Ihun su ya bayyana ne daga dogon daren lokaci, wanda tabbas ya yi mamaki fiye da ɗaya. Arfinsu, tashin hankalinsu, fatarsu mai lahani, ɓoye-ɓoye da haɗarin haɗari ta cikin dazuzzukan Mesoamerican, dole ne su cusa wa mutanen farko imani da allahntaka, a cikin wani abu mai alfarma wanda yake da alaƙa da ƙarfin faɗaɗa da haihuwa. na yanayi.
Olmecs, wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana cikakken tasirinsa a cikin Guerrero ba, ya nuna shi a cikin zane-zanen kogo, da kuma a cikin yumbu da wakilcin dutse da yawa. An kirkiro halayensa na almara har zuwa yau, lokacin da aka sake kirkirar adabinsa a ɗayan mafi yawan kayan masarufi a ƙasar, a raye-raye, bikin bikin noma a wasu garuruwa, a yankin La Montaña, da sunan mutane da yawa mutane, cikin al'adu da tatsuniyoyi. Jaguar (panther onca) don haka, da wucewar lokaci, ya zama alama ta alama ta mutanen Guerrero.
MAGANGANUN OLMEC
Millennium kafin zamaninmu, a daidai lokacin da abin da ake kira al'adun uwa ya bunƙasa a cikin babban birni (Veracruz da Tabasco), hakan ya faru a ƙasashen Guerrero. Binciken, shekaru talatin da suka gabata, na shafin Teopantecuanitlan (Wurin haikalin damisa), a cikin karamar hukumar Copalillo, ya tabbatar da saduwa da yanayin da aka riga aka danganta ga kasancewar Olmec a Guerrero, bisa ga binciken shafuka biyu da suka gabata tare da zanen kogo: kogon Juxtlahuaca a cikin garin Mochitlán, da kogon Oxtotitlan a cikin garin Chilapa. A duk waɗannan wuraren kasancewar jaguar abu ne mai ban mamaki. A farkon, manyan manyan mulkoki guda huɗu suna da alamun tabbaci na ingantaccen salon Olmec; a cikin shafuka guda biyu tare da zanen kogon mun sami bayyanannun siffofin jaguar. A cikin Juxtlahuaca, a cikin wani wuri da yakai 1,200 m daga ƙofar kogon, an zana hoton jaguar wanda ya bayyana haɗe da wani mahaɗan mahimmin mahimmanci a cikin sararin samaniyar Mesoamerican: maciji. A wani wuri a cikin wannan shimfidar, wani babban mutum wanda ke sanye da fatar jaguar a hannayen sa, gabannin sa da kafafuwan sa, da kuma kapep din sa da abin da ya zama kamar duwawun sa, ya bayyana a tsaye, yana sanyawa, gaban wani mutum ya durkusa a gaban sa.
A cikin Oxtotitlan, babban adadi, wanda ke wakiltar babban mutum, yana zaune a kan karaga a cikin siffar bakin damisa ko dodo na duniya, a cikin ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawarar alaƙar masu mulki ko firist tare da almara, abubuwan alfarma. Ga masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Grove, wanda ya ba da rahoton waɗannan gawarwakin, wurin da aka nuna a wurin da alama yana da ma'anar hoto wanda ya danganci ruwan sama, ruwa, da haihuwa. Hakanan abin da ake kira adadi, a cikin wannan rukunin yanar gizon, yana da mahimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin gumakan wannan rukunin pre-Hispanic: hali mai yawanci fasalin Olmec, tsaye, yana tsaye a bayan jaguar, a cikin yiwuwar wakiltar kwafsa. Wannan zanen yana nuna, bisa ga marubucin da aka ambata a sama, ra'ayin haɗin kai tsakanin mutum da jaguar, a cikin babban kwatancen asalin mutanen wancan.
JAGUAR A CODEXES
Tun daga waɗannan tsoffin magabata, kasancewar jaguar ya ci gaba da siffofi da yawa, na asalin da ba shi da tabbas, wanda ya jagoranci Miguel Covarrubias don ba da shawarar Guerrero a matsayin ɗayan rukunin yanar gizon asalin Olmecs. Wani muhimmin lokacin tarihi wanda aka kamo hoton jaguar shine a lokacin mulkin mallaka na farko, a cikin rubutattun hotuna (hotunan adana hotuna wanda aka rubuta tarihi da al'adun yawancin mutanen Guerrero na yanzu). Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka ambata tun farko shine adabin jarumi mai damisa wanda ya bayyana akan Canvas 1 na Chiepetlan, inda za'a iya lura da al'amuran faɗa tsakanin Tlapaneca da Mexico, wanda ya gabaci mamayar yankin Tlapa-Tlachinollan. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan rukunin codices, lamba V, na aikin mallaka (1696), ya ƙunshi motsin sanarwa, wanda aka kwafa daga takaddar hukuma ta Mutanen Espanya, tare da wakilcin zakuna biyu. Fassarar tlacuilo (wanda ya zana codices) ya nuna jaguar biyu, tunda ba a san damisa a Amurka ba, a cikin salon 'yan asalin.
A folio 26 na Azoyú Codex 1 wani mutum mai jakar jaguar ya bayyana, yana cinye wani batun. Wurin ya bayyana hade da nadin sarautar Mista Turquoise Maciji, a shekara ta 1477.
Wani rukuni na codices, daga Cualac, wanda Florencia Jacobs Müller ya ruwaito a cikin 1958, an samar da shi a ƙarshen karni na 16. A tsakiyar farantin 4 mun sami ma'aurata. Namiji yana ɗauke da sandar umarni kuma yana zaune a kan kogo, wanda ke da alaƙa da surar dabba, mai farin ciki. A cewar mai binciken, game da wakiltar wurin asalin asalin gidan Cototolapan ne. Kamar yadda yake a cikin al'adar Mesoamerican, mun sami can ƙungiyar ƙungiyar abubuwan asali na kogo-jaguar. A ƙasan janar yanayin a cikin wannan takaddar sun bayyana jaguars biyu. A cikin Lienzo de Aztatepec y Zitlaltepeco Codex de las Vejaciones, a ɓangaren hagu na sama motifan jaguar da maciji sun bayyana. A cikin ƙarshen Taswirar Santiago Zapotitlan (ƙarni na 18, wanda ya dogara da asali daga 1537), jaguar ya bayyana a cikin daidaitawar Tecuantepec glyph.
RAWA, MASKA DA TEPONAXTLE
Sakamakon wadannan tsofaffin tarihi da al'adun gargajiya, adadi na jaguar a hankali yana haduwa da rikicewa da na damisa, wanda hakan yasa yanzu ake kiran wasu bayyanannun abubuwa da sunan wannan marainiyar, koda kuwa hoton jaguar yana karkashin kasa. A yau, a cikin Guerrero, a cikin maganganun almara da yawa na al'adun gargajiya wanda a ciki ne mai nuna farin ciki yake, juriya da rawar rawar da gaban tiger ya bayyana har yanzu, alama ce ta wannan asalin.
Rawar tecuani (damisa) ana aiwatar da ita kusan a kusan dukkanin yanayin ƙasa, ana samun wasu hanyoyin cikin gida da na yanki. Wanda ake aiwatarwa a cikin yankin La Montaña ana kiransa da bambancin Coatetelco. Hakanan yana karɓar sunan "Tlacololeros". Makircin wannan rawa yana faruwa ne a cikin yanayin dabbobi, wanda dole ne ya sami gindin zama a Guerrero a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Tiger-jaguar ya bayyana a matsayin dabba mai haɗari da za ta iya yanke dabbobin gida, wanda Salvador ko Salvadorche, mai filin, suka ba wa mataimakinsa, Mayeso, tare da farautar dabbar. Tunda ba zai iya kashe ta ba, wasu haruffa suna zuwa don taimaka mata (tsohuwar flechero, tsohuwar lancer, tsohuwar cacahi, da tsohuwar xohuaxclero). Lokacin da suma suka gaza, Mayeso ya kira tsoho (tare da karnukansa masu kyau, daga cikinsu akwai karen Maravilla) da Juan Tirador, wanda ke kawo kyawawan makamansa. A ƙarshe sun sami nasarar kashe shi, don haka kawar da haɗari ga dabbobin manomin.
A cikin wannan makircin, ana iya ganin kwatancen mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya da mamayar kungiyoyin 'yan asalin, tunda tecuani yana wakiltar ikon "daji" na waɗanda aka ci da yaƙi, waɗanda ke barazanar ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki da yawa waɗanda gata ce ta masu nasara. Lokacin da ake cika mutuwar ɗan farar an sake tabbatar da mamayar Mutanen Espanya akan thean asalin.
Tsakanin yawan rawar wannan rawa, zamu ce a cikin Apango bulala ko chirriones na tlacoleros sun bambanta da na sauran alumma. A cikin Chichihualco, tufafinsu ya ɗan bambanta kuma an rufe hulunan da zempalxóchitl. A cikin Quechultenango ana kiran rawa "Capoteros". A Chialapa ya sami sunan "Zoyacapoteros", yana nuni zuwa ga barguna na zoyate wanda manoma ke rufe kansu da ruwan sama. A cikin Apaxtla de Castrejón “Rawar Tecuán tana da haɗari da tsoro saboda ya haɗa da wucewa da igiya, kamar mai jan kunne da tsayi a tsayi. Tecuan ce ke ƙetare inabi da bishiyoyi kamar dai damisa ce da ta dawo tare da ciki cike da shanun Salvadochi, attajiri na ƙabilar ”(Don haka mu muke, shekara ta 3, ba. 62, IV / 15/1994).
A Coatepec de los Costales bambancin da suke kira Iguala ana rawa. A Costa Chica, ana rawa irin wannan rawa a tsakanin Amuzgo da mutanen mestizo, inda tecuani ma ke shiga. Wannan rawa ce da ake kira "Tlaminques". A ciki, damisa tana hawa bishiyoyi, dabinai da hasumiyar coci (kamar yadda yake faruwa a bikin Teopancalaquis, a Zitlala). Akwai wasu raye-raye inda jaguar ta bayyana, daga ciki akwai rawar Tejorones, dan asalin Costa Chica, da rawan Maizos.
Haɗa tare da rawa ta damisa da sauran maganganun tatsuniyoyin tecuani, akwai kayan masarufi tsakanin waɗanda suka fi yawa a ƙasar (tare da Michoacán). A halin yanzu an ci gaba da samar da kayan adon, wanda a cikin sa farfaɗar ke ci gaba da kasancewa ɗayan mahimman abubuwa. Wani furcin ban sha'awa mai alaƙa da adon damisa shine amfani da teponaxtli azaman kayan aiki wanda ke haɗuwa da jerin gwano, al'adu, da abubuwan da suka dace. A cikin garuruwan Zitlala, shugaban karamar hukuma mai suna iri ɗaya, da Ayahualulco - na karamar hukumar Chilapa - kayan aikin suna da fuskar damisa da aka sassaka a ɗayan ƙarshenta, wanda ya sake tabbatar da matsayin alama na tiger-jaguar a cikin al'amuran. dacewa a cikin al'ada ko bikin zagayowar.
TAGARI A RAGUNGUN NOMA
La Tigrada a Chilapa
Koda lokacin da aka aiwatar dashi a cikin lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da tabbaci ko al'adar haihuwa don girbi (farkon mako biyu na watan Agusta), tigrada ba ta da alaƙa da alaƙar aikin gona, kodayake yana yiwuwa a asalinsa hakan ya kasance. Ya ƙare a ranar 15, ranar Budurwa na Tsammani, wanda ya kasance waliyin Chilapa a lokacin ɓangare na lokacin mulkin mallaka (asalin garin ana kiranta Santa María de la Asunción Chilapa). La tigrada ya daɗe yana gudana, ta yadda tsofaffin mutanen Chilapa sun riga sun san shi a ƙuruciyarsu. Zai kasance shekaru goma tun lokacin da al'ada ta fara raguwa, amma saboda sha'awar da haɓakawa na ƙungiyar chilapeños masu sha'awar, masu sha'awar kiyaye al'adunsu, tigrada ta sami sabon kuzari. Tigrada yana farawa ne a ƙarshen Yuli kuma yana zuwa 15 ga Agusta, lokacin da ake yin bikin Virgen de la Asunción. Taron ya kunshi kungiyoyin matasa da tsofaffi, sanye da kayan damisa, suna yawo cikin garken dabbobi ta cikin manyan titunan garin, suna shakkun 'yan matan kuma suna ba yara tsoro. Yayin da suke wucewa suna fitar da belin guttural. Haɗin damisa da yawa a cikin rukuni, ƙarfin rigar su da maskin su, wanda aka ƙara belin su kuma cewa, a wasu lokuta, suna jan sarkar mai nauyi, dole ne ya sanya yara da yawa su firgita a zahiri. kafin ya taka. Waɗanda suka girme su, ana watsar da su, kawai za su ɗauke su a cinyarsu ko kuma su yi ƙoƙari su gaya musu cewa su 'yan asalin yankin ne a ɓoye, amma bayanin bai gamsar da ƙananan ba, waɗanda suke ƙoƙarin gudu. Da alama arangama da damisa wani wahayi ne mai wahala da dukkan yara daga Chilapeño suka shiga. Tuni sun girma ko sun sami kwarin gwiwa, yara sun "yi yaƙi" da damisa, suna yin hoot da hannu a bakinsu kuma suna tsokanar su, suna zuga su, ta hanyar ihu: "Damisa mai launin rawaya, fuskar skunk"; "Meek damisa, fuskar kaza"; "Tiger ba tare da jela ba, fuskar goggon ku Bartola"; "Wannan damisa ba ta tabuka komai, wancan damisa ba ta yin komai." Tigrada ta kai kololuwa yayin da rana ta kusan ta 15. Da rana mai dumi na watan Agusta, ana iya ganin gungun damisa suna gudu a titunan garin, suna guje musu. A yau, a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, akwai jerin gwano tare da motoci masu kamanta (motoci masu ado, mutanen yankin suna kiran su), tare da wakilcin Budurwar Tsammani da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin damisa (tecuanis) da ke zuwa daga garuruwan da ke makwabtaka, don kokarin nunawa a gaban jama'a yawancin maganganun tecuani (damisa na Zitlala, Quechultenango, da sauransu).
Wani nau'i mai kama da damisa shine wanda ke faruwa yayin bikin maulidi a Olinalá a ranar 4 ga Oktoba. Damisa na fitowa kan tituna don bin samari da ‘yan mata. Ofaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan shine jerin gwano, wanda Olinaltecos ke ɗaukar sadaukai ko shirye-shirye inda samfuran girbi ya fito (chiles, musamman). Maskin damisa a Olinalá ya bambanta da na Chilapa, kuma wannan, bi da bi, ya bambanta da na Zitlala, ko Acatlán. Ana iya cewa kowane yanki ko gari suna yin takamaiman hatimi a kan abin rufe fuskarsa, wanda ba tare da wani tasirin hoto ba game da dalilin waɗannan bambancin.
Source: Mexico da ba a sani ba A'a. 272 / Oktoba 1999
