Kamar yadda sunan sa ya nuna: Huey teocalli, Magajin Garin Templo, wannan ginin shine mafi tsayi kuma mafi girma a duk wurin bikin. Ya ƙunshi a cikin kanta caji na alama na matukar dacewa, kamar yadda za mu gani a ƙasa.
Da farko, dole ne mu koma baya karnoni, zuwa lokacin da Tezozomoc, ubangidan Azcapotzalco, ya ba Aztec damar zama a wani yanki na Tafkin Texcoco. Abin da Tezozomoc ke nema ba wani abu bane face wannan, ta hanyar ba da kariya da kuma ba da ƙasa ga Mexico, dole ne su taimaka a matsayin cenan amshin shatan yaƙe-yaƙe na faɗaɗa Tepanecas na Azcapotzalco, baya ga biyan haraji a cikin samfuran daban, don haka ya rage a ƙarƙashin ikon masarautar Tepanec da ke bunƙasa, wanda a wancan lokacin ke ƙarƙashin yankuna da biranen da ke kewayen tafkin.
Duk da wannan gaskiyar tarihin, tatsuniyar ta ba mu ingantacciyar sigar kafuwar Tenochtitlan. A cewar wannan, Aztec ya kamata su zauna a wurin da suka ga mikiya (alamar rana da ke da alaƙa da Huitzilopochtli) tsaye a kan nopal. A cewar Durán, abin da gaggafa ta cinye tsuntsaye ne, amma sauran fassarorin suna magana ne kawai akan gaggafa da ke tsaye a kan tunal, kamar yadda ake iya gani a farantin 1 na Mendocino Codex, ko kuma a cikin wani babban mutum-mutumi sassaka wanda aka fi sani da "Teocalli de la Guerra Sagrada", a yau wanda aka nuna a cikin National Museum of Anthropology, wanda a bayansa zaka iya ganin cewa abin da ke fitowa daga bakin tsuntsun shine alamar yaƙi, atlachinolli, rafuka biyu, ɗaya na ruwa dayan kuma na jini, waɗanda da ma anyi kuskure da maciji .
HALITTAR UBANGIJI NA FARKO
A cikin aikin nasa, Fray Diego Durán ya gaya mana yadda Aztec din suka isa gabar Tafkin Texcoco kuma suka nemi alamun da allahnsu Huitzilopochtli ya nuna musu. Ga wani abu mai ban sha'awa: farkon abin da suka gani shi ne rafin ruwa wanda ke gudana tsakanin duwatsu biyu; kusa da shi akwai furanni willow, da kanwa da kuma reeds, yayin da kwaɗi, macizai da kifi ke fitowa daga ruwan, duk fararen ne. Firistocin suna farin ciki, domin sun sami ɗaya daga cikin alamun da allahnsu ya ba su. Washegari sai suka koma wuri ɗaya kuma suka tarar da gaggafa tsaye a kan ramin. Labarin ya kasance kamar haka: sun yi gaba don neman hasashen gaggafa, kuma suna tafiya daga wani bangare zuwa wani sai suka kirkiri tunal din kuma a samansa gaggafa tare da fikafikanta tana mikawa zuwa hasken rana, suna daukar zafinta da kuma sabo na da safe, kuma a ƙusoshinsa yana da kyakkyawan tsuntsu mai fuka-fukai masu ƙima da daraja.
Bari mu ɗan tsaya mu ɗan bayyana wani abu game da wannan tatsuniyar. A sassa da yawa na duniya, al'ummomin zamanin da suna kafa jerin alamomi masu alaƙa da kafuwar garinsu. Abin da ya tursasasu yin hakan shine bukatar halatta kasancewar su a Duniya. A game da Aztec, suna alama sosai da alamun da suka gani a ranar farko kuma waɗanda suke da alaƙa da launin fari (shuke-shuke da dabbobi) da kuma rafin ruwa, kuma suka raba su da alamomin da za su gani gobe ( tunal, mikiya, da sauransu). To, alamomin farko da aka lura sun riga sun bayyana a cikin gari mai tsarki na Cholula, idan muka kula da abin da Tarihin Toltec-Chichimeca ya gaya mana, ma'ana, alamomi ne waɗanda suke da alaƙa da Toltec, mutanen da ke gaban Aztec waɗanda, a gare su , shine samfurin girman mutum. Ta wannan hanyar suna halatta alaƙar su ko zuriyar su –a zahiri ko ƙage - tare da mutanen. Alamomin baya na gaggafa da tunal suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da Aztec. Mikiya, kamar yadda aka faɗa, tana wakiltar Rana ne, tunda tsuntsu ne da ke tashi sama don haka, yana da alaƙa da Huitzilopochtli. Mu tuna cewa ramin ya tsiro a kan dutsen da aka jefa zuciyar Copil, maƙiyin Huitzilopochtli bayan ya ci shi da yaƙi. Wannan shine yadda aka halatta kasancewar allah don gano wurin da za'a kafa garin.
Wajibi ne a koma ga wani muhimmin al'amari: ranar da aka kafa garin. An gaya mana koyaushe cewa wannan ya faru a AD 1325. Da yawa kafofin sun maimaita shi da ƙarfi. Amma ya nuna cewa binciken archaeoastronomy ya nuna cewa kusufin rana ya afku a wannan shekarar, wanda zai jagoranci firistocin Aztec su daidaita ranar kafuwar don alakanta shi da irin wannan muhimmiyar taron na sama. Kada a manta cewa husufin da aka yi a pre-Hispanic Mexico an saka masa takamaiman alama. Wannan ita ce bayyananniyar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya tsakanin Rana da Wata, daga inda tatsuniyoyi irin su fada tsakanin Huitzilopochtli da Coyolxauhqui suka samo asali, na farko tare da yanayin hasken rana da kuma na biyun wata, inda Rana ke fitowa da nasara kowace safiya, lokacin da an haifeshi ne daga duniya kuma yana kore duhun dare da makaminsa, xiuhcóatl ko macijin wuta, wanda ba komai bane face hasken rana.
Da zarar Aztec suka sami ko aka ba su wurin da za su iya mallaka, Durán ya ba da labarin cewa abu na farko da suke yi shi ne gina haikalin ga allahnsu. Ta haka ne Dominican ta ce:
Duk mu tafi mu sanya a cikin wannan ramin ƙaramar garken da allahnmu yake yanzu: tunda ba da dutse aka yi shi ba, ana yin shi ne da ciyawa da bango, domin a halin yanzu ba za a iya yin wani abu ba. Sa'annan duk tare da kyakkyawar niyya suka tafi wurin rami da yankan ciyawa masu kauri na wadancan ciyayin da ke kusa da wannan ramin, suka yi wurin zama na murabba'i, wanda zai kasance a matsayin tushe ko wurin zama na garken ga sauran allahnsu; Sabili da haka suka gina wani ƙaramin gida a kansa, kamar wulakanci, an rufe shi da ciyawa kamar wanda suka sha daga ruwa ɗaya, saboda ba za su iya ɗaukarsa ba kuma.
Yana da ban sha'awa a lura da abin da zai biyo baya: Huitzilopochtli ya umurce su da su gina birni tare da haikalin su a matsayin cibiyar. Labarin ya ci gaba kamar haka: "Ku gaya wa ikilisiyar Meziko cewa maza da mata tare da danginsu, abokai, da abokan huldarsu sun kasu zuwa manyan unguwanni hudu, suna daukar tsakiyar gidan da kuka gina don hutawa."
Ta haka ne aka kafa tsattsarkan wuri kuma a kewayensa wanda zai kasance ɗaki ga maza. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan anguwannin an gina su ne gwargwadon hanyoyin duniya huɗu.
Daga waccan wurin bautar farko da aka yi da abubuwa masu sauƙi, haikalin zai kai matsayin da yawa, bayan wannan gidan ibada ɗaya zai haɗa da Tlaloc, allahn ruwa, tare da allahn yaƙi, Huitzilopochtli. Gaba, bari mu ga matakan gini waɗanda archaeology ya gano, da mahimman halayen ginin. Bari mu fara da na baya.
Gabaɗaya, Magajin Garin Templo wani tsari ne da ya doshi yamma, zuwa inda Rana ta faɗi.Ya zauna akan wani babban dandamali wanda muke tsammanin yana wakiltar matakin duniya. Matakalar sa ta tashi daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma anyi ta a sashi guda, domin lokacin hawa zuwa ga dandamali akwai matakala biyu da suka kaita zuwa ga saman ginin, wadanda kuma wasu jiga-jigan hudu ne suka kirkiresu. A ɓangaren sama akwai wuraren bautar gumaka guda biyu, ɗayan wanda aka keɓe don Huitzilopochtli, allahn rana da allahn yaƙi, ɗayan kuma ga Tlaloc, allahn ruwan sama da na haihuwa. Aztec sun kula sosai don bambance kowane rabin ginin daidai da allahn da aka sadaukar dashi. Bangaren Huitzilopochtli ya mamaye rabin kudancin ginin, yayin da ɓangaren Tláloc ke gefen arewa. A wasu daga cikin matakan ginin, ana ganin duwatsun hangen nesa waɗanda ke jere jikin gawarwaki na gaba a gefen allahn yaƙi, yayin da na Tláloc ɗin yana da siffa a ɓangaren kowane ɓangaren. Macizan da kawunansu ke kan babban dandamali sun sha bamban da juna: waɗanda ke gefen Tláloc sun bayyana kamar ƙwaro ne, kuma na Huitzilopochtli "hanci huɗu" ne ko nauyacas. An zana wuraren bauta a ɓangaren na sama da launuka daban-daban: na Huitzilopochtli na mai ja da baki, da na Tlaloc mai launin shuɗi da fari. Hakanan ya faru tare da yakin da ya gama saman ɓangaren tsafin, ban da abubuwan da ke gaban ƙofar ko ƙofar: a gefen Huitzilopochtli an sami dutsen hadaya, a ɗaya gefen kuma polychrome chac mool. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an ga cewa a wasu matakai gefen allahn yaƙi ya ɗan fi girma fiye da takwaransa, wanda kuma aka ambata a cikin Telleriano-Remensis Codex, kodayake a cikin takaddun da ya dace akwai kuskuren saka jari na haikalin.
Mataki na II (a wajajen 1390 AD). Wannan matakin ginin yana da kyakkyawar yanayin kiyayewa. An tona wuraren bautan nan guda biyu na babba. A gaban hanyar zuwa Huitzilopochtli, an sami dutsen hadayar, wanda ya ƙunshi wani katako na katako wanda aka kafa a ƙasa; underarƙashin dutsen akwai hadaya ta yankan keruye da koren ƙyalle. An gano abubuwa da yawa a ƙarƙashin bene na gidan ibadar, gami da makabartun jana'iza guda biyu waɗanda ke ɗauke da kwarangwal na mutum ƙonawa (hadaya ta 34 da 39). A bayyane yake ragowar wasu mutane ne na manyan mukamai, saboda sun kasance tare da kararrawa na zinariya kuma wurin da aka ba da sadakokin ya kasance daidai a tsakiyar wurin bautar, a ƙasan benci inda dole ne a sanya mutum-mutumin. adadi na jarumi allah. Glyph 2 Rabbit wanda yake kan mataki na ƙarshe kuma a cikin axis tare da dutsen hadaya yana nuna, kusan, kwanan wata da aka sanya wannan matakin ginin, wanda ke nuna cewa Aztec suna ƙarƙashin ikon Azcapotzalco. An kuma gano bangaren Tlaloc yana cikin yanayi mai kyau; akan ginshiƙan shiga zuwa ciki muna ganin zane-zanen bango a waje da cikin ɗakin. Dole ne wannan matakin ya kai kimanin mita 15, duk da cewa ba za a iya tono shi ba a cikin ƙananan ɓangarensa, tunda matakin ruwan ƙasa ya hana shi.
Mataki na III (a wajajen 1431 AD). Wannan matakin yana da ci gaba sosai a duk ɓangarorin haikalin guda huɗu kuma ya rufe matakin da ya gabata. Kwanan wata ya dace da glyñ 4 Caña wanda yake a cikin ɓangaren baya na ginshiki kuma hakan yana nuna, af, cewa Aztec sun 'yantar da kansu daga karkiyar Azcapotzalco, wanda ya faru a shekara ta 1428, ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Itzcóatl, saboda haka cewa yanzu Tepanecs sune masu biyan kuɗi, saboda haka haikalin ya sami rabo mai yawa. Dogaro kan matattakalar da ke kaiwa ga hubbaren Huitzilopochtli, an samu sassaka guda takwas, mai yuwuwa na mayaƙa, waɗanda a wasu lokuta suke rufe ƙirjinsu da hannayensu, yayin da wasu ke da ƙaramin rami a cikin kirjin, inda aka gano koren duwatsu masu duwatsu. , wanda ke nufin zukata. Muna tunanin cewa game da Huitznahuas ne, ko mayaƙan kudu, waɗanda ke yaƙi da Huitzilopochtli, kamar yadda almara ke faɗi. Hakanan zane-zanen dutse guda uku sun bayyana a kan matakalar Tláloc, ɗayansu wakiltar maciji ne, wanda daga fuskarsa fuskar mutum ta fito. Gabaɗaya an sami sadaka goma sha uku haɗe da wannan matakin. Wasu suna ƙunshe da ragowar dabbobin ruwa, wanda ke nufin cewa faɗaɗa Mexica zuwa bakin teku ya fara.
Matakai na IV da IVa (a kusa da AD 1454). Wadannan matakan ana danganta su ga Moctezuma I, wanda ya mulki Tenochtitlan tsakanin 1440 da 1469. Kayan da aka samu daga hadayar da aka samu a wurin, da kuma abubuwan da suka kawata ginin, suna nuna cewa masarautar tana cikin faɗaɗa sosai. Na karshen, dole ne mu haskaka kawunan macizan da kuma braziers biyu da ke gefen su, wadanda suke a tsakiyar tsakiyar fuskar arewa da ta kudu da kuma bayan dandamalin. Stage IVa ƙari ne kawai na babban facade. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan da aka tono sun nuna ragowar kifaye, bawo, katantanwa da murjani, da gutsure-tsalle daga wasu shafuka, kamar salon Mezcala, Guerrero, da Mixtec "penates" daga Oaxaca, wanda ke gaya mana game da faɗaɗa fadada masarautar zuwa wadannan yankuna.
Mataki na IVb (1469 AD). Extensionari ne na babban facade, wanda aka danganta ga Axayácatl (1469-1481 AD). Mafi mahimmancin gine-ginen gini ya dace da babban dandamali, saboda matakan hawa biyu da ke kaiwa ga wuraren bautar, da ƙarancin matakai kaɗan suka rage. Daga cikin fitattun ɓangarorin wannan matakin akwai babban mutum-mutumi mai suna Coyolxauhqui, wanda yake kan dandamali kuma a tsakiyar matakin farko a gefen Huitzilopochtli. An sami kyaututtuka iri-iri a kusa da baiwar Allah. Yana da kyau a lura da urnar jana'izar lemu mai lemu guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ƙasusuwa da ƙonawa da wasu abubuwa. Nazarin kwarangwal din ya nuna cewa su maza ne, wataƙila manyan sojoji da aka raunata kuma aka kashe a yaƙi da Michoacán, tunda ba za mu manta cewa Axayácatl ya sha wahala mai zafi a kan Tarascans ba. Sauran abubuwan da ke kan dandamali su ne kawunan macizai guda huɗu waɗanda suke ɓangare na matakala waɗanda ke kaiwa zuwa ɓangaren sama na ginin. Firayi biyu ne da matakalar Tláloc da sauran biyun na Huitzilopochtli, waɗanda suke kowane bangare sun bambanta. Hakanan mahimmanci shine manyan macizai biyu tare da gawarwakin da ba a kwance ba waɗanda suke a ƙarshen dandamalin kuma suna iya auna kimanin mita 7 a tsayi. A ƙarshen kuma akwai ɗakuna da shimfidar marmara don wasu shagulgula. Wani ƙaramin bagadi da ake kira "Altar de las Ranas", wanda yake a gefen Tláloc, ya katse matakalar da take kaiwa daga babban filin zuwa dandamalin.
An samo mafi yawan sadaukarwa a wannan matakin, a ƙarƙashin dandamali; Wannan yana gaya mana game da ranar Tenochtitlan da yawan kwari da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta. Magajin garin Templo ya girma cikin girma da ɗaukaka kuma yana nuni da ikon Aztec a wasu yankuna.
Mataki na V (kusan 1482 AD). Kadan ne abin da ya rage a wannan matakin, kawai wani bangare ne na babban dandamali wanda haikalin ya ginu a kai. Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci shine ƙungiyar da aka samo a arewacin Magajin garin Templo wanda muke kira "Recinto de las Águilas" ko "de los Guerreros Águila". Ya ƙunshi zauren fasali irin na L tare da ragowar ginshiƙai da kujeru waɗanda aka yi wa ado da mayaƙan polychrome. A gefen hanyoyin, an sami kyawawan siffofi biyu na yumbu da ke wakiltar mayaƙan gaggafa a ƙofar da ke fuskantar yamma, kuma a wata ƙofar an sassaka mutum-mutumi mutum biyu abubuwa iri ɗaya, na Mictlantecuhtli, ubangijin lahira. Hadadden yana da dakuna, farfajiyoyi da farfajiyar ciki; A ƙofar wani korridar, an sami siffofin kwarangwal guda biyu da aka yi da yumɓu a kan kujerun. Wannan matakin an danganta shi ga Tízoc (1481-1486 AD).
Mataki na VI (a wajajen 1486 AD). Ahuízotl yayi mulki tsakanin 1486 da 1502. Wannan matakin za'a iya danganta shi, wanda ya rufe ɓangarorin huɗu na haikalin. Dole ne mu haskaka wuraren bautar da aka yi kusa da Magajin Garin Templo; Waɗannan su ake kira "Red Temples", waɗanda manyan fuskokinsu ke fuskantar gabas. Ana samun su a bangarorin biyu na haikalin kuma har yanzu suna riƙe da launuka na asali waɗanda aka zana su da su, wanda ja ya fi yawa. Suna da zauren da aka kawata da zobban dutse masu launi iri ɗaya. A gefen arewa na Magajin garin Templo, an sami wasu wuraren bautar gumaka guda biyu, waɗanda suka dace da Gidan Haikali a wannan gefen: ɗayan an kawata shi da kwanyar duwatsu ɗayan kuma yana fuskantar yamma. Na farko yana da ban sha'awa musamman, tunda yana tsakiyar wasu biyun ne, kuma saboda an kawata shi da kawuna kusan 240, yana iya nuna kyakkyawan shugabancin arewacin sararin samaniya, alkiblar sanyi da mutuwa. Akwai wani wurin bautar a bayan “Mikakkun Mikiya”, wanda ake kira shrine D. An kiyaye shi sosai kuma a samansa yana nuna sawun zagaye wanda ke nuna cewa an sassaka wani gunki a wurin. An kuma samo wani ɓangare na ginshiƙin "Recinto de las Águilas", wanda ke nufin cewa an faɗaɗa ginin a wannan matakin.
Mataki na VII (kusan 1502 AD). Wani ɓangare na dandamali wanda ya goyi bayan Magajin garin Templo aka samo. Ginin wannan matakin an danganta shi ga Moctezuma II (1502-1520 AD); Shine wanda Mutanen Spain suka gani kuma suka lalata shi har ƙasa. Ginin ya kai mita 82 a kowane gefe kuma tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 45.
Zuwa yanzu mun ga abin da ilimin kimiyyar kayan tarihi ya ba mu damar gano sama da shekaru biyar na haƙa rami, amma abin jira shi ne a ga menene alamar irin wannan muhimmin ginin yake kuma me ya sa aka keɓe shi ga gumakan biyu: Huitzilopochtli da Tláloc.
