Babu shakka yawancin halittu masu rai da ke cikin wannan yanki na tsakiyar gabashin Mexico shine babban dalilin da ya sa a shekarar 1997 gwamnatin Mexico ta ayyana shi a matsayin "ajiyayyen halittu".
Amma tsarin hada hadadden irin wannan yanki mai yawan jama'a yana haifar da kalubalen da ya wuce doka kawai. Bincike kan flora, fauna da sauran albarkatun kasa; tsari da horar da mutanen tsaunuka don hada su sosai a cikin aikin kariya, da kuma wahalar gudanarwa don samun albarkatun da zasu iya daukar nauyin wadannan ayyukan, wasu kalubale ne ga dorewar da ta fi shekaru goma Gungiyar Lafiya ta Saliyo ta Gorda IAP da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suna ta fuskantar juna.
SIERRA GORDA: CIKIN KASUWAN DUNIYA
Mahimmancin yanayi na Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve (RBSG) ya ta'allaka ne a cikin babban wakilcin halittu masu yawa na Mexico, kamar yadda aka nuna ta kasancewar kasancewar yanayin ƙasa da yawa a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin kiyayewa a ƙaramin yanki. Wannan nau'ikan halittu ya amsa hadewar abubuwa da dama wadanda suka danganci yanayin kasa na Sierra Gorda. A gefe guda, matsayinta na latitudinal ya sanya shi a tsiri na ƙasar Meziko inda manyan yankuna biyu na yankin Afirka suka haɗu: Nearctic, wanda ya faro daga Pole ta Arewa zuwa Tropic of Cancer, da Neotropical, wanda ya faro daga Tropic of Cancer zuwa Ecuador. Juxtaposition na yankuna biyu ya samar wa Saliyo yanayi na musamman na yanayi, floristic da faunal abubuwa, wanda aka fi sani da biodiversity dutsen Mesoamerican.
A gefe guda kuma, matsayinta na arewa maso kudu, a matsayin wani yanki na tsaunin tsaunin Sierra Madre, ya sanya Sierra Gorda wata katuwar katanga ta halitta wacce ke kama danshi da ke cikin iskar da ke zuwa daga Tekun Mexico. Wannan aikin yana wakiltar babban tushen sake shigar da ruwa aquifer don kwararar ruwa da kuma mantles na karkashin kasa wanda ke samar da mahimmin ruwa ga mazaunan Saliyo da na Huasteca Potosina. Toari da wannan, karɓar danshi da aka yiwa rajista ta labulen harshe wanda ke wakiltar Saliyo yana haifar da bambancin yanayin yanayi mai ban mamaki a cikin ajiyar kanta. Don haka, alal misali, yayin da yake kan gangaren gabas, inda iskar Gulf ke karo, hazo yana kaiwa zuwa 2 000 mm a kowace shekara, yana samar da nau'ikan dazuzzuka, a gefen da ke gaban gangaren an kirkiri “inuwar fari” sanya a wuri mai dausayi inda ruwan sama yake kusan kaiwa 400 mm a shekara.
Hakanan, babban taimako na Saliyo Gorda shima yana ba da gudummawa ga bambancin muhalli, domin yayin taron, wasu sama da mita 3,000 sama da matakin teku, mun sami yanayin ƙasa da 12 ° C, a cikin kwazazzabai masu zurfin da ke kusa da juna kuma wannan ya sauka zuwa mita 300 sama da matakin teku, yanayin zafi na iya kaiwa 40 ° C.
A takaice, haduwar dukkan wadannan abubuwan ya sanya kasar ta Sierra Gorda ta kasance daya daga cikin yankuna kadan na nahiyoyi inda ake samun manyan yankuna na kasar: bushewa, tsauni mai sanyin yanayi, yanayin sanyin yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi. Kamar dai wannan bai isa ba, kowane ɗayan waɗannan macrozones ɗin ya ƙunshi wadatattun kayan adana yanayin halittu, da kuma ɗumbin halittu masu yawa. Tabbacin wannan shine fiye da nau'ikan 1,800 na tsirrai masu jijiyoyin jini da aka gano kawo yanzu - yawancinsu sun kamu da cutar, da kuma nau'ikan 118 na macromycetes, nau'ikan amphibians 23, nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 71, tsuntsaye 360 da 131 na dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Ga dukkan abubuwan da ke sama, ana daukar Saliyo Gorda a matsayin mafi mahimmancin wurin ajiyar halittu a kasar, dangane da nau'ikan ciyayi da kuma bambancin halittu.
ALLALUBALOLI GAME DA HAKURI
Amma don duk kariyar muhalli ta Saliyo Gorda da za a kiyaye ta a hukumance, aikin dogon aiki ya zama dole wanda ya shafi ayyuka da yawa na binciken kimiyya, ciyarwa tsakanin al'ummomin tsaunuka da gudanarwa don samun albarkatu a gaban wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. An fara shi duka a cikin 1987, lokacin da ƙungiyar Queretans da ke sha'awar kariya da dawo da dukiyar ƙasar Saliyo suka kafa Sierra Gorda iap Ecological Group (GESG). Bayanin da wannan kungiyar farar hula ta tattara sama da shekaru goma yana da mahimmanci ga hukumomin gwamnati (na jihohi da na tarayya) har ma da unesco don gane bukatar gaggawa na kiyaye irin wannan yanki mai matukar muhimmanci. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1997, gwamnatin Meziko ta ba da wata doka wacce hekta dubu 384 game da ƙananan hukumomi biyar zuwa arewacin jihar Querétaro da yankunan da ke kusa da San Luis Potosí da Guanajuato an kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin rukunin Reserve na Sierra Gorda Biosphere.
Bayan gagarumar nasarar, kalubale na gaba ga GESG da kuma gudanar da ajiyar ya ƙunshi bayani kan tsarin gudanarwa wanda zai zama jagora don haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ayyuka da ayyuka, a cikin ingantattun lokuta da saitunan cikin gida. A wannan ma'anar, shirin Gudanar da RBSG ya dogara ne da tunanin falsafa mai zuwa: "Gyarawa da adana halittu da yanayin halittar suerra da tsarin juyin halittar su za'a cimma su ne idan zai yiwu a hada yawan tsaunukan cikin ayyukan ana fassara su zuwa aiki da kuma hanyoyin neman ilimi wanda zai amfane su ”. Dangane da wannan yanayin, shirin gudanarwa yana haɓaka ayyukan yau da kullun guda huɗu:
Aikin Ilimin Muhalli
Wanda ya hada da ziyararda masu bada tallafi na wata-wata suke kaiwa makarantun firamare da sakandare 250 a kasar ta Saliyo domin samarwa yara kanana sanin mutuncin Uwar Duniya; Ta hanyar ayyukan nishaɗi suna koyo game da batutuwa daban-daban na muhalli, kamar su tsaunukan tsaunuka, da zagayen ruwa, gurɓatar muhalli, sake dasa itatuwa, rarrabe ƙazamar shara, da sauransu.
Ayyukan Inganta Al'umma
Binciken hanyoyin tattalin arziki wanda ke daidaita fa'idodin kayan masarufi na tsaunuka da kare muhalli an gabatar dashi. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar rarrabuwa mai fa'ida, wayar da kai game da muhalli, da canjin halaye tsakanin manya tsaffi. Don wannan, ziyarar masu tallatawa ga al'ummomin ya zama dole domin horarwa da tallafawa kungiyar al'umma, don sauƙaƙe aikace-aikacen dabarun muhalli da nufin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da: sama da lambuna 300 na iyali waɗanda suka haifar da ingantaccen abinci da tattalin arziƙi na tsaunuka da kuma dawo da ƙasa tare da aikin gandun daji; fiye da murhunan karkara 500 da ke inganta wutar iri ɗaya ta amfani da su lokaci guda, musamman rage sare bishiyoyi; yakin neman horo, tsabtacewa, rabuwa da adana shara mai kyau don sake amfani da su, da kuma bandakunan muhalli na 300 wadanda tsarinsu ke basu damar bushewa, da saukaka hanyoyin tsabtace hanyoyin ruwa.
Aikin sake dasa bishiyoyi
Asalinsa ya kunshi dawo da yankunan dazuzzuka da kuma kimiyyar dazuzzuka, ta hanyar sake dasa bishiyoyi tare da katako, 'ya'yan itace ko nau'ikan nau'ikan al'adu, wanda ya danganta da yanayin muhalli da yanayin zamantakewar kowace al'umma. Don haka, ya kasance mai yiwuwa a inganta dawo da yanayin halittu da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli a cikin dazuzzuka da dazuzzukan da gobara ta lalata da kuma amfani da rashin hankali na masu saran itace ko makiyaya marasa ma'ana, yayin samar da ayyuka masu ɗorewa ga yawan tsaunukan.
Ecotourism Project
Ya ƙunshi yawanci ziyarar jagora zuwa wurare daban-daban na ajiyar, don sha'awar fure, fauna da shimfidar wurare daban-daban waɗanda ke cikin ta. Makasudin wannan aikin shi ne cewa yawan tsaunuka za su iya amfana ta hanyar sarrafa zirga-zirga, shiriya, masauki da abincin baƙi, yayin da suke cin gajiyar tsaunin. Zaa iya ziyarta a kafa, akan doki, ta keke, ta mota ko ma ta jirgin ruwa, kuma zai iya ɗaukar kwana ɗaya ko da yawa.
KALUBALEN YANZU
Kamar yadda ake gani, yana da wahala a tabbatar da wata hanyar da zata tabbatar da cikakken tsarin gudanarwa a wannan wurin idan babu wani tabbataccen aiki, mai yanke hukunci da kuma ci gaba a bangaren duk wadanda abin ya shafa. Rikicin tattalin arziki wanda a halin yanzu ya shafi dukkan Mexico yana da alama yana da matukar tasiri a kan ayyukan da aka aiwatar fiye da shekaru goma don tallafawa dorewar ajiyar. An riga an tabbatar da shi a baya cewa tare da haɗuwa da ƙoƙari daga misalai daban-daban na gwamnati, yawan fararen hula da Gesg a matsayin ngos, an aiwatar da wasu abubuwa na zahiri don faɗakarwa, dawowa da tsaftace muhalli na albarkatun ƙasa na Saliyo, da haɓaka rayuwar mazaunanta. Koyaya, ya rage saura a yi; Don haka, kiran Reserve Directorate ya gabatar da tunani mai mahimmanci game da babban nauyin da yakamata duk yan Mexico suyi hadin kai don kiyayewa da ci gaba da wanzuwar wannan karfin yanayi.
