Tarihin farawa na karatun koyarwar ilimin gine-gine a Meziko ya riga ya zama sananne: a kusan shekara ta 1779, Babban Masanin Casa de Moneda, Jerónimo Antonio Gil, wanda ya yi karatu a makarantar Koyarwar Masarauta ta Artes de San Fernando , Carlos III ne ya aika shi zuwa Meziko don inganta samar da kuɗin, da kuma kafa makarantar kere-kere.
Da zarar an shirya wannan makarantar, Gil bai gamsu ba kuma ya yi murna da Fernando José Mangino, mai kula da Royal Mint, don inganta kafuwar makarantar kimiyya ta fasaha kamar a Spain. Idan ya zo ga gine-gine, kurakuran da yan koran gida suka yi hujja ce mai kyau: “Bukatar masu kirkirar gine-gine a bayyane yake a duk fadin masarautar har babu wanda zai kasa lura da shi; akasari a Mexico, inda rashin gaskiyar shafin da karuwar mutane cikin sauri ya sanya yana da matukar wahala a samu mafita madaidaiciya don tsayuwa da jin dadin gine-gine, ”in ji Mangino.
Da zarar mahukuntan yankin suka gamsu, sai a daukaka ayyukan nishaɗin masu martaba kuma aka samu wasu tallafi, azuzuwan suka fara a shekarar 1781, a halin yanzu ana amfani da wannan ginin na Moneda (yau Gidan Tarihi na Al'adu). Carlos III ya ba da amincewarsa, ya ba da dokoki, ya ba da dubu uku daga cikin pesos na shekara dubu goma sha biyu waɗanda Mataimakin Magajin gari ya buƙata kuma ya ba da shawarar gina San Pedro da San Pablo don kafa Makarantar. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1785, aka gabatar da bikin ƙaddamar da Kwalejin Noble Arts ta San Carlos de la Nueva España. Sunan almara mai ban sha'awa ya bambanta da tufafin ɗakunan da ya mamaye tsawon shekaru shida a cikin Mint ɗin. An nada Gil Shugaba, kuma yana koyar da zane-zane. An aiko Antonio González Velázquez mai ginin daga San Fernando Academy don jagorantar ɓangaren gine-ginen, Manuel Arias don sassaka, da Ginés Andrés de Aguirre da Cosme de Acuña a matsayin darektocin zane-zane. Daga baya, Joaquín Fabregat ya zo a matsayin darektan aikin buga takardu.
Daga cikin dokokin an ambaci cewa, ga kowane sashe, akwai daliban da suka yi ritaya guda hudu wadanda za su iya amfani da dukkan lokacin su a cikin binciken, cewa ya kamata su kasance tsarkakakkun jini (Sifen ko Indiya), cewa duk shekara uku za a ba da lambobin yabo ga mafi kyawun masu fasaha, “kuma cewa wasu mutane za su halarci ajujuwan irin wannan don duk abin da za a bai wa shugabannin makarantar don hana tattaunawa da kayan wasan yara. "
An fara kirkirar zane-zane, tare da zane-zanen da aka kawo musamman daga majami'un da aka danne, kuma daga 1782 Carlos III ya ba da umarnin jigilar littattafai don samar da ɗakin karatu na Makaranta. Tare da rukuni na biyu (1785) ɗakin karatu yana da taken 84 wanda 26 cikinsu gine-gine ne. Ya isa a ga jigogin waɗannan don a fahimci cewa yanayin makarantar an bayyana: karatuttukan Vitruvius da Viñola, a cikin bugu daban-daban, sauran ayyuka akan umarni na gargajiya, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Roman Antiquity (Piranesi), Shafin Antonino, Las Tsoffin abubuwan tarihi na Palmira da sauransu. Furofesa na farko na gine-gine, González Velázquez a dabi'ance yana da sha'awar gargajiya.
A cikin 1791 Manuel Tolsá ya zo Meziko tare da tarin tallan filastar shahararrun hotunan Turawa, wanda ya maye gurbin Manuel Arias a matsayin darektan zane-zane mai zaman kansa. A wannan shekarar ne aka kafa makarantar kwalejin a cikin ginin wanda ya kasance na asibitin del Amor de Dios, wanda aka kafa don marasa lafiya da buboes da cututtukan mata. Da farko an yi hayar tsohon asibitin da gidajen da aka haɗe sannan aka saya, suka kasance a can har abada. An yi ƙoƙari marasa nasara don gina wa Makarantar inda daga baya aka gina Kwalejin Mining, kuma an yi ƙoƙari don daidaita wurare daban-daban.
Thealibi na farko da ya karɓi taken karatun ilimin manyan makarantu a cikin gine-gine shi ne Esteban González a cikin 1788, wanda ya gabatar da aikin kwastan. Mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa a matsayin masu gine-ginen suna buƙatar digiri na ilimin cancanta a cikin gine-gine: Tolsá, wanda ya riga ya sami digiri a sassaka daga Spain; Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras da José Damián Ortiz de Castro. Don kammala karatun, ayyukan uku da aka gabatar: Tolsá daga Colegio de Minería, bagade da kuma ɗakunan ajiya na Marquesa de Selva Nevada a cikin gidan ibada na Regina; Ortiz, wanda ya kasance masanin gine-gine a wannan garin da babban cocin, ya gabatar da aikin sake gina cocin Tulancingo; Tresguerras ya nemi wannan taken a shekarar 1794, amma ba a sami komai a rumbun karatun Kwalejin ba da zai nuna ya samu ba.
Malaman gine-ginen da Hukumar Birni ta nada sun samu karbuwa daga masana ilimi na cancanta tare da wajibcin cewa kafin aiwatar da aiki su gabatar da aikin ga Babban Kwamitin Gwamnati, kuma su gabatar da kansu “ba tare da wata amsa ko uzuri ga gyaran da aka yi a cikinsu tare da gargadin cewa idan ya saɓa wa doka za a hukunta su sosai ”. Koyaya, waɗannan malamai, waɗanda kawai ke da ilimin ilimin kawai, sun warware matsalolinsu ta hanyar samun ɗaliban makarantar a matsayin masu zane-zane. Ba a san shi ba tun daga lokacin ko me yasa Kwalejin ta ba da taken mai binciken. A bayyane yake cewa Antonio Icháurregui, babban mashahurin gine-ginen Puebla da kuma babban malami na Real de San Carlos, ya nemi wannan taken a cikin shekara ta 1797.
Makarantar kimiyya tayi jinkirin bayyana. A cikin 1796, an aika da ayyukan ɗalibai 11 (tsoffin ɗalibai ma) zuwa gasar da aka gudanar a Makarantar Madrid, kuma ra'ayoyin masu sharia ba su da kyau; Dangane da zane-zane da sassaka, an ce ya kamata a ɗauki ingantattun samfura don kwafa kuma ba ɗabi'ar Faransanci da kyau ba, kuma ga masu zanen gini nan gaba an soki rashin ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci game da zane, gwargwado da ado. A cikin ilimin fasaha yana da alama sun fi muni: a cikin 1795 da 1796 kwalejin tana sane da matsalolinsu kuma tana sanar da mataimaki cewa koyarwar za ta fi tasiri idan, ban da yin kwafin Vitruvius da Fadar Caserta, sun koyi dabarun tsaunuka, lissafin bakunan da rumbun ajiya, kayan gini, "samar da tsari, sikeli da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi aiki."
Kodayake tun lokacin da aka kafa Kwalejin ba ta da wadatattun kayan kudi, tare da yake-yake na 'yanci sai ta kara tabarbarewa. A cikin 1811 ya daina karɓar kyautar masarauta kuma a cikin 1815 manyan masu ba da gudummawa biyu, ma'adinai da ƙaramin ofishin, suma sun dakatar da jigilar su. Tsakanin 1821 da 1824 babu wani zabi face rufe Makarantar.
An sake tayar da shi tare da ƙananan gudummawa, ba don a ce sadaka ba, don sake raguwa bayan shekaru goma. Malami da ma'aikata suna bin bashin har na tsawon watanni 19 na albashinsu, kuma har yanzu malamai sun biya kuɗin wutar lantarki don karatun dare.
A lokacin da aka rufe Makarantar, wasu daliban an canza su zuwa ingipient corps na injiniyoyin soja. Birgediya Diego García Conde, dan Spain wanda bai riƙe taken injiniya ba, ana iya ɗaukar sa a matsayin wanda ya kafa makamin na Mexico. A cikin 1822, aka nada Darakta Janar na Injiniyoyi, ya nema daga gwamnati, a matsayin tsohon soja a sabuwar cibiyar, jami’an da suka mallaki ilimin lissafi, suka fi son wadanda suka yi karatu a Kwalejin Mining ko Academy ta San Carlos. Mataki na 8 na dokar da ta kirkiro da Injiniyan Kasa ta bayyana cewa “… brigades za su taimaka wa Jihohi a ayyukan alfanun da kuma kawata jama’a da suke yi. Yanayin Academia de San Carlos bai canza ba sai a shekarar 1843, lokacin da godiya ga Antonio López de Santa Anna da Ministan Umarni Manuel Baranda, aka ayyana sake tsarinta gaba ɗaya. An ba shi kyautar caca ta ƙasa wacce ta rigaya ta ɓata saboda ta hanyar kayansa ya iya biyan kuɗin. Makarantar ta ba da irin wannan ci gaba ga wannan caca ta yadda har ma akwai rarar da aka keɓe don ayyukan sadaka.
Zane, sassaka da daraktocin zane an dawo dasu daga Turai tare da albashi mai tsoka; an dawo da fansho ta hanyar tura matasa shida don inganta kansu zuwa Turai, kuma an sayi ginin da suka yi haya har zuwa wannan lokacin, ya ba shi girma kasancewar shi ne gini na farko a cikin babban birnin da ya sami wutar lantarki.
Tsakanin 1847 da 1857, shekaru huɗu na aikin sun haɗa da batutuwa masu zuwa: Shekarar farko: lissafi, algebra, lissafi, zane na halitta. Na biyu: nazari, kwatankwacin lissafi, zane-zane. Na uku: makanikai, tsarin zane-zane, zane-zane. Na huɗu: stereotomy, makanikai da gini mai amfani, tsarin gini. Daga cikin malaman akwai Vicente Heredia, Manuel Gargollo y Parra, Manuel Delgado da 'yan'uwan Juan da Ramón Agea, na biyun sun yi ritaya a Turai kuma sun dawo a cikin 1853. Da wannan shirin binciken da suka samu, da sauransu, Ventura Alcérrega, Luis G Anzorena da Ramón Rodríguez Arangoity.
Kwalejin Ma'adinai ta horar da masu kai hare-hare, injiniyoyin ma'adinai, injiniyoyi masu binciken kuma daga ƙarshe akwai ƙwararrun masaniyar hanya, injiniyoyin ilimin ƙasa sun kammala karatu, amma babu amsa ga buƙatar gadoji, tashar jiragen ruwa da titunan jirgin ƙasa waɗanda tuni suka fara haɓaka a Mexico.
A cikin 1844-1846, Majalisar Birni ta ƙirƙiri matsayin injiniyan farar hula, maimakon matsayin Babban Magajin Garin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tun daga farkon ƙarni na 18. Koyaya, alƙawari ne mai sauƙin samu wanda masanan gini ko injiniyoyin soja waɗanda suma suka nuna cewa suna da masaniya game da matsalolin shimfidawa, girke-girke da sabis na gama gari gaba ɗaya.
A cikin 1856, Shugaba Comonfort ya ba da doka cewa za a kara kujeru a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Gona ta kasa ta yadda za a kafa sana'o'i uku: aikin gona, maganin dabbobi da injiniya. Za a horar da nau'ikan injiniyoyi guda uku: masu safiyo ko masu safiyo, injiniyoyin kanikanci da gada da injiniyoyin hanya, amma duk abin da ke nuna cewa ba a aiwatar da shi ba kuma Kwalejin San Carlos ta dauki matakin ba tare da gano wata makarantar koyar da aikin injiniya ba, amma hadewar ayyukan biyu. Dalilin hade injiniyoyi da gine-gine na iya kasancewa don komawa ga al'adun gargajiya na gine-gine, don ba da fifiko ga bangarorin fasaha na aikin, ko kuma watakila fadada burin aiki na wadanda suka kammala karatu.
Bisa bukatar Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Kwalejin, Juan Brocca, wani dan kasar Mexico mai zane-zane da zane-zanen da ke zaune a Milan, ya yi niyyar neman mutum a Italiya don mukamin darakta a bangaren gine-ginen, wanda zai samu cikakken ilimin. injiniya. Yana iya shawo kan Javier Cavallari, farfesa a Jami'ar Palermo, wani jigo ne na Albert na Saxony Order, memba na Royal Institute of British Architects, likita ne na ƙungiyar ilimi ta Göttingen, wanda, fiye da masanin gini ko injiniya, ya kasance masanin tarihi da ilimin tarihi. Cavallari ya isa Meziko a cikin 1856 kuma a shekara mai zuwa an sake tsara makarantar don aikin gine-gine da injiniya.
Tsarin karatun ya kasance tsawon shekaru takwas la'akari da abin da yanzu ya zama makarantar sakandare. An dauke shi a matsayin makarantar firamare inda aka koyi lissafi da zane (na ado, adadi da lissafi) kuma wannan ilimin ya yarda, idan ɗaliban sun kai shekaru 14 zasu iya bin shekaru bakwai na karatun ƙwararru inda aka koyar da waɗannan batutuwa masu zuwa:
Shekarar farko: trigonometry, ilimin nazarin lissafi, zane da bayani game da umarni na gargajiya, gine-gine da kayan ado na zahiri. Shekara ta biyu: sassan conic, lissafi daban-daban da na hade, kwafin abubuwan tarihi na kowane irin yanayi da kuma sinadarai marasa asali. Shekara ta uku: makanikai masu tunani, lissafin zane-zane, hadewa da hade bangarorin gini tare da cikakkun bayanai game da yadda ake gininsa, abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin kasa da ma'adanan kasa da yanayin kasa. Shekara ta huɗu: ka'idar ka'idar gini, aikace-aikacen tsarin zane-zane, fasahar zane da kuma zane na inji. Shekara ta biyar: injiniyoyi da aka yi amfani da su, ka'idar gine-gine da kuma tsayayyun gine-ginen gine-ginen, abubuwan da ke cikin gine-gine, kyawawan kayan fasaha da tarihin gine-gine, kayan aikin ƙasa da aikace-aikacensu. Shekara ta shida: gina hanyoyin baƙin ƙarfe gama gari, gina gadoji, magudanan ruwa da sauran ayyukkan lantarki, gine-ginen shari'a. Shekara ta bakwai: yi aiki tare da ƙwararren injiniyan injiniya. Bayan kammalawa, dole ne ya kasance tare da gwajin ƙwararru na ayyuka biyu, ɗaya don layin dogo ɗayan kuma gada.
Ka'idodin na 1857 sun kuma rufe manyan magina, waɗanda dole ne su tabbatar ta hanyar jarabawa cewa an horar da su a cikin batutuwa na kwasa-kwasan shirye-shiryen kamar masu zane-zane, kuma suna da ilimin ilimin aikin karya, juzu'i, gyare-gyare, da haɗuwa. Ya zama abin buƙata ne don yin aiki na tsawon shekaru uku tare da babban magini ko ƙwararren magini.
