Idan kai, mai karatu, ba ka kai shekara talatin ba, zai yi matukar wahala, ko kuma ba zai yuwu ba, a gare ka ka yi la’akari da yadda akwai ’yan wasa,’ yan mata da mawaƙa waɗanda a cikin shekarun 1930 suka gabatar da gabatarwa a kan fage ba tare da makirufo ba.
Kuma ba ina nufin gine-ginen wasan kwaikwayo ba ne wanda bisa ga ɗabi'unsu sun yi amfani da ilimin kimiyyar sauti daidai da muryar ɗan adam, amma ga manyan wuraren da aka shirya don ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, kamar su zage-zage ko filin wasa, daidai da 'yan wasan, ban da lalata su. masu sauraro, sun cika gaba ɗaya da muryar su ba tare da buƙatar ɓatarwar lantarki ba. Wannan mannawar masu fasahar ta wanzu har zuwa shekarun 1950 kuma ta kawata ayyukan da aka wakilta a dandalin tattaunawar Mexico.
Suchaya daga cikin irin wannan matakin, watakila farkon, shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Esperanza Iris. Tabbas, daga ranar da aka ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1918, ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo tare da kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'un zamantakewar duk waɗanda ke Mexico City.
Esperanza Iris ya tashi daga ragowar wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo: Xicoténcatl, wanda aka rusa shi gaba ɗaya don barin wurin a shirye don gina Iris.
Xicoténcatl an haife shi tsakanin 1914 da 1915 tare da mummunan tauraro. Ta hanyar haɓaka shi, an yanke hukuncin cewa wanzuwa ya kasance yana da sharadi; Yawancin katangar an yi su ne da itace kuma damar ta kai ga 'yan kallo 1,500, abubuwan da suka kara da kusancin ta da Majalisar Wakilai, ya sa kungiyar tattara bayanan ta zartar da cewa: “… .idan an lura cewa ana samar da surutu abin haushi ga riƙe zaman na wancan da aikin kowane sashinsa, ba za a ba da lasisi na aiki da maimaitawa a cikin awoyin da aikin Majalissar ya tabarbare ba.
Saboda haka, Xicoténcatl bai ci gaba ba. Daga baya, Misis Esperanza Iris ta sayi wuraren. Ginin ya lalace gaba daya kuma an gina sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Esperanza Iris Theater daga ƙasa. Dutse na farko an aza shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1917 kuma masu ginin Federico Mariscal da Ignacio Capetillo Servín ne suka jagoranci ayyukan.
A halin yanzu, Doña Esperanza ta ci gaba da rangadin ta zuwa ƙasashen waje. Ta yi aure tana da shekaru 15 tare da darektan Teatro Principal, Cuban Miguel Gutiérrez, lokacin da yake aiki tare da kamfanin 'yan uwan mata na Moriones. Bayan dawowarta daga tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Sifen, sai ta sayi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ideal, ta zama bazawara, kuma ta sake yin aure da Juan Palmer wanda ke kan gado.
Saboda rashin kulawarta, Esperanza Iris ya rasa Mafificin ra'ayi, kuma ya nuna alamun rashin ƙarfi na sassauci, sai ta fara gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai maye gurbin Xicoténcatl. Ginin ya kasance tare da mafi girman ci gaban fasaha na wannan lokacin kuma har ma an tsara shi ta hanyar da, bayan wasan kwaikwayon na daren jiya, an cire kayan abincin abincin dare kuma an canza wurin zuwa gidan Las Mil y Una Nights cabaret.
Democrat, mai suna "Free jaridar safe", yana nufin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya gudana a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1918: "Wannan farkon wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Esperanza Iris Theater ya zama sanadin mafarkin wani mai zane-zane ɗan Mexico wanda ba wai kawai ba mahaifarsa, amma a cikin kasashe masu nisa, ya sami nasarar cinye sabon wardi na nasara don rawaninsa na kyakkyawa da kyakkyawar nutsuwa ... A mintuna takwas da hamsin muka tashi daga kujerar kujerun mu, muna sauraren bayanan yaki na kasar, wanda aka zartar lokacin isowar Mista Shugaban Jamhuriyar, Don Venustiano Carranza ... Da aka tashi, mai taushi Esperanza Iris ya ratsa tsakiyar layin dakin kuma, ya dauki matakin, ya buɗe manyan fuka-fukan labulen labulen wanda, a tsakiyar salvo na babban ovation, ya gano rukunin na ma'aikata, waɗanda, wanda injiniya Federico Mariscal ya wakilta, sun ba da girmamawa ta girmamawa ga wani ɗan ƙasa mai divette ... A bayyane ya motsa, Esperanza Iris ya albarkaci Di Ku don cikar burinsa mai kyau, yana furta kalmomin soyayya ga jama'ar Meziko tare da nuna godiyarsa ta girmamawa ga shugaban ƙasa game da kyaututtukansa da girmamawar halartarsa ...
Kusan da hawayen da suka cika idonta, mai tausayin ya ƙare da kyakkyawar rungumar ƙawarta a gwagwarmayar fasaha, Josefina Peral, kuma a cikin girmamawa ta abokantaka ga Juan Palmer da maestro Mario Sánchez ... Ba zai yiwu a ba da sunayen mutane ba. siyasa da zamantakewar da suka halarci bikin rantsar da kyakkyawan coliseum ... Mun rufe wannan bayanin dan jaridar tare da taya murnarmu ga divette dinmu, saboda nasarar da ta samu da karafa ... "
Tun daga wannan lokacin, kishiya mai kyau ta tashi tsakanin babban cocin operetta "(Iris) da" babban cocin tandas "(mujallar Principal). A wani mataki, Iris, Palmer, Zuffoli har ma da Pertini, Titta Schippa, Hipólito Lázaro da Enrico Caruso; a daya, María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Celia Montalván, Cuatezón Beristáin, Polo Ortín da "Panzón" Roberto Soto.
Kuma abin da za a ce game da waƙoƙi da waƙoƙin da masu sauraro suka wulakanta a wuri ɗaya ko wani: Fru-frú del travarán, Divine Nymph, Duo na laima, Ni ne agwagwa kuma ku ne ƙafa; Albarka tā tabbata ga wanda gidansa ke shawagi da sauransu, a gaban: ƙaunataccen ƙaunataccen, Ana, Farar kyanwar, El morrongo. Koyaya, lokaci zai sa taurarin antipodean su hadu fiye da ɗaya, kamar yadda ya faru a lokacin watan Nuwamba 1937, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Abreu, inda aka gabatar da Babban Daren ɗaukaka, da sauransu.
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Iris ya ci gaba. Tsakanin 1918 da 1940s, rashin iyaka na masu zane-zane sun bazu cikin matakansa, duk girman farko. Ana iya cewa wannan matakin tarihin ya ƙunshi lokacin biyu na yaƙe-yaƙe bayan ƙasashen duniya waɗanda za su ba Mexico abubuwan da za su iya zama ƙasashen zamani.
Don haka, tare da nunin salon Turai - kamar su opera, comedies da operettas - an nuna ayyukan ƙirar na Meziko na zargi ko ɗaukaka ƙasa, haske a cikin lamura da yawa. Waɗannan su ne mujallu na kiɗa waɗanda a nan gaba za su zama "nau'ikan" da ake amfani da su don rediyo, da silima da kuma, har wa yau, a zaman makircin wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin. Saboda wannan yanayin, za a sake fassara su a cikin shekarun, baƙaƙen haruffa, nau'ikan yaren harshe da kuma mahalli inda aka gabatar da muhawara.
Daga wani kusurwar, zarzuela wata irin aba ce wacce aka haifeta ga masarauta, amma mutane suka karbe ta kuma ya zama bayyanar waƙoƙin yaren Spanish, raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shine yadda wasan kwaikwayo wanda yake da tatsuniyoyi na Girka a matsayin takensa (a tsakiyar karni na 18) za'a canza shi zuwa matakin yanki (daga ƙarni na 19). A Buenos Aires, zarzuela ta zama porteño sainete, a Cuba, a cikin mujallar kiɗa ta Creole ko ta Havana ta bufos da kuma a ƙasarmu, a cikin Mexico ta zarzuela wacce daga baya za a samu a cikin mujallar ta kiɗa da iri.
Tabbas, wajan Mutanen Espanya zarzuela La verbena de la Paloma suna wakiltar wata ƙungiya a Madrid a waɗannan shekarun, kuma idan tunanin ya fara gudana, ba shi da wuya a kammala cewa yayin gabatarwar ta a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1894, tabbas ba Zai yiwu a iya bambance inda masu sauraro suke da kuma inda masu wasan kwaikwayo suke idan ba a sasanta iyakar shimfidar wurare ba. Kuma haka ya faru tare da zarzuela na Mexico da kuma tare da mujallar kiɗa. Ya kasance yana da kusanci sosai tare da membobin cocin Mexico City har aka yi amfani da shi kuma aka sarrafa shi don jan ragamar ra'ayi a cikin shekaru. ashirin. Kowane mako ana gabatar da sabon saƙo tare da kiɗa daban-daban: ɗan kishin ƙasa, "bataclanesque", a cikin tsarin nuna Parisiya - tare da dukkan ƙafafu a cikin iska; -Hey, my Celia Montalván! -, "Psicalíptica" -tare da mafi kyawu daga albures da makarantar sakandare ba tare da leperadas ba-, ko kuma na labaran soyayya waɗanda suka ƙare da soyayyar Agustín Lara da Guty Cárdenas a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayon Politeama da ya ɓace. Wannan shahararren wasan kwaikwayon a duk matakansa zai zama albarkatun ƙasa don haihuwar radiyon kasuwanci da kuma matakan farko na mai daukar hoto na ƙasa.
Tsarin rediyo, wasan kwaikwayo, fim da wakilcin talabijin bashi ne a kan adadi kamar su Esperanza Iris, Virginia Fábregas, María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Cuatezón Beristáin, Muro Soto Rangel, Roberto “Panzón” Soto, Mario Esteves, Manolo Noriega , Víctor Torres, Alberto Catalá da actorsan wasa da actressan wasan kwaikwayo mata da yawa da suka je makaranta. Abin farin ciki ne kwarai da gaske cewa har wa yau akwai mutane a duniyar wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suke shirye su sanya zarzuelas da sauran shirye-shiryen wannan kotu, a cikin salon jiya da kuma cewa sun sadaukar da kansu don ceton sunaye da ƙimomin mutane waɗanda suka bar tarihinsu a tarihin Kiɗan Mexico da zane-zane. Na gode Iran Eory kuma na gode malami Enrique Alonso!
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 23. Maris-Afrilu 1998
Antonio Zedillo Castillo
