Cikin nutsuwa cikin manyan ayyuka biyu na karni na 20, gwagwarmayar kyawawan manufofin zamantakewar Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci da gina zane-zane na Meziko bayan juyin juya hali, mai daukar hoto Tina Modotti ta zama wata alama ta karninmu.
Tina Modotti an haife ta ne a cikin 1896 a Udine, wani gari a arewa maso gabashin Italiya wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Austro-Hungary kuma wacce ke da al'adar tsara ma'aikata. Pietro Modotti, sanannen mai daukar hoto ne da kawunsa, watakila shi ne farkon wanda ya gabatar da ita ga sihirin dakin binciken. Amma a shekara ta 1913 saurayin ya tafi Amurka, inda mahaifinsa ya yi ƙaura, ya yi aiki a California kamar yadda yawancin Italiasar Italia suka tilasta barin ƙasarsu saboda talaucin yankinsu.
Dole ne Tina ta koyi sabon yare, ta kasance cikin masana'antar masana'antar da kuma yawan kwadagon da ke da karfi - wadanda ke da karfi da kuma bambanci - wanda dangin ta suka kasance a ciki. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta sadu da mawaƙi kuma mai zanen Roubaix de L'Abrie Richey (Robo), wanda ta aura, tana zuwa cikin hulɗa da duniyan masu ilimi daban-daban na post-WWI Los Angeles. Kyakkyawar tata tana ba ta matsayi a matsayinta na mai tashi tsaye a cikin tauraruwar fim a cikin sabon masana'antar Hollywood. Amma Tina koyaushe tana da alaƙa da haruffa waɗanda zasu ba ta damar bin hanyar da kanta take zaɓa, kuma jerin abokanta yanzu suna ba mu taswirar gaskiya game da abubuwan da take so.
Robo da Tina sun haɗu da wasu masanan Mexico kamar su Ricardo Gómez Robelo, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura saboda yanayin siyasa mai rikitarwa bayan Mexico da kuma, musamman Robo, tatsuniyoyin da ke zama wani ɓangare na tarihin Mexico a cikin 1920s suna sha'awar su. A wannan lokacin, ya haɗu da Ba'amurken mai ɗaukar hoto Edward Weston, wani tasirin tasiri a rayuwarsa da aikinsa.
Art da siyasa, alkawari ɗaya
Robo ya ziyarci Meziko inda ya mutu a 1922. An tilasta Tina ta halarci jana'izar kuma ta ƙaunaci aikin fasaha wanda ake haɓakawa. Don haka a cikin 1923 ya sake yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasar da za ta kasance tushe, mai tallatawa da kuma shaidar aikinsa na ɗaukar hoto da kuma sadaukar da siyasa. A wannan karon ya fara ne da Weston da aikinsu, ita ce ta koyi hoto (ban da koyon wani yare) kuma shi ne zai samar da sabon yare ta hanyar kyamara. A cikin babban birnin sun hanzarta shiga ƙungiyar masu fasaha da masu hankali waɗanda suka yi tawaye game da guguwar da ta kasance Diego Rivera. Weston ya sami yanayin da zai dace da aikin sa kuma Tina ta koya a matsayin mataimakiyar sa kan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ta zama mataimakiyar sa mai muhimmanci. An faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da yanayin wannan lokacin inda ba da izinin fasaha da siyasa kamar ba za a iya narkewa ba, kuma a cikin yaren Italiyanci yana nufin haɗi tare da ƙaramar amma influentialungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Mexico.
Weston ya dawo California na aan watanni, wanda Tina tayi amfani da damar rubuta gajeru da wasiƙu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba mu damar gano abubuwan da yake da ƙarfi. Bayan dawowar Ba'amurken duka biyun an nuna su a Guadalajara, suna karɓar yabo a cikin 'yan jaridu na cikin gida. Tina ma dole ne ta koma San Francisco, a ƙarshen 1925 lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta mutu. A can ta sake tabbatar da yakininta na fasaha kuma ta sami sabon kyamara, Graflex da aka yi amfani da ita wanda zai kasance abokiyarta mai aminci na shekaru uku masu zuwa na girma a matsayin mai daukar hoto.
Bayan dawowarsa Mexico a watan Maris na 1926, Weston ya fara aikin nuna zane-zane, gine-ginen mulkin mallaka da fasahar zamani don nuna littafin Anita Brenner, Abubuwan Bautawa a bayan bagadai, wanda zai basu damar yin tafiya wani yanki na kasar (Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla da Oaxaca) kuma sun shiga cikin al'adun gargajiya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekara Weston ya bar Mexico kuma Tina ta fara dangantakarta da Xavier Guerrero, mai zane da kuma memba mai aiki na PCM. Koyaya, zai kula da dangantaka da mai ɗaukar hoto har zuwa farkon gidansa a cikin Moscow. A wannan lokacin, ta haɗu da ayyukanta a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto tare da shiga cikin ayyukan Jam'iyyar, wanda ke ƙarfafa alaƙarta da wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri al'adun gargajiyar wannan shekarun, duka 'yan ƙasar Mexico da baƙi waɗanda suka zo Mexico don ganin juyin juya halin al'adu. Wanda aka yi magana mai yawa game da shi.
Aikinsa ya fara bayyana a cikin mujallu na al'adu kamar Siffa, Mai kirkira Art Y Mezikowa Taron Jama'a, kazalika a cikin wallafe-wallafen Mexico na hagu (Machete), Jamusanci (AIZ) Ba'amurke (Sabo Talakawa) da Soviet (Puti Mopra). Hakanan yana rikodin aikin Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, Máximo Pacheco da sauransu, wanda ke ba shi damar yin nazarin dalla-dalla game da shawarwarin fasaha na masu zane-zane na wancan lokacin. A rabi na biyu na 1928, ya fara soyayyarsa da Julio Antonio Mella, wani dan kwaminisancin Cuba da aka yi hijira a Mexico wanda zai nuna makomarsa, tun a watan Janairun shekara mai zuwa aka kashe shi kuma Tina ta shiga cikin binciken. Yanayin siyasar ƙasar ya ta'azzara kuma tsananta wa masu adawa da tsarin shi ne ya zama ruwan dare. Tina ta zauna har zuwa watan Fabrairun 1930, lokacin da aka kore ta daga kasar da ake zargi da hannu a wani makarkashiyar kisan sabon zababben shugaban kasa, Pascual Ortiz Rubio.
A cikin wannan yanayi na rashin jituwa, Tina tana aiwatar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu na aikinta: tana zuwa Tehuantepec inda take daukar wasu hotuna wadanda ke nuna sauyi a cikin yarenta na yau da kullun wanda yake shirin zuwa hanya mafi 'yanci, kuma a watan Disamba ta gabatar da nata baje kolin farko . Wannan yana faruwa a cikin National Library saboda goyan bayan shugaban jami'ar na lokacin, Ignacio García Téllez da Enrique Fernández Ledesma, darektan ɗakin karatun. David Alfaro Siqueiros ya kira shi "Baje kolin juyin juya hali na farko a Mexico!" Bayan barin ƙasar cikin fewan kwanaki, Tina ta sayar da mafi yawan kayanta kuma ta bar wasu kayan aikinta na hoto tare da Lola da Manuel Álvarez Bravo. Ta haka ne zai fara mataki na biyu na ƙaura, wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin siyasa wanda ke mamaye mamayar sa.
A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ta isa Berlin inda ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto tare da sabon kyamara, Leica, wacce ke ba da damar motsi da ɓata lokaci, amma abin da ta samu ya saba wa tsarin kirkirar kirkirarta. Ba ta ji daɗin wahalarta ba a aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto kuma ta damu da sauya alkiblar siyasa ta Jamus, sai ta tashi zuwa Moscow a watan Oktoba kuma ta shiga aikin a Socorro Rojo Internacional, ɗayan ƙungiyoyin mataimaka na Commungiyar Kwaminis ta Duniya. Da kaɗan kaɗan, ya bar ɗaukar hoto, yana adana shi don yin rikodin abubuwan da ke faruwa na mutum, yana ba da lokacinsa da ƙoƙari don aiwatar da siyasa. A cikin babban birnin Soviet, ya tabbatar da haɗin kansa tare da Vittorio Vidali, ɗan kwaminisancin Italiya, wanda ya sadu da shi a Meziko kuma wanda zai raba tare da shi shekaru goma na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa.
A shekarar 1936 tana Spain, tana gwagwarmayar samun nasarar gwamnatin jamhuriya daga bangaren kwaminisanci, har sai a 1939 aka tilasta mata sake yin hijira, da sunan karya, kafin kayen Jamhuriya. A baya a babban birnin Mexico, Vidali ta fara rayuwa nesa da tsofaffin ƙawayenta masu zane-zane, har mutuwa ta ba ta mamaki, ita kaɗai a cikin taksi, ranar 5 ga Janairun 1942.
A Mexico aiki
Kamar yadda muka gani, hotunan daukar hoto na Tina Modotti an iyakance shi ne ga shekarun da aka yi a kasar tsakanin 1923 da 1929. A wannan ma'anar, aikinta dan kasar Mexico ne, ta yadda har ya zo ya nuna wasu daga cikin bangarorin rayuwar Mexico a wadancan shekarun. . Tasirin da aikinsa da na Edward Weston suka yi a muhallin daukar hoto na Mexico yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihin ɗaukar hoto a ƙasarmu.
Modotti ya koya daga Weston abin da ke cikin hankali da tunani wanda a koyaushe yake kasancewa mai aminci. Da farko Tina ta sami damar gabatar da abubuwa (tabarau, wardi, sanduna), daga baya ta mai da hankali kan wakilcin masana'antu da kuma tsarin zamani. Ya nuna abokai da baƙi waɗanda ya kamata su zama masu shaidar mutum da yanayin mutane. Hakanan, ta yi rikodin abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa da kuma samar da jerin don ƙirƙirar alamun aiki, mahaifiya, da juyin juya hali. Hotunansa sun sami asali fiye da gaskiyar abin da suke wakilta; don Modotti muhimmin abu shi ne sanya su watsa ra'ayi, halin tunani, shawara na siyasa.
Mun san buƙatarsa ta matse abubuwan da ke faruwa ta hanyar wasiƙar da ya rubuta wa Ba'amurke a watan Fabrairun 1926: “Ko abubuwan da nake so, abubuwa masu ƙamshi, zan sa su su wuce ta wani yanayi, zan mai da su abubuwa na zahiri. abubuwan da ba a fahimta ba ”, Hanya don sarrafa hargitsi da“ rashin hankali ”da kuka ci karo da shi a rayuwa. Irin wannan zaɓi na kyamara yana sauƙaƙa maka don tsara sakamakon ƙarshe ta hanyar ba ka damar fahimtar hoton a cikin tsarinsa na ƙarshe. Irin wannan tunanin zai ba da shawarar nazarin inda duk masu canji ke ƙarƙashin ikon su, maimakon haka yana aiki koyaushe a titi matuƙar darajar hotunan hotunan ta kasance mai mahimmanci. A gefe guda kuma, hatta mafi yawan hotuna da hotunansa na yau da kullun suna gabatar da kyakkyawar tasirin kasancewar mutum. Zuwa ƙarshen 1929 ya rubuta ɗan gajeren bayani, Game da daukar hoto, sakamakon tunani wanda aka tilasta shi yayin bikin baje kolinsa; wani nau'i na daidaituwa na rayuwarsa ta fasaha a Meziko kafin ƙarshen tafiyar tasa. Ficewarsa daga ƙa'idodin kyawawan halaye waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin aikin Edward Weston abin yabawa ne.
Koyaya, kamar yadda muka gani, aikinsa yana cikin matakai daban-daban waɗanda suka fito daga abubuwa na yau da kullun zuwa zane-zane, rajista da ƙirƙirar alamomi. A ma'ana mai fa'ida, duk waɗannan maganganun za a iya kewaye su a cikin batun daftarin aiki, amma niyyar ta bambanta a kowannensu. A cikin mafi kyawun hotunansa, kulawarsa ta tsari a cikin tsarawa, tsabtar ɗabi'u da kuma amfani da haske wanda ke haifar da tafiya ta gani ya bayyana. Ya sami wannan ta hanyar rikitarwa da rikitarwa wanda ke buƙatar bayani dalla-dalla kan ilimin ilimi, wanda daga baya aikin sa'o'i ke aiki a cikin duhu har sai ya sami kwafin da ya gamsar dashi. Ga mai zane, aiki ne wanda ya ba shi damar haɓaka ikon bayyanawa, amma wanda, saboda haka, ya rage awoyin da aka keɓe don aikin siyasa kai tsaye. A watan Yulin 1929 ya yi furuci da labarin ga Weston: "Ka san Edward cewa har yanzu ina da kyakkyawan tsari na kammala hoto, matsalar ita ce ba ni da hutu da kwanciyar hankali da ake bukata don yin aiki mai gamsarwa."
Rayuwa mai cike da rikitarwa da aiki wanda, bayan an manta da shi shekaru da yawa, sun haifar da adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce, shirye-shirye da baje kolin, waɗanda har yanzu basu gaji da damar nazarin su ba. Amma, sama da duka, samar da hotunan da dole ne a gani kuma a more su kamar haka. A cikin 1979 Carlos Vidali ya ba da kyautuka 86 na mai fasahar ga Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropology da Tarihi ta Kasa da sunan mahaifinsa, Vittorio Vidali. Wannan muhimmin tarin an haɗa shi a cikin INAH National Photo Library a Pachuca, sannan kawai aka kafa, inda aka adana shi a matsayin ɓangare na kayan tarihin ƙasar. Ta wannan hanyar, wani ɓangare na asali na hotunan da mai ɗaukar hoto ya yi ya kasance a Meziko, wanda za a iya gani a cikin kundin bayanan kwamfuta wanda wannan ma'aikata ke haɓaka.
artDiego Riveraextranjeros en méxicophotografasfridahistory na daukar hoto a mexicointelectuales mexicoorozcotina modottiRosa Casanova
