaye shi koyaushe ta hanyar kayan aiki na musamman, don gano bambance-bambancen cikin aikinsa a kan kari. Godiya ga bayanan da aka rubuta a yayin faruwar wani mummunan abu da ka iya faruwa, ana iya amfani da matakan don kare mutuncin fararen hula da amincin su. Mafi mashahuri nau'ikan sa ido da kulawa sune sa ido na ido (ta amfani da hoto da rikodin bidiyo); kulawar geodetic (ta hanyar sadarwar tashoshi da wuraren lura); kula da sinadarai (tare da kayan aiki da kayan bincike na sinadarai); kuma, mafi mahimmanci, sa ido kan girgizar ƙasa (ta hanyar ma'aunin girgizar ƙasa da geophones, da sauransu).
Tarihin kayan aikin girgizar ƙasa a cikin Popocatepetl
Tashar farko ta lura da girgizar kasa an girka ta a watan Yulin 1987 ta Cibiyar Injiniya ta UNAM; Tana kan tsaunin Altzomoni kilomita hudu arewa da Paso de Cortés. A watan Satumba na 1989, Ma'aikatar Volcanology na Cibiyar Geophysics na UNAM ta fara aiki da tasha ta biyu a kan Tlamacas tudu, wanda wani bangare ne na hadaddiyar girgizar kasa ta National Seismological Service. Wannan tashar tana nuna farkon sa ido kan yanayin girgizar kasa a yankin tsaunin dutse. Tun daga 1993 an sami ƙaruwa a duka aikin girgizar ƙasa da na fumarolic. Hatta masu tsaunuka da suke hawa a wancan lokacin sun ganta akai-akai.
A farkon 1994 an sanya tashoshin lura da mafi kyaun wuri. Don haka, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, ta hanyar Babban Daraktan Kare Jama'a, an ba da Cenapred tare da tsarawa da aiwatar da babbar hanyar girgizar ƙasa tare da takamaiman manufar sa ido da kula da ayyukan Popocatépetl.
A zangon karatu na biyu na 1994, an girka tashoshin girgizar ƙasa na farko da na biyu na wannan hanyar sadarwar, tsakanin Cibiyar Injiniya da Cenapred. Daidaita da ayyukan filin, an fara shigar da kayan rikodin sigina a Cenapred Operations Center.
Ayyukan fumarolic da suka ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata ya ƙare a cikin jerin rikice-rikice na tsaunuka a farkon sa'o'in Disamba 21, 1994. Tashoshi huɗu suna aiki a wannan ranar kuma su ne waɗanda suka yi rikodin abubuwan fashewar.
Yayin da gari ya waye, aka hango wani tokar toka (sunan fasaha don bayyanar wasu gira-gizai masu matukar haske), a karon farko cikin shekaru gommai, yana fitowa daga ramin dutsen mai fitad da wuta. Fitowar tokar ta kasance matsakaiciya kuma ta samar da gajimare mai nisan kwana kwance tare da tokar toka a garin Puebla, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 45 gabas da taron. Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar, girgizar kasar da ta faru a ranar 21 ga Disamba da sauransu wasu sakamakon karyewar tsarin cikin gida ne wanda ya samo asali daga bude hanyoyin da iskar gas da toka mai yawa ta kubuta.
A cikin 1995, cibiyar sadarwar ta inganta tare da sanyawa tashoshi a gefen dutsen kudu na dutsen mai fitad da wuta.
An fuskanci matsaloli da yawa don girka wannan kayan aikin, kamar yanayi, hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ba su da yawa a wasu ɓangarorin dutsen mai fitad da wuta (ban da fuskar arewa), don haka dole ne a buɗe ramuka.
Hanyar lura da launin fata
Gilashi shine babban kankara wanda ke gudana ta aikin nauyi yana hawa gangara. Ba a san kaɗan game da kankarar da ke rufe duwatsu tare da ayyukan tsauni kamar Popocatepetl; duk da haka, kasancewar su yana wakiltar ƙarin haɗari a kusancin wannan nau'in dutsen mai fitad da wuta, saboda haka buƙatar nazarin waɗannan jikin kankara. A wannan ma'anar, ana binciken wasu binciken ilimin kasa kan dusar kankara da ke rufe dutsen mai fitad da wuta ta hanyar sadarwar sanya ido ta kankara.
A cikin Popocatepetl, yankin da aka bayar da ƙarancin haske a cikin sabon binciken da aka rufe ya kai kilomita 0.5². Akwai wani kankara da ake kira Ventorrillo da wani wanda ake kira da glacier Noroccidental, duka an haife su kusa da taron dutsen tsawa. Na farko ya nuna yanayin fuskantar arewa kuma ya sauka zuwa mita 4,760 sama da matakin teku; Ya ƙare a cikin harsuna uku (sanannen faɗaɗa), wanda ke gabatar da ƙwarin gwiwa, kuma an kimanta kaurinsa zuwa mita 70. Sauran glacier yana nuna fuskantar arewa maso yamma kuma ya ƙare a mita 5,060 sama da matakin teku; ana ɗaukarsa mai ƙanƙanin kankara wanda yake ƙare sumul, kuma shine mafi girman ƙoshin kankara.
A gefe guda, lura da bayanan daukar hoto da kuma kwatancen abubuwan da ke tattare da kyalkyali na nuna cewa akwai kyakkyawan koma baya da kuma rage yawan dusar kankara da Popocatepetl ya haifar, bisa manufa, ta hanyar canjin yanayin duniya da ke faruwa a Duniya. Lokacin da aka kwatanta ƙididdigar biyu da aka buga a cikin 1964 da 1993, ana kirga raguwar ƙanƙan kankara 0.161 km², ko kusa da kashi 22 cikin ɗari.
Hakanan ana la'akari da cewa tasirin gurɓatar muhalli a cikin garin Mexico (wanda ya kai fiye da mita 6,000 sama da matakin teku) na iya shafar glaciers na Popocatepetl saboda tasirin greenhouse wanda ke ƙara yawan zafin iska.
Kodayake dusar kankara ta wannan dutsen mai dutsen karami ne, amma har yanzu yana da karfi sosai kuma ayyukan tsaunin na iya yin tasiri a garesu kuma gaba daya ya narke gaba daya, yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Yanayin mafi munin yanayi shine don akwai fashewar abubuwa. Ya kamata a fayyace cewa abin da aka gani ba koyaushe abubuwa ne masu fashewa ba, tun da fitarwa ita ce watsi da iskar gas da toka wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan girgizar ƙasa na ƙananan ƙarfi da zurfin, yayin da fashewar ta haɗa da toka, gas, da manyan abubuwa, tare da girgizar ƙasa mai saurin ƙarfi (mai girma da zurfin).
Cakudawar toka tare da ruwan narkewa daga kankara na iya haifar da kwararar dusar kankara wacce za ta ratsa ta tashoshin da kankara ke zubar da ruwa da isa ga yawan mutanen da ke karshen su, musamman a bangaren Puebla. Akwai karatun ilimin kasa wanda ya bayar da lissafin faruwar wadannan al'amuran a da.
A ƙarshe, idan da dusar ƙanƙara ta shafi glaciers ko saboda mutum ya hanzarta aikinsu na ja da baya, za a sami canji a cikin tsarin samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Wannan zai shafi ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin da haifar da tasirin kwararowar hamada na dogon lokaci wanda ke da wahalar hasashe.
Kimanin yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa
Cibiyar nazarin kasa ta kasance mai kula da binciken illolin da hakan zai iya haifarwa game da yawan mutane saboda yiwuwar tokawar toka. A lokacin farkon zangon farko na shekarar 1995, an binciki shugabanci da kuma girman dutsen toka daga hotuna daga tauraron dan adam na GEOS-8 a ranar 22, 26, 27, 27, 28 da 31, 1994. Da wannan, tasirin kan yawan jama'a a cikin radius na kilomita 100 a kusa da dutsen mai fitad da wuta.
Godiya ga bayanai kan halayyar sararin samaniya da kuma jin daɗin canjin shugabanci na tururin ko girgijen toka wanda hotunan tauraron dan adam suka bayyana, ana iya gano cewa kudu maso gabas, kudu da gabas sune mafi rinjaye. Anyi bayanin wannan ta hanyar tsarin iska mafi yawa a cikin hunturu. Hakanan, ana kiyasta cewa a lokacin bazara gajimaren toka zai canza babbar hanyar zuwa arewa ko yamma, don haka ya cika zagayowar shekara-shekara.
Yankin yankin da aka bincika a cikin binciken ya kai kusan 15,708 km² kuma ya rufe Gundumar Tarayya, Tlaxcala, Morelos da wasu jihohin Hidalgo, Mexico da Puebla.
Wani lamari na alamomin zai bayyana ga garin Mexico, saboda yawan toka daga Popocatépetl zai ƙara zuwa yanayin ƙazanta mai yawa (aƙalla an gano gurɓatattun abubuwa 100 a cikin iska), sabili da haka akwai manyan haɗari domin lafiyar mazaunanta.
Sake kunna wutar dutsen a lokacin 1996
Don bayani da fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, ya zama dole a ambaci cewa a cikin ramin Popocatepetl akwai ƙofa ta biyu ko baƙin ciki na ciki. Wannan tsari an kirkireshi ne bayan fashewar abubuwa da ma'aikata suka yi wanda ya fitar da sinadarin sulphur a shekarar 1919. Kafin abubuwan da suka faru na karshe da suka faru, a gindinta akwai kuma wani karamin tabki na korayen ruwa wadanda suke yin abu kai tsaye duk da haka, a halin yanzu, duka tafkin da mazurari na biyu sun ɓace.
Tare da aikin da ya faru a watan Disamba na 1994, an kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin ruwa guda biyu, kuma tare da sake kunna dutsen mai fitad da wuta a watan Maris na 1996, an ƙara bututu na uku zuwa na biyun da suka gabata; duka ukun suna da yankin kudu maso gabas. Ofayansu (ɗaya daga cikin kudu mafi nisa) yana nuna haɓakar gas da toka. Hanyoyin suna kasan ƙofar ramin da aka haɗe da ganuwar ciki kuma ba su da kyau ba kamar mazurai na biyu da suka ɓace ba, wanda yake a tsakiyar ɓangaren babban ramin kuma ya fi girma.
An gano cewa girgizar kasa da ke faruwa ta fito ne daga wadannan hanyoyin kuma ana yin su ne ta hanzarin sakin iskar gas da ke dauke da toka daga magudanan ruwan, wanda ke dauke da su. Mahimman wuraren girgizar ƙasa da aka gano a kan gangaren arewa sun sami mafaka, mafi yawansu, tsakanin kilomita 5 da 6 a ƙasan ramin. Kodayake akwai wasu da suka fi zurfi, kilomita 12, wanda ke wakiltar haɗari mafi girma.
Wannan yana haifar da bayyanar abin da ake kira fuka-fukai wadanda suka hada da tsohuwa da toka mai sanyi, wanda bisa ga iskan da ke akwai ana ɗorawa a ajiye a kewayen dutsen mai fitad da wuta; sassan da aka fallasa ya zuwa yanzu su ne arewa maso gabas, gabas da gangaren kudu wadanda ke fuskantar jihar Puebla.
A cikin aikin gaba daya an kara fitar da lava a hankali (wanda aka fara a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1996) daga bakin mai fadin mita 10, wanda ke tsakanin sabon bututun gas da tokar emanation. A ka'ida karamin harshe ne da aka kirkira shi ta hanyar bulo na lava wanda yake da niyyar cike bakin ciki da aka kirkira a shekarar 1919. Wannan tsari na fitar da lawa ya haifar da tazara ko karkatar da mazugi zuwa kudu da ke kutsawa cikin ciki daga bakin kogin tare da fitowar wani kwali scum a watan Afrilu 8. Sakamakon haka, Popocatepetl ya nuna wani sabon yanayin haɗari kamar yadda mutuwar 5 masu hawa tsaunuka suka shaida, waɗanda da alama numfashin da ya afku a ranar 30 ga Afrilu ya same su.
A ƙarshe, abubuwan da aka gani a sama sun ba da bayanan da ke tabbatar da cewa aikin sake kunnawa yayi kamanceceniya da waɗanda aka ruwaito tsakanin shekarar 1919 da 1923, kuma yayi kamanceceniya da wanda ya ɓullo a dutsen na Colima kusan shekaru 30.
Kwararrun Cenapred sun tabbatar da cewa wannan aikin zai iya tsayawa bayan wani lokaci, saboda a saurin da ake yi a yanzu, zai dauki wasu shekaru kafin lava ta wuce bakin lebban Popocatépetl. A kowane hali, ana aiwatar da saka idanu zuwa matsakaicin awanni 24 a rana. A ƙarshen rahoton, ana ci gaba da rufe hanyoyin shiga Tlamacas kuma ana kiyaye faɗakar volcanic - matakin rawaya - wanda aka kafa tun watan Disamba 1994.
